De Latino sine Flexione; Principio de Permanentia
Date: 2011-04-09T00:00:00+00:00
Keywords: Interlingua (Latin without inflections)

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Title: De Latino sine Flexione; Principio de Permanentia

Author: Giuseppe Peano

Release date: April 9, 2011 [eBook #35803]

Language: Latin

Credits: Produced by David Starner, Jana Srna and the Online
Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This
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*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK DE LATINO SINE FLEXIONE; PRINCIPIO DE PERMANENTIA ***

DE LATINO SINE FLEXIONE
LINGUA AUXILIARE INTERNATIONALE

Lingua latina fuit internationalis in omni scientia, ab imperio Romano, usque ad finem saeculi XVIII. Hodie multi reputant illam nimis difficilem esse, iam in scientia, magis in commercio.

Sed non tota lingua latina est necessaria; parva pars sufficit ad exprimendam quamlibet ideam.

§ 1.—Casus.

«Nominum casus semper eliminari possunt substitutis in eorum locum particulis quibusdam».

LEIBNIZ. Ed. Couturat a. 1901, p. 67.

Lingua latina exprimit nominum casus cum praepositionibus «de, ad, ab, ex, …» et cum postpositionibus vel desinentiis. Prima methodus sufficit; ipsa sola invenitur in latino populare, a quo derivant linguae neolatinae, ut italica, franca, hispanica, etc.

Sumimus nomen inflexibile sub forma simpliciore, quae est ablativus, vel nominativus, vel alia.

Indicamus genitivo cum de, dativo cum ad, ablativo cum ab, ex, … Accusativo indicatur cum constructione, ut in linguis neolatinis, scilicet cum serie: nominativo—verbo—accusativo, vel cum serie: qui-accusativo—nominativo—verbo.

Vocabulario latino commune continet nominativo et genitivo de nomen. Regula commoda haec est:

«Sumimus nomen inflexibile

a) aut identico ad nominativo,
b) aut nominativo, mutata desinentia | -us, | -um, | -u, | -es
in | -o, | -o, | -o, | -e,
c) aut genitivo, mutata desinentia -i in -o, -is in -e.
d) ad nominativo | ego, | tu, | aliquis, |
responde (ablativo) | me, | te, | aliquo. | »

Regula a) producit nulla ambiguitate, quae iam non sit in latino.

Regulae b) c) d) brevi exprimunt formatione de ablativo, cum reductione de 4-a declinatione ad 2-a, et cum reductione ad forma unica de 3-a declinatione.

§ 2.—Genere masculino, feminino et neutro.

«Discrimen generis nihil pertinet ad grammaticam rationalem».

LEIBNIZ.

Nomen isolato non habet genere. Quum volumus indicare ille, scribemus explicite “mas, femina”.

Ita “mater est bona” fit “mater est femina bono”; sed idea de femina iam continetur in mater; igitur post simplificatione(1): “mater est bono”.

Indicatione de genere evanescit saepe in lingua scientifica.

In lingua familiare sufficit conservare genere in uno pronomen “is, ea, id”, vel in antiquo “hi, hae, ho”.

§ 3.—Numero singulare et plurale.

«Videtur pluralis inutilis in lingua rationali».

LEIBNIZ.

Nomen isolato non habet numero. Ad indicando ille scribemus explicite “uno, plure”.

Ex. | “unum os habemus et duas aures”
fit | “habemus uno uno ore, et duo plure aure”,

et post simplificatione logico “uno uno” = “uno”, et “duo plure” = “duo”, nam “duo” continet idea de “plure”, propositio

fit: | “habemus uno ore et duo aure”.

Ex. “Omne homo est mortale, aliquo homo est nigro, multo homo est pauper, pauco homo est divite, plure homo est sapiens”.

Propositione: | “Romani eligebant duo consules”
fit | “Populo Romano eligebat duo consule”.

§ 4.—Conjugatione de verbo.

«Personae verborum possunt esse invariabiles, sufficit variari ego, tu, ille, etc.».

LEIBNIZ.

Lingua latino habet discurso directo, ut:

“Amicitia inter malos esse non potest”

et discurso indirecto:

“(Verum est) amicitiam inter malos esse non posse”.

Si nos utimur semper de discurso indirecto, in verbo evanescit desinentia de persona, de modo, et saepe de tempore.

Sumimus ergo nomen inflexibile, per persona modo et tempore, sub forma magis simplice, qui es imperativo, activo et passivo. Regula es:

«a) Ad forma inflexibile | “es, | pote, | vol, | fi” |
responde infinito | “esse, | posse, | velle, | fieri”. |
b) Ad forma inflexibile de alio verbo adde -re, et te habe infinito, ut es in vocabulario latino.
c) Ad verbo activo adde -re, et te habe passivo.
d) Nos transforma verbo deponente in activo».

(Verbo “vol, dice, duce, face”, et regula d) non es exacto latino classico).

Nos indica persona cum “me, te, nos …”, modo cum “si, ut, quod, …”, tempore cum “heri, jam, in passato, nunc, cras, in futuro, vol, debe, …”.

Ex. “Me scribe.—Vos lege.—Cras me i ad Roma.—Cras me, postquam veni ad Roma, scribe ad te.—Heri me lege dum te scribe et antequam Petro veni.—Si te narra, nos audi.—Ut te vale.”

§ 5.—Altero reductione de desinentia de verbo.

Exsta aequalitate logico:

lauda-nte | = | qui lauda
lauda-ndo | = | dum lauda
lauda-to | = | qui aliquo lauda

(hoc es: “quem aliquis laudat”, juxta regula de § 1)

lauda-turo | = | qui lauda in futuro
Petro lauda-re ab Paulo | = | Paulo lauda Petro.

Si in loco de primo membro de uno ex hic aequalitate nos scribe secundo, omne desinentia evanesce.

Sed aliquo desinentia, et non necessario, pote es utile, ut “-nte, -to”, desinentia “-vi, -bi” de passato et de futuro, et forma neolatino: “habe ama-to, es ama-to, …”.

§ 6.—Vocabulario.

Vocabulario latino commune suffice ut nos traduce hic lingua. Sed si plure auctore adopta “latino sine flexione”, tunc es utile publicatione de proprio vocabulario, qui:

1) Contine nomen et verbo, solo sub forma inflexibile.

2) Contine vocabulo internationale, ut “metro, dyne, …”.

3) Elige suo voce ex toto latinitate, etiam ex latino populare. Igitur nos posse sume regula:

«Omne voce qui pertine ad duo lingua neolatino, p. ex. italo et franco, es latino».

4) Simplifica derivatione et compositione de vocabulo.

De ultimo subiecto me hic breviter dice.

a) Substantivo diminutivo: “hortulo = parvo horto”, etc.

b) Substantivo abstracto ex adiectivo vale adiectivo. Ex. “bonitas = bono”, “altitudo = alto”.

c) Adiectivo qui deriva ab sustantivo vale genitivo: “aureo = de auro”, “vitulino = de vitulo”, “Romano = de Roma”, “chartaceo = ex charta”, “animoso = cum animo”.

d) Substantivo abstracto ex verbo vale verbo.

“Laudatio” = italico “il lodare” = anglo “to laud”, vel simpliciter “laud”.

“Vita est cogitatio” fi “vivere est cogitare”, in discurso indirecto (§ 4) “vivere esse cogitare”, post reductione ad radice: “vive es cogita”.

Ita “amor = ama”, “gaudio = gaude”, …

e) “Lauda-tore = qui lauda”, vel “qui sole lauda”.

f) Adiectivo verbale: “erra-bundo = qui saepe erra”, “tim-ido = qui sole time”, “mord-ace = qui sole morde”, “ama-bile = qui aliquo pote ama”.

g) Adverbio extracto ex adiectivo vale adiectivo. Ita in latino classico “brevi, raro, …” es adiectivo et adverbio.

h) In modo simile ad “ne-sci, ne-fasto, n-ullo” nos forma: “ne-facile = difficile” “ne-digno = indigno” “ne-normale = abnormale” “ne-es = de-es” “ne-multo = pauco”, etc.

i) Alio praefixo, p. ex. “ab”, indica oppositione.

j) In modo simile ad “agricola = agro-colente” “homicidio = homo-caede”, lice scribe: “auro-corona = corona de auro”, “me-patre = meo patre”, etc.

Lingua sinense habe omne hic simplificatione, et alio.

§ 7.—Pronuntia de latino.

Pronuntia de latino non es uniforme in diverso populo. Forma meliore es antiquo:

ce, ci | ut italo | che, chi, | franco | que, qui, | germano | ke, ki. |
ge, gi | » | ghe, ghi, | » | gue, gui, | » | ge, gi. |
ti | » | ti, non zi.
y ut franco u, germano ü.
ae ut e aperto, franco è, germano ä.
oe ut franco eu, germano ö (hoc es conventione).
th ut anglo th, graeco moderno θ.
ph, sono producto quando nos suffla flamma. (Deriva ex graeco antiquo φ; graeco moderno pronuntia f).
ch, ut germano ch, etrusco c.
h, aspirato, ut germano.
rh, ut franco r.
qu sona ut cu in neolatino; hic duo syllaba es differente et in positione, et in pronuntiatione antiquo(2).

Omne alio litera ut in italo.

HISTORIA

Quum plure populo es in reciproco contacto, per ratione de politica, scientia et commercio, semper se manifesta necessitate de inter-lingua.

Diverso populo, sub imperio Romano, adopta latino populare, qui es latino cum simplificatione de caso (§ 1).

Populo Saxone, in contacto cum Anglo, forma lingua anglo moderno, qui contine simplificatione de caso (§ 1), de genere (§ 2), et in parte simplificatione de persona et de modo (§ 4). Lingua anglo tende ad perdita de omne flexione et ad monosyllabismo.

Ita, in tempore historico, ori “Lingua franca” in porto de Mediterraneo, “Pidgin” in Sina, “Urdu” in India, etc.

Hodie omne homo de Europa et de America, qui habe plure relatione cum extero, clama lingua internationale. Nam suffice lingua nationale ad qui habe solo relatione nationale. Conoscentia de tres aut quatuor lingua principale suffice ut nos lege, in originale aut in versione omne libro jam celebre. Sed hodie Russo, Polacco, Rumeno, Japonico, … publica in suo lingua libro originale, et non solo libro scholastico.

Adoptio, ut inter-lingua, de lingua vive-nte, non es possibile, per causa de politica.

Plure homo propone latino classico. Vide:

Prof. A. Valdarnini de universitate de Bologna, Necessità d'una lingua internazionale e lo studio del latino, in “Primo congresso internazionale latino”, Roma a. 1903.

Hic congresso exopta:

«ut sermo latinus inter gentes universas communis habeatur, et adhibeatur ad humanitatis commercium fovendum, augendum, tenendum».

Ibi congressista loque neolatino, ut italico, franco, provenzale, rumeno et castellano, raro latino classico.

Et periodico “Phenix” in London, “Praeco latinus” in Philadelphia, “Vox urbis” in Roma sustine idem idea; sed primo mori in anno 1892, et secundo in 1902. Ergo adoptio de latino fi semper minus probabile.

Multo auctore, in vario tempo, propone lingua plus vel minus artificiale.

Vir doctissimo, L. Couturat professore in Universitate de Toulouse, in libro La Logique de Leibniz, Paris a. 1901 p. 608, expone:

Ars magna de R. Lulle a. 1234–1315,

Ars magna sciendi de Kircher a. 1669,

Ars signorum de Dalgarno a. 1661,

Philosophical language de Wilkins a. 1668.

Postea Leibniz diffuse et profunde stude hic subjecto; sed nihil publica. Suo studio mane sepulto in bibliotheca de Hannover, usque ad nostro die; primo Dr Vacca in RdM., postea Couturat in libro citato detege et publica parte de hic manuscripto. Suo importantia magis pate, et denique L. Couturat publica «Opuscules et fragments inédits de Leibniz», Paris a. 1903, p. XVI–682, qui contine studio de Leibniz, summe praetioso per constructione de Vocabulario philosophico.

Libro, nunc edito, L. Couturat et L. Leau Histoire de la langue universelle, Paris a. 1903 p. XXI+571, expone 56 projecto de lingua artificiale.

Me hic breve loque de magis noto.

Schleyer, parrocho, in anno 1881 publica «Volapük», qui es transformatione de lingua anglo, ut ipse dice.

Hic lingua regularisa declinatione de nomen, et conjugatione de verbo; sed introduce nullo simplificatione rationale, qui Leibniz propone. Ille contine immenso numero de conventione. Volapük sume in principio multo diffusione. In anno 1888 habe 283 club, et 25 periodico, in omne parte de terra. Plure conventione produce discordia inter sectatore, et post congresso de Paris, in anno 1889, hic lingua decade et mori.

Zamenof, doctore in medicina, in anno 1887, publica «Esperanto», qui contine simplificatione de genere (§ 2), de persona (§ 4). Sed non contine simplificatione de caso (§ 1), de numero (§ 3) et de modo (§ 5). Esperanto reduce toto grammatica ad 16 regula, de qui nullo es necessario.

Et Esperanto contine magno numero de conventione, etsi minus quam Volapük, et in grammatica, et in vocabulario.

Esperanto habe hodie 9 periodico; jam plure sectatore propone simplificatione; ille seque via de Volapük.

Et notato-digno es «Langue bleue» de L. Bollack. Ibi, ex numero de littera, nos vide si voce es vacuo, vel pleno, ut in sinense.

Nunc me loque de projecto cum pauco novo conventione.

«Lingua» de Henderson, a. 1888, es vocabulario latino, cum grammatica de typo Anglo.

Dr Daniel Rosa simplifica idea de Henderson, et publica «Le nov-latin»(3). Ille dice:

«Le nov-latin non requirer pro le sui adoption aliq congress. Omnes poter, cum les praecedént regulas, scriber statim ist lingua. … Sic faciént ils vol valide cooperar ad le universal adoption de ist international lingua et simul ils vol poter star legé ab un mult major numer de doctes quam si ils haber scribé in quilibet alter vivént lingua».

Ex hoc resulta quod Novlatin conserva pauco flexione (plurale in -s, 2 participio, …), et es quam proximo ad “lingua rationale” de Leibniz et ad “latino sine flexione”.

Domino George J. Henderson, in periodico, «The lingua franca of the future», qui ille dirige, a. 1901, perfectiona suo projecto, et dice:

«Quare debe-nos non facere ex i Latine Lingue i Internationale Lingue?

«I Latine Lingue esse nimis difficile. Post decem annes de studere, pauce discipules pote, legere facile, vel scribere accurate, vel loquere aliquantulum i Latine Lingue.»

(I articulo, plurale in -s, desinentia -e, …)

Societate, qui habe nomen “Akademi internasional de lingu universal” adopta vocabulo magis internationale, et post multo studio et discussione, in a. 1902, publica “Idiom neutral”.

«Idiom neutral es usabl no sole pro scribasion, ma et pro parlation.»

Ergo, principio de maximo internationalitate duce ad vocabulo latino.

“The American Philosophical Society” in an. 1887, pro formatione de inter-lingua, propone abolitione de articulo (ut in latino et in russo), de flexione de adjectivo, de caso de nomen, de persona et modo de verbo, et, in modo dubitativo, abolitione de plurale de nomen, et tempo de verbo.

Quaestio de inter-lingua nihil habe hodie commune cum ideographia, qui nos adopta in «Formulario mathematico».

Ideographia es synthese; cum auxilio de pauco idea primitivo, circa decem, ille compone idea complexo; ita hodie cum ideographia nos pote scribe toto mathematica, sed mathematica solo.

Lingua artificiale es analyse. Ille decompone idea de lingua commune in alio idea plus simplice.

Si in futuro analyse et synthese invicem conveni, ut duo exercito de minatore, qui labora tunnel ex duo extremitate, tunc «Lingua rationale» et «Characteristica universale» de Leibniz fore idem.

Vide quoque:

H. Diels, Ueber Leibniz und das Problem der Universalsprache, Berlin Sitzungsberichte d. Akademie, a. 1899 p. 579.

Prof. G. Bellavitis, Pensieri sopra una lingua universale e su alcuni argomenti analoghi, Mem. dell'Ist. Veneto; vol. XI a. 1862, pag. 33–74.

Délégation pour l'adoption d'une langue auxiliaire internationale, qui porta firma de numeroso scientiato de plure universitate, academia, repraesentante de societate philosophico, de commercio et de sport. Ipse delegatione declara:

«Lingua auxiliaria internationale

«1. posse servi ad relatione de vita sociale, de commercio, et de scientia et philosophia.

«2. Omne homo, qui habe instructione elementare medio, facile disce hic lingua.

«3. Hic lingua es proprio ad nullo natione.»

Prof. L. Couturat explica hic idea in opusculo: «Pour la langue internationale» a. 1901. Periodico Revue des questions scientifiques, Bruxelles a. 1902, t. 1, p. 547–586 reproduce scripto de Couturat, cum observatione de P. P. Peeters. Couturat responde in t. 2, pag. 213–230. Nullo objectione de Peeters vale per “Latino sine flexione”.

CONCLUSIONE

Articulo, qui praecede, proba quod flexione de nomen et de verbo non es necessario.

«Se, invece di dizionario latino, noi cercare ogni parola in dizionario italiano, noi scrivere in italiano senza flessione.»

Articulo, qui seque, contine versione litterale de plure propositione Germano et Anglo. Ille proba, quod suppressio de omne flexio non redde discurso magis longo.

G. Peano.

PRINCIPIO DE PERMANENTIA
Exercitio de Latino recto

[Omne vocabulo es inflexibile.

Vocabulario latino commune, qui contine nominativo et genitivo de nomen, infinito de verbo, contine omne vocabulo de hic Nota, aut identico, aut cum abbreviatione:

a) | Si termina | in | -a, | muta | -a | in | -are, | vel in -ari, et es infinito de verbo.
b) | Si termina | in | -e, | muta | -e | in | -ere, | vel -i, et es infinito de verbo;
| vel | muta | -e | in | -is | et es genitivo de nomen,
| » | » | | » | -es | et es nominativo de nomen.
| In loco de me, te, aliquo, quaere ego, tu, aliquis.
c) | Si termina | in | -i, | muta | -i | in | -ire, | vel -iri, et es infinito de verbo.
d) | Si termina | in | -o, | muta | -o | in | -us -um -u, et est nominativo de nomen,
| vel | muta | -o | in | -i | et es genitivo de nomen.
e) | es quaere sum, esse.]

Aliquo auctore introduce numero negativo, fracto et imaginario, ut applicatione de regula, qui ille dice “principio de permanentia”. Hic principio varia aliquanto prope diverso auctore.

Prof. Schubert, in Encyclopädie der Mathematischen Wissenschaften, t. 1, p. 11, expone hic principio sub forma claro sed erroneo. Ille dice:

«Princip der Permanenz in viererlei besteht:

«erstens darin, jeder Zeichen-Verknüpfung, die keine der bis dahin definierten Zahlen darstellt, einen solchen Sinn zu erteilen, dass die Verknüpfung nach denselben Regeln behandelt werden darf, als stellte sie eine der bis dahin definierten Zahlen dar;

«zweitens darin, eine solche Verknüpfung als Zahl im erweiterten Sinne des Wortes zu definieren und dadurch den Begriff der Zahl zu erweitern;

«drittens darin, zu beweisen, dass für die Zahlen im erweiterten Sinne dieselben Sätze gelten, wie für die Zahlen im noch nicht erweiterten Sinne;

«viertens darin, zu definieren, was im erweiterten Zahlengebiet gleich, grösser und kleiner heisst».

Versione:

«Principio de permanentia ex quatuor articulo consta:

«1. ad omne signo-reunione(4) qui non repraesenta numero qui nos ante defini, nos tribue tale senso, ut nos posse tracta reunione juxta idem regula, velut si hic reunione repraesenta numero, qui nos ante defini;

«2. nos defini hic reunione ut numero, in lato senso de vocabulo, et ita nos extende idea de numero;

«3. nos demonstra quod per numero in lato senso omne theorema vale, ut per numero in non lato senso;

«4. nos defini, quod in campo de numero lato nos voca aequale, maiore et minore».

Si omne regula et omne theorema super numero in senso non lato subsiste super numero in senso lato, necesse es ut numero in senso lato es identico ad numero in senso non lato. Nam duo ente es inter se aequale, si omne proprietate de uno es quoque proprietate de alio. Hoc es ipse definitione de aequalitate:

«Eadem sunt quorum unum in alterius locum substitui potest, salva veritate» (Leibniz, vide Formulario § 2, P4·3) quod me traduce: «Plure ente es idem, si nos posse substitue uno de ille in loco de altero, et veritate (de propositione) es salvo».

Quum nos trans-i ab uno specie de numero ad specie magis lato, semper debe omitte aliquo proprietate.

Relatione a + b > a es vero per numero absoluto, falso per numero cum signo.

Si nos trans-i ab numero imaginario simplice ad quaternione, nos omitte proprietate commutativo de producto.

Ergo definitione, qui nostro auctore da de 0, de numero negativo, de fracto, etc. basa super principio absurdo. Hic definitione non es legitimo.

Nos repete idem critica ad Elementare Arithmetik und Algebra de ipse Prof. Schubert (Leipzig a. 1899, pag. 33) qui enuntia ipse principio cum primo et secundo articulo.

Hankel, Theorie der Complexen Zahlensysteme, Leipzig, a. 1867, quum nancisce «principio de permanentia de lege formale», dice in pagina 5:

«Wenn b > c ist, … die Subtraction ist … unmöglich. Nichts hindert uns jedoch, dass wir in diesem Falle die Differenz (c − b) als ein Zeichen ansehen, welches die Aufgabe [(c − b) + b = c] löst und mit welchem genau so zu operiren ist, als wenn es eine numerische Zahl aus der Reihe 1, 2, 3 … wäre».

Versione: «Si b > c es, subtractione es ne-possibile. Nihil obsta tamen, quod nos in hic caso considera differentia (c − b) ut signo, qui resolve quaestio, et cum qui exacte nos debe opera, ut si ille numero ex serie 1, 2, 3, … es».

Contra hic modo de ratiocinio Gauss antea dice:

«Quodsi quis dicat, triangulum rectilineum aequilaterum rectangulum impossibile esse, nemo erit qui neget. At si tale triangulum impossibile tanquam novum triangulorum genus contemplari, aliasque triangulorum proprietates ad illud applicare voluerit, ecquis risum teneat? Hoc esset verbis ludere seu potius abuti». (Formul. pag. 219). Versione:

«Si aliquo dice quod triangulo rectilineo aequilatero rectangulo impossibile es, nemo tunc es qui nega. Sed si aliquo velle contempla tale triangulo impossibile tanquam novo genere de triangulo, et applica ad illo omne alio proprietate de triangulo, an qui tene riso? Hoc es lude cum verbo, vel potius abute».

Prof. Christal, Algebra, Edinburgh a. 1889, p. 6, re-dice idea de Hankel:

«Assuming that the quantity +a − b always exists, we may show that the laws of commutation and association hold».

Versione:

«Si nos assume quod quantitas +a − b semper existe, posse monstra quod lege de commutatio et associatio mane».(5)

Hoc es, si nos assume absurdo, non solo nos posse deduce lege de commutatione, sed omne lege qui nos velle, nam ex absurdo omne consequentia deriva.

Non sub forma de principio absoluto, sed sub forma de consilio, lice quod nos dice:

«Quum nos introduce novo calculo, es multo utile quod nos sume nomenclatura et notatione ita ut novo calculo fie quam maxime simile ad calculo antiquo».

Me dice «quam maxime simile»; «identico» es absurdo.

Ita Algebra, qui indica cum idem signo +, ×, = … operatione non solo inter numero integro, sed etiam inter fracto, es magno progresso super longo methodo de antiquo graeco; Algebra reduce toto libro X de Euclide, noto per magnitudine et difficultate, ad uno pagina, qui professore sole doce in uno lectione in Instituto tecnico (Vide Formul. p. 111).

In saeculo ultimo plure auctore indica cum idem signo +, sive summa de algebra, sive resultante de vectore, et ita construe Calculo geometrico, qui in respecto ad Geometria, es idem progresso quam Algebra in respecto de Arithmetica graeco.

Tunc principio de permanentia idem es ac principio generale de oeconomia, qui subsiste in linguistica, didactica et politica, ut demonstra E. Mach, in capitulo de «natura oeconomico de progresso physico» de Populär-wissenschaftliche Vorlesungen, Leipzig a. 1903.

G. Peano.

(1) Juxta Formulaire de Mathématiques a. 1902, p. 7, Prop. 3·1 et 5·3.

(2) Vide A. Meillet, Introduction à l'étude comparative des langues indo-européennes, Paris a. 1903 pag. 56.

(3) Bollettino dei Musei di Zoologia e Anatomia comparata della Regia Università di Torino, a. 1890.

(4) Vide «Latino sine flexione» § 6 j).

(5) Nota analogia grammaticale de «show» cum «monstra».

Transcriber's Note:

The following is a list of corrections made to the original. The first passage is the original passage, the second the corrected one.

- Page 76:
explicite “uno, plure„.
explicite “uno, plure”.

- Page 76:
c) Ad verbo activo adde re, et te habe passivo.
c) Ad verbo activo adde -re, et te habe passivo.

- Page 78:
gue, gui
gue, gui,

- Page 80:
congresso internationale latino”, Roma a. 1903.
congresso internazionale latino”, Roma a. 1903.

- Page 81:
(§ 4). Sed non contine simplicatione de caso (§ 1), de numero
(§ 4). Sed non contine simplificatione de caso (§ 1), de numero

- Page 81:
Et notato-digno es «Langue bleu» de L. Bollack. Ibi, ex
Et notato-digno es «Langue bleue» de L. Bollack. Ibi, ex

- Page 83:
Prof. L. Couturat explica hic idea in opusculo: Pour la
Prof. L. Couturat explica hic idea in opusculo: «Pour la

- Page 83:
Articulo, qui praecede, proba quod flexio de nomen et de
Articulo, qui praecede, proba quod flexione de nomen et de

- Page 84:
aut cum abreviatione:
aut cum abbreviatione:

- Page 84:
permanentia„. Hic principio varia aliquanto prope diverso
permanentia”. Hic principio varia aliquanto prope diverso

- Page 84:
«erstens darin, jeder Zeichnen-Verknüpfung, die keine der
«erstens darin, jeder Zeichen-Verknüpfung, die keine der

- Page 84:
bis dahin definierten Zahlen darstellt, einem solchen Sinn
bis dahin definierten Zahlen darstellt, einen solchen Sinn

- Page 84:
behaldelt werden darf, als stellte sie eine des bis dahin definierten
behandelt werden darf, als stellte sie eine der bis dahin definierten

- Page 84:
«drittens darin, zu beweisen dass für die Zahlen im erweiterten
«drittens darin, zu beweisen, dass für die Zahlen im erweiterten

- Page 84:
gleich, grösser und minor heisst».
gleich, grösser und kleiner heisst».

- Page 86:
«Wenn b > c ist, … die Substraction ist … unmöglich. Nichts
«Wenn b > c ist, … die Subtraction ist … unmöglich. Nichts

- Page 86:
Versione: «Si b > c es, subtractione es ne-possible. Nihil
Versione: «Si b > c es, subtractione es ne-possibile. Nihil

- Page 87:
de progresso physico» de Populär Vorlesungen, Leipzig a. 1903.
de progresso physico» de Populär-wissenschaftliche Vorlesungen, Leipzig a. 1903.

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Table of Contents

- DE LATINO SINE FLEXIONE LINGUA AUXILIARE INTERNATIONALE

- § 1.—Casus.

- § 2.—Genere masculino, feminino et neutro.

- § 3.—Numero singulare et plurale.

- § 4.—Conjugatione de verbo.

- § 5.—Altero reductione de desinentia de verbo.

- § 6.—Vocabulario.

- § 7.—Pronuntia de latino.

- HISTORIA

- CONCLUSIONE

- PRINCIPIO DE PERMANENTIA Exercitio de Latino recto

- THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE