The Sporting Dictionary and Rural Repository, Volume 2 (of 2) / Of General Information upon Every Subject Appertaining to the Sports of the Field
Date: 2019-04-17T00:00:00+00:00
Keywords: Sports -- Dictionaries; Hunting -- Dictionaries

The Project Gutenberg eBook of The Sporting Dictionary and Rural Repository, Volume 2 (of 2)

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Title: The Sporting Dictionary and Rural Repository, Volume 2 (of 2)

Author: William Taplin

Release date: April 17, 2019 [eBook #59291]

Language: English

Credits: Produced by Chris Curnow, Chris Pinfield and the Online
Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This
file was produced from images generously made available
by The Internet Archive).

*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE SPORTING DICTIONARY AND RURAL REPOSITORY, VOLUME 2 (OF 2) ***

Transcriber's Note:

Variations in spelling, punctuation and the use of hyphens have been retained. Apparent typographical errors have been corrected.

THE
SPORTING DICTIONARY,
AND
RURAL REPOSITORY
OF
GENERAL INFORMATION
UPON EVERY SUBJECT APPERTAINING
TO
THE SPORTS OF THE FIELD.

INSCRIBED TO
THE RIGHT HONOURABLE
THE EARL OF SANDWICH,
Master of His Majesty's Stag Hounds.

BY
WILLIAM TAPLIN,
Author of the Gentleman's Stable Directory.

IN TWO VOLUMES.
VOL. II.

LONDON.
Printed by Thomas Maiden, Sherbourn-Lane,
FOR VERNOR AND HOOD, LONGMAN AND REES,
J. SCATCHERD, J. WALKER, AND J. HARRIS.

1803.

The

SPORTING DICTIONARY.

I & J.

Jardon

—is a term but little used in the present improved state of FARRIERY, and but little known, except to the few remaining practitioners of the old school, who are gradually becoming almost as obsolete as the word itself. A jardon was the name given to any callous enlargement on the outside of either hock, proceeding from blows, or by kicks from other horses; although they more frequently arise from sudden turns or twists in too short a compass, or being too violently thrown upon their haunches in the manege, or elsewhere. In slight affections, they are not always productive of pain or lameness; and if properly attended to upon their first appearance, are sometimes reduced and obliterated without any future ill effect. Powerful repellents, and strengthening embrocations, are the most efficacious applications. Blistering first, and FIRING afterwards, have been the usual practice. It is, however, certain they are, in general, too hastily adopted. Daily fomentations of hot vinegar, followed by a strong embrocation of extract of Saturn, and camphorated spirits, might probably prevent the necessity for either.

JAUNDICE

.—The jaundice is a disorder to which quadrupeds are subject as well as the human species; and notwithstanding the difference in the formation of each, it originates in a similar cause with one as with the other. When HORSES are attacked with it, they are said to have the YELLOWS; which name it also goes by with farmers and country practitioners, when it is observed to make its appearance among what they term "the cow cattle." It proceeds from a partial and imperfect secretion, or temporary obstruction of the gall through the biliary duct, which being compulsively regurgitated, diffuses a tinge of its property through every part of the system, constituting the distinguishing appearance from which the disorder derives its name. When proceeding from this cause, and a proper mode of treatment is adopted in the earliest instance, but little trouble is known to follow, and a certain cure is soon obtained; but should tubercles in, or a schirrosity of, the liver, or an induration of its collateral glandular parts, have proved the cause, more patience, time, and medical perseverance, will be required, before a perfect cure can be expected or obtained.

The leading symptoms of this disorder in a HORSE are, a dulness of the head and debility of the body, heaviness about the eyes, head hanging drowsily in the manger, loss of appetite, pulse both languid and low, a laborious respiration, and daily reduction of flesh. Soon after these symptoms successively come on, they are followed by a yellowness of the inside of the eye-lids, the lips, the tongue, and the bars of the mouth; even the urine is of a saffron colour. In this state, from an evident deficiency in the corresponding secretions, and a proportional inaction of the dependent emunctories, nature becomes universally overcharged, and labours under the sluggish debility already described. Bracken, who understood this disorder perfectly, and described it most accurately, plainly perceived, the certainty of cure depended entirely upon removing such obstructions as soon as possible after their first appearance, before the disorder had made any progress towards inveteracy or long standing: to effect which, he judiciously recommends purgatives, with a large proportion of English saffron and Turkey rhubarb. 'Tis true, the great efficacy of the different preparations of MERCURY, as DEOBSTRUENTS, was not so well known in his time, as at the present moment, or the MERCURIUS DULCIS would have been introduced as a powerful assistant upon the occasion. Proceeding in a scientific disquisition of the disorder, he recommends hepatic deobstruents, with soap, salt of tartar, turmeric, soap of tartar, and filings of iron, fully convinced, as he says, of their efficacy, after the most satisfactory and repeated trials.

Upon the subject he observes, "The soap of tartar, &c. operates powerfully upon the obstructions in the liver, which are the cause of the jaundice, and help to carry off the offending matter by urine. And as the term DIURETIC is oftener used than understood, I shall give the reader a short account of the operation of diuretics. Under the term diuretic may be comprehended all those medicines whose most remarkable properties appear in their increasing the discharge by urine, or which are supposed to have any power in removing obstructions of the urinary glands, or passages, from what cause soever, whether humours, gravel, or other offending matter. And in this view, diuretics come under these following kinds; to wit, they are either such as soften and lubricate the fibres composing the urinary glands and canals, by which they yield and relax into their due dimensions and capacities, of which kinds are all emollients already explained; or they are such as, by their attenuating and detersive properties, rarify and thin viscous or slimy humours, and adhere or carry them along the passages: or, again, they must be such as have a power of so altering the crafts or mixture of the humours, as to fit those to pass which could not get through before; and of this kind is the soap of tartar, as well as all the tribe of lixivials and fixed salts."

Gentle DEOBSTRUENTS, which additionally excite the secretion, and promote the discharge of urine, are known to act upon the motion as well as the property of the BLOOD, by stimulating the solids, and quickening their vibrations, thereby increasing the blood's velocity, and promoting its attenuation. Hence it is, those diuretics recommended by Bracken are peculiarly adapted to this, and such other disorders as originate in sluggish viscid habits, where the blood becomes too adhesive for regular circulation. He is of opinion, "That the JAUNDICE in HORSES mostly proceeds from a diminution or decay of the animal salts contained in the blood, and therefore the addition of such kind of salts must restore the creature to soundness of body." He also says, "he is fully persuaded that Castile soap, dissolved in white wine, or even in beer, will cure the disorder in its earliest stage; and that those who may be inclined to try it upon a HORSE in the yellows, may mix an ounce in two quarts of beer, and give it at four times, a pint a day, either warm or cold, letting the horse have exercise; for the jaundice occasions a sluggish laziness in either man or beast, therefore exercise is proper to hinder the fluids from forming preternatural cohesions, which lay the foundation of the distemper."

However right he may have been in his opinion and practice, in the less enlightened time in which he wrote, (two thirds of a century since,) it may be reasonably presumed, that the many great and astonishing improvements in chemistry, and discoveries in medicine, have thrown some new lights upon the cure of this, as well as of many other disorders, the causes of which are not obscured by the least mist of ambiguity. It is not only clearly ascertained, but generally known, that the jaundice in horses (if attended to upon the first appearance of bilious regurgitation, before the obstructions are become rigidly permanent, constituting an induration of the liver or glands) submits to a course of mild mercurial purging balls properly administered; followed by a few alteratives, composed of ÆTHIOPS MINERAL, incorporated with the PECTORAL CORDIAL BALL. See List of Medicines at the End of the Work.

JAWS Knotted.

—Tumefactions under the jaws of horses, for want of a more technical or scientific definition, gave rise to the sublime term of knotted jaws; which, however, tends to no distinction, or to any particular description; although tumors may be frequently found there of different kinds, produced by, or arising from, many different causes. Temporary tumefactions of the glands may originate in COLD, and sometimes as suddenly disappear upon a perfect recovery from the cause. Inflammatory tumors form these, as upon the attack of the STRANGLES, or from a foulness and viscidity of the blood; in either of which, relief can only be obtained by speedily promoting suppuration. Glandular tumors sometimes form these, become indurated and stationary, never producing pain or inconvenience during the life of the horse. Others, of a much more critical and dangerous description, make their appearance there also, and are the certain prognostic of FARCY GLANDERS. Some professional knowledge, and judicious discrimination, is absolutely necessary, to distinguish between one and the other in the first instance, the better to regulate (if necessary) the mode of treatment in the next. In all simple tumors arising from cold, local circumstances, or temporary inconvenience, hot fomentation daily, with a sponge or flannel dipt in a decoction of aromatic garden herbs, and afterwards kept in a state of equal temperature with a double flannel and hood, will be found to expedite obliteration, by promoting an early and plentiful discharge from the nostrils. All swellings under the jaws which are painful upon pressure, indicate a tendency to suppuration, which cannot be too soon promoted by such stimulative poultices as may be thought most applicable to the purpose.

IMPOSTHUME

.—An imposthume is that kind of inflammatory enlargement, or swelling, which terminates in a formation of matter, produced by an effort of Nature to relieve herself from some offending morbidity under which she labours. Its progress will be found under the head Abscess, with which it is synonymous, and where the danger of attempting repulsion is fully explained.

IMPERFECTIONS

.—The term, so far as it is applied to horses, implies little more than what is to be seen under the different heads of Blemishes and Defects. A horse may be very found, handsome, and valuable, yet he may have imperfections not arising from, or originating in, blemishes; as well as not amounting to what is meant to be conveyed by the idea of defects. Imperfections may be considered as slight drawbacks upon excellence, which, although they do not very considerably reduce the intrinsic value of the horse, yet he would be much better without them; as warmth or violence of temper, when put into action with any other horse in company; shying or starting, either in meeting or passing a carriage; uneasy and restless in mounting or dismounting; aukwardness in the gait of any particular leg, although it may not impede the velocity of action.

INJECTIONS

.—Many medical solutions and lotions are so called; though the word more properly applies only to such compositions as are prepared solely for the purpose of being conveyed by means of an instrument, called a long-necked syringe, (formed of either ivory or pewter,) into such remote cavities, or sinuses, as may be formed by accident, imposthume, or disease, in any part of the body.

INTERFERE

.—A horse was formerly said to interfere, when one fetlock-joint received an injury in action, by a cut or blow from the foot of the other leg. The term, however, is completely out of use; and a horse subject to this defect is now said to cut. See Cutting.

JOCKEY

.—This term, in its particular and most confined signification, implies the person who actually rides a horse for PLATE, MATCH, SUBSCRIPTION, SWEEPSTAKES, or any other PRIZE; but custom and provincial forms have been productive of local deviations. To say in one district, that any man is "a good jockey," means no more, than that he is a good HORSEMAN. In another, to say he is "quite A JOCKEY," is to communicate an idea, that he is very little, if any, better than a swindler, and exceedingly well qualified to jockey any person with whom he has a trading transaction. Horse-dealers, till within the last half century, passed under the regular denomination of jockies in every market town and country fair in the kingdom; from which indefinite description they are now relieved by the kind intention of his Majesty's Ministers, who have since STAMPED them with a badge of professional dignity, and enjoined an annual pecuniary contribution for the distinction.

Jockey, in the present universal acceptation of the word with the superior classes of society, as well as the sporting world at large, is applied merely to the RIDERS of RUNNING HORSES; upon the prevailing superiority of whose speed, and the untainted integrity of the JOCKIES who are entrusted to regulate that SPEED, immense sums annually depend. Where so much unlimited confidence is reposed, it is almost natural to conclude, an adequate integrity would be insured. Time, that unerring monitor, and invariable criterion of truth, has long since demonstrated the fallacy of such philosophic and philanthropic expectation: the depravity of human nature has so repeatedly rendered the experiment abortive, that numbers, upon the stroke of whose whip, or the regulation of whose rein, thousands upon thousands were frequently depending, have finished the career of life, without a garment, without a shilling, without the common necessaries of life, and without one friendly finger of commiseration to close the eye of contrite misery, at the tremendous moment of passing that "bourne from whence no traveller returns;" while many other professors of the same art die possessed of an immensity of property. Whether one has been more fortunate than another in always being on the right side, or more fortunate in escaping detection, it is not the privilege or intent of these pages to explore; suffice it, therefore, to observe, that the HONOR, PROBITY, and personal INTEGRITY of a JOCKEY, should, like the VIRTUE of a WOMAN, be not only pure, but unsuspected. Although it is well known large fortunes have been acquired by some individuals intimately and secretly connected with the turf and its dependencies, yet it is not likely that JOCKIES, and their numerous emissaries, should accumulate wealth, unless a very considerable proportion of certainty was invariably annexed to the speculation. See Horse Racing, Turf, and Training.

JOCKEY CLUB

—is a sporting establishment of the higher order, originally instituted, and still held, at Newmarket, composed of noblemen, gentlemen, and the most distinguished sporting characters in the kingdom, who are elected by ballot, for the better exclusion of such as may be thought improper persons to be admitted members of so honorable and eminent a society. The Jockey Club, in their collective capacity, are considered the only supreme court to which any SPORTING APPEAL can be made; and their award or decision is abided by as final, whenever solicited. All transactions within the official departments of the Stewards, the Keeper of the Match Book, the Judge, and every subordinate, is regulated by a system of invariable punctuality, equal to the first offices in the State; in confirmation of which, the following are introduced as well worthy of being known and admired (for the equity of their adoption) in every part of the world.

RULES and ORDERS.

Respecting Riders.—Every person who shall ride at Newmarket for PLATE, SWEEPSTAKES, or MATCH, shall be obliged to weigh when he comes in, allowing two pounds above the weight, and no more. Every rider who shall neglect to obey this resolution, is guilty of contempt of the orders of this Club, and shall be disqualified from RIDING hereafter at Newmarket; unless any gentleman, or his rider, shall declare, before starting, that the rider is above the weight allowed of by the aforesaid resolution.

Forfeits.—The forfeits of all bets shall be paid according to the proportion in which the principals compromise their matches.

Members of the Coffee House.—Any person desirous of being admitted into the Coffee Room, Newmarket, must be proposed by a Member of the Jockey Club, and his name put over the chimney and door the day before he is to be ballotted for; that there must be at least twelve Members present at the ballot, and three black balls exclude.

Horses entered for Two or more Prizes.—The owner of every horse, &c. entered to run for two or more prizes on the same day, shall, for the future, be obliged to declare to the Keeper of the Match Book, before eight o'clock in the evening, preceding the day of running, which of the said prizes he intends to start his horse for; and the said Keeper of the Match Book shall immediately declare it in the Coffee Room.

Annual Dinner.—To meet annually at dinner on the day preceding the King's Birth Day. That three Members of the Club shall be appointed Stewards, and to commence their office on the fourth of June annually. One new Steward to be appointed every year, on the third day of June, by the Steward who quits on that day, subject to the approbation of the Members of the Jockey Club then present. The senior Steward to quit his office on the third of June annually.

The Three Stewards, or any two of them, shall be vested with full power to make such regulations as they think proper, in regard to the Exercise Ground and the Course. The three Stewards, concurring, shall have it in their power to appoint such person, or persons, as they may chuse, to keep the Coffee House, Match Book, receive the STAKES, collect the entrance money, and all other FUNDS belonging to the Jockey Club. The Stewards are to be responsible to the Jockey Club for all the money collected, as belonging to the Jockey Club. The Stewards shall have it in their power to fix the hours of starting for each match, &c. but they shall be obliged to fix those hours of starting by eight o'clock in the evening preceding the day of running. The accounts are to be produced by the Stewards annually, on the third of June.

Watching Trials.—Any gentleman who keeps running horses, having cause to complain of any FEEDER, RIDER, GROOM, BOY, or other person employed by him in, or intrusted with, the knowledge of trials, or having discovered them, directly or indirectly, by betting, or wilfully in any other way, (unless so allowed to do by his master;) or if any person, as aforesaid, living with any gentleman, shall be discovered in watching trials himself, or procuring other persons so to do, or by any unfair means whatsoever, endeavouring to discover trials; on such complaint being carried to any one of the Stewards, that Steward is to summon a general Jockey Club meeting so soon as convenient; which meeting is to appoint a Committee of three Members, to examine into the accusation; and in case they shall be of opinion, that the person, or persons, is, or are, guilty, then the person so found guilty shall be dismissed from the service of his master, and the said person shall not be employed by any Member of the Jockey Club in any capacity whatsoever; nor shall any horse, &c. fed or rode by him, or them, or in the management of which he or they are concerned, be suffered to start for PLATE, MATCH, or SUBSCRIPTION. And the names of the persons found guilty of these offences shall be exposed in the Racing Calendar, and inserted in a paper to be fixed up in the Coffee Room at Newmarket.

Staking, Shewing, and Entering.—That a copy of all the stakes to be made for matches, subscriptions, and sweepstakes, and the day and hour of shewing, or entering, shall be fairly written out, and fixed up, by order of the Stewards, on the side of the chimney-piece, at each end of the Coffee Room, on the Sunday evening before each meeting; to continue there each day of the meeting, as notice for staking, shewing, or entering; and no other shall be insisted upon.

Entry of Stakes.—A day-book shall be kept by the person appointed by the Stewards, and continue in the Coffee Room, in which shall be entered an account of all matches, subscriptions, and sweepstakes, to be run for each day within that meeting; and as the different stakes are made, the payments shall be marked to the names of the persons so paying.

Stakes, how to be made.—All stakes shall be made in cash, bank bills, bank post bills properly indorsed, bankers notes payable to bearer, or bankers notes payable to order, also properly indorsed, and not otherwise, without the consent of the party or parties present, concerned in the MATCH, SUBSCRIPTION, or SWEEPSTAKES, on whose account such stakes are made.

Time when.—All stakes for matches, subscriptions, and sweepstakes, shall be made before starting for the same; and in default thereof by any person, he shall forfeit in like manner as if he had not produced his colt, filly, horse, or mare, to start; and shall have no claim to the stake or stakes of the MATCH, SUBSCRIPTION, or SWEEPSTAKES, should his colt, filly, horse, or mare, have started, and come first; and this to remain in full force, as an established agreement of the Jockey Club; unless such person has previously obtained the consent of the party or parties present, with whom he is engaged, to dispense with his making his stake as aforesaid.

Forfeits when to be paid.—All forfeits unpaid before starting, for any MATCH, SUBSCRIPTION, or SWEEPSTAKES, shall be paid to the person appointed by the Stewards to receive the same, at the Coffee Room, before twelve o'clock at night, of the day such forfeits are determined; and each person making default therein, shall forfeit and pay to the person so appointed by the said Stewards, after the rate of five pounds for every hundred pounds so forfeited; which shall be disposed of by the said Stewards towards such uses as they shall think fit.

Bets made from Signal.—And in order to prevent such frauds, notice shall be given, that if any person make any bet or bets, from signal or indication, after the race has been determined at the post, such person is not entitled to receive, or liable to pay, the same; as such bet or bets are fraudulent, illegal, and totally void; and that if any servant belonging to a Member of the Society should be found to have made, or to have been engaged in the making, any such bet or bets, he shall be dismissed his service, and no farther employed by any Member of this Society.

Forfeits and Compromises to be entered.—That all forfeits, or money paid on compromising any match or sweepstakes, shall BONA FIDE be declared and entered in the day-book, in order that all BETTORS may be put upon an equality with the persons who had the match or sweepstakes, and may thus ascertain in what proportion they are to pay or receive.

Age of young Horses.—The Stewards shall appoint some proper person to examine every COLT or FILLY, being of the age of two, three, or four years, at the ending post, immediately after running, the first time any colt or filly shall start for any plate, match, sweepstakes, or subscription, at Newmarket; and the said appointed person is to sign a certificate of such examination, and his opinion thereupon, which certificate is to be hung up before eight o'clock the evening of the said day of running in the Coffee Room at Newmarket. But for all plates, matches, subscriptions, or sweepstakes, where the colt or filly is required to be shewn before running, the examination shall be made at the time of shewing them; and the certificate of the person appointed, shall immediately, in like manner, be fixed up in the Coffee Room at Newmarket.

Time of Starting and Forfeit.—The hours of starting shall be fixed up in the Coffee House by eight o'clock in the evening preceding the day of running; and it is expected that every groom shall start at the time appointed; and any groom failing so to do, shall forfeit FIVE GUINEAS each time to the Jockey Club. It is also expected, that every groom will attend to the regulations and orders which the Stewards of the Jockey Club may give relative to the preservation of the Course and Exercise Ground.

Trials.—That no person do borrow or hire any horse, &c. not belonging to his avowed confederates, to run in a private trial, without entering the name of such horse, before the trial shall be run, in the book appointed to be kept for that purpose in the Coffee Room at Newmarket; and no persons to be deemed confederates, who do not subscribe this article as such.

Disputes.—All disputes relative to racing at Newmarket, shall, for the future, be determined by the three Stewards, and two referees, to be chosen by the parties concerned. If there should be only two Stewards present, they are to fix upon a third person in lieu of the absent Steward.

Winner undecided.—That if for any sweepstakes, or subscription, the first two horses shall come in so near together, that the judge shall not be able to decide which won, those two horses shall run for such prize over again, after the last match on the same day. The other horses which started for such sweepstakes or subscription shall be deemed losers, and entitled to their respective places, as if the race had been finally determined the first time.

Single and double Bets.—That all bets determined by one event shall be subject (as before agreed) to any compromise made by the principals, and paid in proportion to such compromise; but that all double bets shall, for the future, (on account of the frequent disputes which have arisen,) be considered as PLAY or PAY bets.

Weight, when not specified.—When any match or sweepstakes shall be made, and no particular weight specified, the horses, &c. shall carry eight stone, seven pounds, each. And if any weight is given, the highest weight is, by this resolution, fixed at eight stone, seven pounds.

Horses engaged, when to enter.—No horse, that is matched to run on the day of entrance for any plate, &c. shall be obliged to shew and enter at the hour appointed, but shall shew and enter within an hour after his engagements are over, provided such horse, &c. be NAMED at the usual time of entrance, which is to be between the hours of eleven and one, for all plates, subscriptions, and sweepstakes, where any entrance is required, and no other particular time specified.

Bets between two Horses void.—That all bets depending between any two horses, either in MATCH or SWEEPSTAKES, are null and void, if those horses become the property of one and the same person, or his avowed confederate, subsequent to the bets being made.

Challenge for the Cup.—That the CUP be challenged for on the Monday in the First Spring Meeting; and the horses named for it declared at six o'clock on the Saturday evening of the same meeting.

The Whip.—That the whip be challenged for on the Monday or Tuesday in the Second Spring or Second October Meeting; and the acceptance signified, or the whip resigned, before the end of the same Meeting. If challenged for, and accepted, in the Spring, to be run for on the Thursday in the Second October Meeting following; and if in the October, on the Thursday in the Second Spring Meeting. Beacon Course; weight, TEN STONE; and to stake 200 guineas each.

Five per Cent. saved in Forfeits.—The proprietor of any horse, &c. engaged in MATCH or SWEEPSTAKES, who shall declare his intention of not starting before eight o'clock on the evening preceding the engagement, to the Keeper of the Match Book, or either of the Stewards, shall be entitled to five per cent. and no more, of the forfeit.

Not Staking, a Disqualification in future.—No person shall be allowed to start any horse, mare, or gelding, for MATCH, SWEEPSTAKES, or SUBSCRIPTION, unless he shall have paid all former stakes and forfeits to the Keeper of the Match Book by eight o'clock the evening before starting.

Trial Ground.—That the ground shall not be engaged for trials, by the proprietors of any stables of running horses, more than two days in the same week.

Crossing and Jostling.—That when any match is made, in which crossing and jostling are not mentioned, they shall be understood to be barred.

Courses.—That when any match or sweepstakes is made, in which no course is mentioned, it shall be understood to be the course usually run by horses of the same age as those engaged, viz. if yearlings, the Yearling Course; if two years old, the Two Years Old Course; if three years old, Rowley's Mile; if four years old, Ditchin; if five years old, or upwards, Beacon Course. And in case the horses matched should be of different ages, the course to be settled by the age of the youngest.

Forfeits.—That all forfeits, declared or incurred for any MATCH, SWEEPSTAKES, or SUBSCRIPTION, shall be paid to the Keeper of the Match Book before twelve o'clock on the evening the race is run, under the former penalty of five per cent. to the Jockey Club; and persons making default herein, shall not be allowed the deduction for the timely declaration of such profits.

Entering and Shewing.—Horses, &c. entered for plates or subscriptions, shall not be required to be shewn, if such horse, &c. has before started at Newmarket; and the owner of each horse entered for a plate or subscription, shall declare to the Stewards, or the Keeper of the Match Book, the evening before by eight o'clock, or when the list is read, at half past nine o'clock, whether his horse is intended to RUN or NOT, which declaration shall be deemed obligatory, if in the AFFIRMATIVE, unless the horse be taken ill, or matched; and if in the NEGATIVE, his name shall be erased from the list.

Ten per Cent. saved in Forfeits.—That the owners of horses, &c. engaged in MATCHES or SWEEPSTAKES, in which the forfeits shall amount to ONE HUNDRED GUINEAS, or upwards, shall be entitled to a deduction of TEN PER CENT. if they declare their forfeits by half an hour past nine o'clock the evening before running.

Trials.—No gentleman shall try the horse of any other person, except his declared confederate, without giving notice of such trial, by inscribing the name of such horse, or horses, or their pedigrees, with the names of their owners, before or immediately after such trials, in the Book at the Coffee House.

Under a set of RULES and REGULATIONS so judiciously formed, so unanimously adopted, and so willingly acquiesced in, it is natural to conceive, every thing has been introduced, and every measure adopted, that could be thought equitable and necessary, towards shielding the property of opulent and eminent individuals from the depredations of those rapacious sharks, and determined adventurers, (as well in HIGH as in low life,) with which every avenue to the TURF has been infested for near a century past; and which nothing can totally prevent, but drawing such heterogeneous line, as will infallibly exclude those nefarious, well known pests from the superior, liberal, and unsuspecting classes of society, who do honor to their country.

JOCKEYSHIP

—is a term sometimes used in a metaphorical sense, alluding to the dealings of individuals, where one, by a superior degree of knowledge, cunning, artifice, or chicanery, obtains in a bargain considerable advantage over the other. Its principal signification, however, in its literal meaning, and frequent use, applies more particularly to the peculiar excellence, or personal ability, of JOCKIES, (alias riders,) whose sole avocation it is to train and ride horses for the different PLATES and PRIZES at Newmarket, and various other parts of the kingdom. This has always been held a systematic employment of GREAT TRUST, (but very little responsibility,) requiring considerable bodily strength, much personal fortitude, and cool intrepidity, constitutional taciturnity, and a kind of habitual insensibility in respect to passion, which should be studiously reduced to a degree of professional apathy, never to be roused into action by the occasional irritations of a designing opponent. The great and leading qualifications which constitute the predominant traits of distinguished JOCKEYSHIP, are to acquire a complete knowledge of the prevalent points, speed, temper, mouth, and perfections or defects, of the horse before starting; to ascertain, as well as it can be accomplished, a tolerable idea, whether it will be most in his favor to insure the WHIP-HAND, or decline it; to take the lead, or leave it, and wait upon his adversary; whether to make play, depending upon BLOOD and BOTTOM, or to lay by, and rely upon speed: all these, and a variety of other contingencies dependent upon judgment, as well as a still longer list, which must ever be equally dependent upon the sole effect of CHANCE, (beyond the utmost extent of human efforts to counteract,) seem combined to render jockeyship a very arduous task, and equally precarious means of acquiring universal approbation and celebrity. For as it may be considered an impracticability to become always a WINNER, so, from the occasional discontent and disappointments of dissatisfied employers, a RIDER must frequently have reason to exclaim, (though silently,) "Vain his attempt who strives to please ye all."

JOHN BULL

,—the name of a horse of much celebrity both as a RACER and a STALLION; having been deemed, by the best judges, a horse of the greatest strength, and the most beautiful and corresponding symmetry, ever produced in this kingdom. He was bred by the late Lord Grosvenor; foaled in 1789; got by Fortitude, dam (Xantippe) by Eclipse; her dam (Grecian Princess) by Williams's Forester, &c. &c. Monday, in the Craven Newmarket Meeting, 1792, when three years old, he won the great produce stakes of 200 guineas each, half forfeit, across the flat, 35 subscribers; beating Ormond, Hotspur, Whisky, St. Paul, Lucifer, and three others. At Epsom, in May the same year, he won the Derby Stakes of 50 guineas each, 32 subscribers; beating Speculator, Bustard, Lyricus, St. George, Whisky, and the Duke of Queensbury's colt by Pharasmond. Soon after which, sustaining an injury, he paid 300 guineas forfeit to Lord Foley's Vermin, and became a stallion, 1796, at 20 guineas a mare; covering the first year only a limited number (ten) except those of his owner. He is the sire of Admiral Nelson, Lady Bull, Alfred, Florist, Fortitude, Georgina, Muly Molech, Gazer, and Lady Katherine; and being now at the very zenith of prosperity, promises a progeny of as much celebrity as the best and most esteemed of his cotemporaries.

JOHNNY

—was the first horse of his year, and then esteemed the best in England. He was bred by Lord Clermont, and foaled in 1769; was got by Matchem, dam by Babraham, grand-dam by Partner, great grand-dam by Bloody Buttocks, great, great grand-dam by Greyhound, out of Brocklesby Betty.

JOHNNY

,—a horse of more recent date, and of a different blood, was the property of Mr. Durand, and proved a country plate horse of some celebrity. He was got by King Fergus, dam by Justice, and was foaled in 1794. At three years old he won a fifty pound plate at Alfriston, and two fifties at Egham. The year following he won 50l. at Ascot, beating Ploughator and Dispute. 50l. at Lewes, beating Greyhound and Outcast. 50l. at Canterbury, beating Doubtful, Ploughator, Quietus, and Ratafia. 50l. at Egham, beating Will, King John, Greyhound, Lord Egremont's Bugle, and three others. 50l. at Newmarket, beating Parisot, Sober Robin, Centinel, and High Eagle. In 1799 he won a Handicap Plate at Newmarket, beating Wrangler and Outcast. 50l. at Epsom. 50l. at Winchester. The Petworth Stakes (10 guineas each, seventeen subscribers) at Brighton; beating Bobtail, Lounger, Heart of Oak, Opposition, Speculator, and Wrangler. The Ladies Plate of 60 guineas at Lewes, beating Wrangler, Gohanna, Sparrowhawk, Magic, and Sir F. Poole's Brother to Waxy; and 50l. at Canterbury, beating Mr. Crosoer's Dairy Maid. In the following year, 1800, he started but once, which was at Epsom. It is supposed he sustained some injury, as he was then withdrawn from the turf.

JOINTS

.—The joints of horses are subject to rheumatic pains and affections, in some proportional degree with those of the human species, and require professional judgment to discriminate between what are really so, and what may proceed from other causes. Strict attention, and accurate observation, have clearly ascertained and established the fact, that horses are frequently attacked with, and labour under, a CHRONIC RHEUMATISM, which is as frequently treated like, and mistaken for, a confirmed lameness, erroneously supposed to have originated in a very different cause. The joints, notwithstanding the peculiar strength of their formation, are also liable to, and susceptible of, very serious, alarming and permanent injuries, by short turns, and sudden twists, out of as well as within the stable; and it is readily to be believed, more of these are occasioned by carelessness, inadvertency, and the most shameful inattention of servants, than from any accidental causes whatever.

JOURNEY

.—Journeys are, from various motives, very differently undertaken, and by different degrees of people, according to their various situations, or peculiar avocations, as actuated by the state of their private concerns; whether influenced by a love of pleasure, the pursuit of novelty, prompted by business, or urged by necessity. Amidst which infinity of travellers, there are thousands, particularly in the metropolis, who know nothing of the management of the very valuable and useful companion, upon whose health and safety the pleasure and success of the journey must principally depend. Horses, in general, are so cruelly treated, and so inconsiderately neglected by those who are entire strangers to the attentions they require, and the comforts they stand in need of, that a few general hints cannot be considered inapplicable; at least to such as wish to improve their judgment, and acquire knowledge, from practical experience.

The prudent traveller will never commence a journey of length, without every necessary precaution that can be adopted for general safety during the whole; he will insure to a certainty, by personal examination, the shape, make, fixing, and firmness of his horse's shoes, as the most indispensible prelude to the success of his progress, it being one great step to the prevention of trouble and disquietude. He will observe that every part of his apparatus is sufficiently strong and durable for the purpose, that he may not be likely to encounter the mortification of repairs upon the road; as well as that his BRIDLE is properly adapted to the MOUTH, and the SADDLE to the BACK of the horse. A sore back, or lacerated lips, are sad concomitants in a tedious or a dreary journey. He will also remember at setting off, that the animal he bestrides is formed of materials by no means dissimilar to his own; that he is composed of fibres, nerves, tendons, muscles, flesh, blood and bone; that these are all perishable commodities, liable to accident, sickness, and dissolution; that he has also his passions, his sensations, his appetites, his wants, his pains, and his pleasures. Not possessed of the pleasing powers of communication by speech, it is a duty incumbent upon the rider, not only to speak for, but to take care of (in the strictest meaning of the words) an object so little capable of taking care of itself.

Having all these things in humane recollection, he will advert to the state of the roads, and the season of the year: the mode of treatment, and manner of travelling proper in one, might be improper in the other. Observation should be made upon the constitutional stamen, and innate properties, of the horse, in respect to power and action, that his paces and progress should be regulated in proportion. One may with ease travel EIGHTEEN or TWENTY miles at a stage, with strength and vigour less diminished, than another may twelve; and this it is the more necessary to know and observe, because a horse overworked, or overfatigued, in the early part, very frequently never recovers himself during the whole of a journey. It is a judicious maxim, and should be rigidly adhered to, never to ride or drive horses at an immoderate or unreasonable pace at first setting off in a morning; the carcase being full, brisk action occasions much uneasiness, if not pain; and a horse never goes with comfort to himself till relieved by frequent evacuation. Those who are properly attentive to their own interest in the preservation of their horse, will regulate their pace (as well as the length of their stage) by the HEAT of the WEATHER in SUMMER, or the DEPTH of the ROAD in the WINTER, each having equal and distinct effects upon the strength, and exertion of power, in the horse, as the other.

Much of management at inns depends upon the state a horse is in upon his arrival; none, but fools or madmen, bring them to the termination of a stage in a stream of perspiration; if so, proper attention and treatment cannot be expected, where there are so many to be served beside themselves. Leading a horse about to cool in the WINTER, washing the dirt off by plunging him into a pond, or washing his legs in a stable-yard, are equally destructive, and produce a combination of ills, in colds, bad eyes, swelled legs, cracked heels, and other inconveniences, productive of repentance, when repentance comes too late. Whether the date of perspiration he is in be much or little, the mode of treatment should be proportionally the same. After being permitted to stale, the head and fore quarters should first undergo the ceremony of brisk wisping, or rough dressing, with good clean sweet straw; then turning his head to the rack, (where some sweet hay has been previously deposited,) the hind-quarters and legs experience the same operation; at which time, and not before, the saddle should be taken off, and the general dressing of the carcase and legs should be completed, admitting or excluding external air, according to the season of the year, by which all conditional circumstances must be regulated of course. The examination of the SHOES, the state of the FEET, WARBLES, bowel galls, or injuries by unequal pressure from, or friction of, the saddle, are contingencies too necessary, and too sublime, for the head of an ostler; he leaves possibilities of that kind to be discovered by those whom it more materially concerns; and the principal must therefore look to it HIMSELF, if he expects to be unequivocally satisfied upon those points. Feeding and WATERING depend also upon time, circumstances, and the season; it being the duty of the owner to know whether the horse will eat his corn if he has it; for it is not in the indispensible department of the OSTLER to give a horse an ill name, by proclaiming him a bad feeder. Under which combination of contingencies, dependent upon travelling, it is no bad plan to SEE the horse have his CORN, as well as to KNOW whether he EATS it; for no man can travel with so much judgment and satisfaction, as he who knows the internal support his horse has to work upon.

Horses jaded, and completely fatigued, with long and dirty journies, in dull, dreary, and sometimes tempestuous, weather, are so entirely debilitated, that they prefer REST to FOOD, and can hardly be kept upon their legs, to go through the necessary comforts of dressing and cleaning as an unavoidable prelude to the more substantial relief of the night. In such state they require a little extra attention; an invigorating CORDIAL BALL, so soon as it can possibly be obtained;was a horse of much temporary note a mash of ground malt, and bran equal parts; in want of the malt, a mash of bran and oats, made of boiling water, and six ounces, or half a pound, of honey, may be introduced as a substantial substitute. The water should not be from the pump, but soft, as from a rainy reservoir, or the river, with the chill taken off: if in the winter, the clothing should be warm; the bed plentiful, high, clean, and dry; as well as all such crevices closely stopped as admit currents of air; by which precaution, not only temporary ills, but dangerous diseases, are frequently prevented.

ITCHING

.—Horses are sometimes observed to labor under a severe itching, or internal irritation, which keeps them in a kind of perpetual disquietude; biting such parts as they can get at with the mouth, and rubbing those more remote against such parts of the stall as are most convenient, by which the hair is frequently rubbed off, and the skin excoriated. In cases of this description, the blood does not possess a proper or just equalization of the component parts indispensibly necessary to the standard of health. It mostly arises from a deficiency of crassamentum, or adhesive property of the blood, by which it becomes more or less impoverished, and abounds with a redundancy of SERUM; this, for want of its natural corrector, acquires ACRIMONY, and soon begins to display its mischievous power and tendency to cutaneous morbidity in the way described. Permitted to continue and increase, without salutary counteraction, it extends its progress from a simple itching, in the first instance, to scurfy eruptions, scaly exfoliations, or partial loss of hair; bearing the external appearance of surfeit, degenerating, by degrees, to inveterate MANGE, or confirmed FARCY. To prevent which, the system should be improved, and the circulation enlivened, by an invigoration of the frame: the property of the blood should be enriched by an ADDITION to the QUANTITY, and an ALTERATION in the QUALITY of the food. A great deal of substantial dressing should be adopted in the stable, and regular gentle exercise out; as a collateral aid to which, a course of ANTIMONIAL ALTERATIVE POWDERS should be brought into use, till every symptom of disquietude has disappeared.

JUGGED

—is a professional or technical term with the horse-dealing and stabularian fraternity; and implies a horse's having tumefactions, indurated or inflammatory, under the jaws. But when used in a more serious and emphatic sense among themselves, it is to convey an idea, that the horse said to be jugged, is infected with the GLANDERS.

JUSTICE

—was a horse of considerable note both as a RUNNER and a STALLION: he was bred by the late Lord Grosvenor; was foaled in 1774; got by Herod, out of Curiosity, (who was got by Snap,) her dam by Regulus, and grand-dam by Bartlet's Childers. Without obtaining any distinguished celebrity, he for many years maintained his ground as a stallion above mediocrity, and produced some tolerable racers: amongst the best of which were Æacus, Mentor, Minos, Rhadamanthus, Dedalus, and Midnight.

K.

KEEPERS

—are of different kinds, acting under different appointments, as servants of the Crown, or of individuals. There are FOREST-keepers, PARK-keepers, and GAME-keepers, whose employments are distinct and separate from each other. It is the province of the first to protect and superintend the DEER in any one of his Majesty's forests, to which he is appointed, and to become a principal instrument of enforcing the laws enacted for its preservation, against depredators of every description. Park-keepers are retained in the service of NOBLEMEN and GENTLEMEN who have parks stocked with deer, having the same perquisites and privileges as those employed in the service of the Crown; their employment is principally to superintend, preserve, and regulate the stock, as well as to kill BUCKS, DOES, and FAWNS, according to the season, when required for the table; which can never be done by any PARK-keeper of the Crown, without the receipt of a proper WARRANT previously issued from superior authority for that purpose. Game-keepers are employed in various forests, parks, chases, free-warrens, and manors, the property of the Crown, to furnish a constant supply of game for his Majesty's table and household, under such regulations as prevent the possibility of too great an influx at one time, and too short a supply at another. Every LORD or LADY possessing a manor within any part of the kingdom, has the power of appointing a person, under the denomination of a GAME-keeper, to protect, preserve, or KILL any kind of GAME upon the particular MANOR for which he is appointed; and to execute and enforce all such other manorial rights and privileges within the department, as may be submitted to his delegation; he first conforming to the LEGAL prescription, before he can be confirmed, or qualified to act in the office to which he has been deputed.—See Game-Laws, and Game-Keepers.

KENNEL

—is the place where hounds are kept; upon the judicious construction of which, their health, safety, and preservation, are known greatly to depend. Those who take to, or become possessed of, KENNELS ready built, frequently continue them in the form they fall into their hands; but such as encounter the expence of new erections, cannot do better than take a previous survey of the most approved plans; amongst which the Duke of Bedford's, at Wooburn Abby; the Duke of Richmond's, at Goodwood, in Sussex; and Sir William Rowley's, at Tendring Hall, Suffolk, are supposed, for extent and convenience, to take the lead of most others in the kingdom. Taste and FASHION may go a great way in the external glare of such establishments; but HEALTH and CONVENIENCE should always prove the most predominant considerations. It is universally admitted, by all who have a practical knowledge of this subject, that in large and regularly-hunted packs, two kennels are indispensibly necessary to the success and well-doing of the whole. When there is but one, it can in the winter season be but seldom cleaned; and even then the hounds are in a comfortless state, from the dampness of the situation so long as it remains. Cleanliness is so essentially necessary in every APARTMENT and DEPARTMENT of a kennel, that no continuance of health in the hounds, or excellence in the field, can be expected without it. They are individually innately clean; and will never, if they can avoid it, dung near where they lie. Air, fresh straw, and ample room for the occasional expansion of their weary limbs, are requisite for the invigoration of the frame, and the preservation of health. Hounds confined in a body, are more liable to disease, than the same animal single, and in a state of unrestrained liberty; hence the necessity for counteraction, by every means the most prudent precaution can adopt. Hounds thus subject to, and constantly attacked with disease, and even madness, under the best and most judicious management, must be evidently much more so if surrounded with filth and nastiness.

That some idea may be formed of the grandeur of the buildings, and the liberal scale, of the most celebrated hunting establishments, it is only necessary to introduce a few explanatory remarks upon the kennels of eminence already mentioned. The superb edifice of the Duke of Richmond is said (and probably with great truth) to have cost 10,000l. in its erection; to which his Grace contributed no small proportion of personal assistance. He is reported to have been his own architect and builder; to have dug his own flints, burnt his own lime, made his own bricks, and framed the woodwork in his own shops. The DOG KENNEL, abstracted from all other buildings, stands alone, in such part of the park as to form a grand and striking object from the principal rooms of the mansion; the materials are flints, finished at all the angles by a light grey brick, like the Lymington white-stock.

The distribution of the building is into five compartments; two of them 36 feet by 15, and three more 30 by 15; these are called KENNELS, to which are annexed two feeding-rooms, 28 by 15. In each of these are openings at top, for the admission of external air, when necessary; and stoves to qualify the air when too cold. There are supplies of water, and drains into what is termed a stank, a considerable depth below, full of rain-water, from the surface of which to the rise of the arch is eleven feet; so that no inconvenience arises from smell; and the whole can be occasionally cleared off by drains to more dependent depths, and dung-pits, where it becomes contributary to the purposes of agriculture. Round the whole building is a pavement five feet wide; airing-yards, places for breeding, and other conveniences, making a part of each wing. To constitute a uniformity of elegance, neatness, and perfection, the HUNTSMAN and WHIPPER-IN have each a parlour, kitchen, and sleeping-room, appropriated to their own particular purpose.

The Duke of Bedford's is an immense establishment, upon a scale of too much extent for particular description, as it includes TENNIS-COURT, RIDING-HOUSE, &c. &c. in one stone-fronted building, of 266 feet in length; with two wings of stables, containing stalls for 36 hunters; and eleven loose houses, for horses sick or lame. As the DOG-KENNEL, however, is the only part entitled to notice under this head, it will create no surprise that the richest subject should possess the most complete in England. It is in length 405 feet, having the boiling-house in the centre, with feeding rooms adjoining, and a granary behind. On the right of the centre are apartments for two KENNEL-KEEPERS, two long lodging rooms for the hunting hounds, with flues running along the walls, to preserve an equal temperature in the severity of the winter season; spacious yards to each, furnished with a fountain in the middle, for the dogs to drink at; and water-cocks fixed at proper distances, to cleanse the pavement, when it may be required: adjoining to these, are seven hospitals for sick and lame hounds, with yards to each. On the left are divisions for litter, straw, &c. eleven apartments for bitches and puppies, with yards to each; eleven ditto for bitches in pup, with yards also; and a large division for bitches at heat. In the front is a large reservoir of water, which supplies the fountains, and different cocks in the several yards within. Behind the whole is a large airing-ground, flesh-house, and all requisite conveniencies. The huntsman's dwelling-house is a handsome building adjoining. The number of hunting hounds kept in the kennel are usually from sixty to seventy couple.

The kennel of Sir Willim Rowley is by no means equal to the external grandeur of the two already described, but replete with every internal convenience that an establishment upon a somewhat smaller scale can possibly require: it is situate about half a mile from the family mansion, from the garden of which it constitutes a picturesque appearance. It is erected in a valley of the park, a spot well adapted to the purpose, being equally defended from the cutting easterly winds, and the heat of the sun in its meridian, by a thick skirting of park and forest trees. Not having the advantage of a rivulet to water the courts, that want is amply supplied by a pump, which, by means of different cocks, turns the water to every part of the premises; consisting of the HUNTING-KENNEL, or principal lodging-room, which is 20 feet by 18 in the clear, 18 feet high, and paved with flag-stones. The beds, or benches, which cover almost the whole area, are of original and most admirable contrivance, being lathed like some bedsteads, and all made to fold up with joints, for the convenience of washing the floor beneath them. This room, by means of a flue of peculiar construction, is heated to any required temperature; and the hounds, after severe chases, and in wet weather, are rendered dry and comfortable in a much less time than they could be by any other means.

There is also a kennel, or lodging-room, for the young hounds, of the same dimensions as the former, and possessing the same conveniencies, except the flue, which here would have been superfluous. Several small kennels for bitches in a state of gestation; as well as a proportional number for those with puppies. A paved court to the hunting-kennel. A feeding-house; one half of which is open, the other under cover. A paved court to the kennel for the young hounds. A pump, and stone water cisterns. A large grass-yard for airing the hounds belonging to the hunting-kennel, containing about an acre and three quarters; in which are a variety of lime, chesnut, and other trees, forming an excellent shade for the hounds during the summer season. The young hounds have a similar convenience. To these are annexed twelve small kennels for puppies, well constructed for the purpose. The hunting-hounds generally consist of about THIRTY-SIX COUPLE; and the establishment is conducted in such a style of punctuality, order, and excellence, that it is universally acknowledged equal to any, and inferior to none, upon a similar scale, from one extremity of the kingdom to the other.

Next to the choice of a proper spot for, and a judicious, as well as a convenient, construction of the KENNEL, the management of the hounds, when there, becomes a matter of serious consideration, and requires a FEEDER of strict sobriety, indefatigable industry, invariable punctuality, great humanity, personal fidelity to his employer, and a constant attention to the business in which he is engaged; as upon him in a great degree depends the health and preservation of the hounds. Mr. Beckford observes (in great proof of his practical knowledge and personal experience) that no part of a hunting establishment goes on so well, as when the MASTER becomes an occasional SUPERINTENDANT of his own concerns. He says, as the sport in the field depends on the exquisite sense of smelling so peculiar to the hound, so care should be taken to preserve it; and cleanliness is the surest means. The keeping of the kennel sweet and clean, cannot, therefore, be too strongly inculcated, and impressed upon the mind of the FEEDER; if he seems habitually disposed to deviate from which, he is not at all calculated for the office he has undertaken.

The preparation for feeding, as boiling the meat, mixing the meal, and getting it ready at the hours agreed on, is a matter that the HUNTSMAN will of course take care (on his part) never to have neglected; but there are other considerations, equally important, which become entitled to attention. Hounds cannot be properly fed by a single person; two are (for a variety of reasons) unavoidably necessary; and those two should be the FEEDER and the HUNTSMAN; as hounds should be drafted and fed according to their state of flesh and condition. Some are much more voracious than others, and will require a greater portion of food; others look and work well, with half the quantity: the eye of the huntsman should discriminate between the opposite descriptions; in want of which attention, the pack will never be of equal appearance. When any of the hounds are observed to be low in flesh, off their appetites, bad feeders, or kept under by the old and master hounds, it will be matter of advantage to draft them, and let them feed under less restraint. Young and impatient feeders, fall into the very common fault of feeding hounds with their meat too hot: it is both a prevalent and injurious error, that should be totally abolished.

Mr. Beckford is of opinion, that hounds poorer than the rest should be fed again, and that they cannot be fed too often; as well as that those hounds which become too fat, if any, should be drafted off, and not permitted to fill themselves. All hounds (particularly young ones) should be often called over in kennel; their names become more familiar to them; and it teaches them obedience; this lesson is practised, or should be, at the time of feeding. Hounds should all be let out into the airing ground, to empty them themselves after feeding, to prevent an unnecessary accumulation of filth, and consequent effluvia, in the kennel. It may be a custom with some, to shut up the hounds for two or three hours after they return from hunting before they are FED; if so, it is more entitled to contempt than imitation; no plea can justify the practice; they should have their meat ready for feeding immediately on their return; once gratified, they enjoy their rest undisturbed, the best and most natural foundation for a renovation of strength. Plenty of vegetables, boiled in the copper meat, once a week, is a custom in most kennels; as it is also to throw in a pound or two of sulphur, (in proportion to the number,) particularly in the summer season, when there is a greater tendency in the blood to morbidity, particularly to cutaneous diseases.

During the hot months, when hounds do not work, they require but a small proportion of substantial food, compared to what is necessary in the severity of the HUNTING SEASON; flesh may then be given very sparingly; the less it is used in the summer, the less likelihood there will be of seeing that malignant and unwelcome visitor, the MANGE, amongst them. Various opinions have been promulgated upon the best, cheapest, and most nutritious, food for the support of hounds in general; but experience seems to have justified the consistency of occasional changes, according to the different seasons, and the different degrees of work; without adhering too closely to one particular mode, unassisted by such deviations as circumstances may render not only prudent and proper, but sometimes unavoidable. Horse flesh, sheep's trotters, raspings, greaves, bullock's paunches, (in a scarcity of flesh,) oat-meal, and barley-meal, constitute the principal articles upon which hounds are known to subsist; although they are differently prepared, and differently administered, according to the judgment, experience, whim, or caprice, of the parties concerned. It is, however, universally admitted, after a number of fair and impartial trials, that in respect to the two meals, they act much more profitably and advantageously, when used in a mixed state of nearly equal proportions, than when either is given alone.

Mr. Beckford says, his feeder, who was a good one, and of much experience, mixed the meal in equal quantities; that the oatmeal he boiled for half an hour; and then put out the fire, adding the barley-meal, and mixing both together: his reason for boiling one, and not the other, was, that boiling made the oat-meal THICK, and the barley-meal thin; and that when he fed with the barley-meal only, it should not be put into the copper, but mixed up with the scalding liquor, in a proper tub, or hogshead, kept for the purpose. There are many little things within the department of the FEEDER, which, if neglected, become of serious consequence. Nice observation should be made upon the state of the BITCHES at all times; upon the least indication of their going to HEAT, they should be instantly removed; a few hours delay may be the destruction of some of the best hounds in the kennel. After their return on a hunting day, he should observe whether there are any hounds who have sustained injuries in the feet by thorns, flints, &c. in which case a fomentation of warm pot-liquor, (or bran and water,) followed by a washing with cold vinegar, or salt and water, will generally effect a speedy cure. Hounds seriously LAME, or palpably SICK, should be separated from the rest, and placed where they can be more at ease, and have better attention.

KENNEL

—is a sporting term for the spot in which a FOX deposits himself after his nocturnal depredations, and to which he retires about the dawn of day: being found by the hounds in drawing covert, he is then said to be unkennelled, and the chase begins. When safe in some burrow, or hole, below the surface, he is then said to lie at EARTH.

KIBES

,—in horses, are the cracks which appear in the HEELS during the severity of the winter season, and are much more the consequence of neglect, or a want of knowledge in the stable discipline, than the effect produced by changes in the weather; which may in general be counteracted by the means in constant practice with those who proceed systematically, and take the same care of their horses, as prudence prompts them to take of themselves. They proceed mostly from being left with wet legs, which, in very COLD or FROSTY weather, occasions such a tightness and rigidity of the skin, that, when brought into sudden and brisk action, it bursts asunder, (in a greater or less degree,) according to the texture of the skin, or the constitutional irritability of the horse. These soon become exceedingly painful; and if the weather should repeatedly vary from short frosts to alternate thaws, and the horse continue in use, the constant insinuation of the sharp particles of small gravel and sand of the dirty roads, is productive of such excruciating sensations, that the subject refuses food, and does not lay down for many days and nights in succession: when even gently compelled to move, he lifts up the limb in so much misery, that it is with the greatest reluctance he brings it again to the ground; on the contrary, keeps it so long suspended, that it is expected he must inevitably fall over in his stall. If worked in this state, he comes out of the stable as if completely crippled; and every day's delay in the attempt at relief, must be a culpable protraction of cure: palliatives (with work) will prove deceptive; rest should be adopted, and cure obtained. This can only be effected by poultices made of LINSEED POWDER, milk, and a little olive oil, applied immediately after comfortable softenings with warm gruel, and a small sponge: an ALTERATIVE POWDER in a mash nightly, and the use of camphorated SPERMA-CÆTI LINIMENT, night and morning, when the poultices are left off, will be found greatly to assist the general intent.

KIDNEYS

.—The horse is always liable to local injuries, as well as permanent disorders, of these parts. Inflammation and ulceration are also produced by different means: some proceed from external causes, as BRUISES and BLOWS; being too heavily laden with burdens, or drawing too heavy weights; both which should be equally attended to, and guarded against. The distinguishing symptoms of diseased KIDNIES, are a palpable weakness of the hind part of the back and loins, a painful sinking of those parts upon pressure, a difficulty of staling, which is generally voided partially in small quantities, and frequently with short groans of internal disquietude: in slight affections, the urine is white, but turbid; in severe cases, very high coloured, as if tinged with blood: there is mostly a heaviness of the eyes, debility of body, a loathing of food, and a tendency to symptomatic fever. From whatever cause an injury may arise, or from whatever state of the body a disease of the parts may proceed, BLEEDING largely is the first step to speedy relief, and the prevention of danger. The quality and quantity of MEDICINE must be regulated by the shades, as well as the duration, of the disorder, according to consequences likely to ensue. Warm glysters of gruel and olive oil occasionally; mashes, made of ground malt and bran, for food; and thin gruel for drink, in which GUM ARABIC should be dissolved, to lubricate the passages, and sheath any asperity with which the parts may be affected. Should the weakness of the loins increase, the difficulty of staling continue, the urine become more thick and fœtid, the strength more reduced, and the frame emaciated, one or both the kidneys may be considered in a state of ulceration, and cure cannot be expected.

KILLING GAME

.—The privilege of KILLING GAME (in any way whatever) is now dependent upon a two-fold qualification; in want of BOTH which, the transgressor renders himself liable to a DOUBLE, and in want of either, to a single penalty; which, divested of technical ambiguity, and the complicated abstrusity of the GAME LAWS in their present extended state, is reduced to the following state of simplification, adapted to every comprehension.

In different Acts of Parliament during the reigns of James the First, Charles the Second, and Queen Anne, the landed possessions necessary to constitute a qualification to kill game, (exempt from pains and penalties,) have varied materially, in proportion to the gradual alteration in the value of money, which has continued to diminish in a corresponding degree. The landed qualification established by the 23d Charles the Second, c. xxv. and still adhered to, is the possession of LANDS, TENEMENTS, or other estates of inheritance, of the CLEAR yearly value of ONE HUNDRED POUNDS. Or, for term of life, A LEASE or LEASES for ninety-nine years, or any longer term, of the CLEAR yearly value of ONE HUNDRED and FIFTY POUNDS. Persons not so qualified, either killing, or going in pursuit of game with an intent to kill, and being convicted upon the OATH of one witness, before a Justice of the Peace, forfeits FIVE POUNDS for each offence; half to the informer, and half to the poor of the parish where the offence is committed.

Thus far a line is drawn between the QUALIFIED and the unqualified, in respect to LANDED privilege, upon former Acts of Parliament; clearly defining who possessed a LEGAL RIGHT to pursue and KILL GAME under such sanction, and who were the persons prohibited from so doing, and liable to the penalty before described. In addition to which distinction, it has been enacted by successive Acts in the present reign of George the Third, That every person who shall use any DOG, GUN, NET, or other engine, for the taking or killing of game, (except a game-keeper acting under a deputation duly registered,) shall every year, previous to his using the same, deliver his name and place of abode to the Clerk of the Peace of the county where he shall reside, and take out an annual CERTIFICATE, or licence, bearing a stamp, for which three guineas are to be paid. This licence, when obtained, does not authorize unqualified persons to kill game, but leaves them still liable to the PENALTY of FIVE POUNDS for each offence, as already described. The penalty for killing game without having procured the ANNUAL CERTIFICATE, is TWENTY POUNDS to either the qualified or unqualified; so that the unqualified, prosecuted to conviction, is in a predicament of only five pounds worse than the QUALIFIED, the penalty being twenty pounds with one, and five-and-twenty with the other. Any person in pursuit of game, having his name and place of abode demanded by another, who is possessed of a certificate, and refusing to tell the same, is liable to a penalty of FIFTY POUNDS. See Game-keepers, and Game Laws.

KINDLE

.—A doe rabbit is said to KINDLE when she brings forth her young.

KING FERGUS

,—the name of a horse bred by the late Colonel O'Kelly; he was foaled in 1775; was got by Eclipse, dam (Tuting's Polly) by Black and all Black, grand-dam by Tartar, great grand-dam by Old Starling. He was of great celebrity, and continued for many years a stallion of the first eminence. He was the sire of a great number of good racers, amongst which were those celebrated runners Hambletonian, Overton, Beningbrough, Sir Solomon, Warter, Johnny (Durand's,) Garswood, &c. &c.

KING'S HOUNDS

.—His Majesty's STAG HOUNDS pass under this denomination, as a part of the royal establishment continued in every successive reign without variation. The kennel in which they are kept is situate near the RACE COURSE upon Ascot Heath; at the distance of two short miles from which is Swinley Lodge, the official residence of the Master of the Stag Hounds, an appointment seldom conferred but upon one of the peerage, and is considered an office of honor, with a salary of 2000l. per annum. The presence of the Master of the Stag Hounds in the field is not a matter of necessity, but choice, except when his Majesty hunts, and then his personal attendance is indispensible; his badge of office is a pair of gold dog couples, which hang suspended from a belt on his left side. The HUNTSMAN has a handsome residence at the kennel, with a salary of 125l. a year; to whom there are six assistants, (called YEOMEN PRICKERS,) each having a salary of 104l. with the royal livery richly ornamented, and an annual supply of saddles, bridles, horse-cloths, and the necessary stable appendages; but they find their own horses.

The hunting season commences on Holyrood-Day, the 25th of September, and continues every Tuesday and Saturday till the first week in May; with the exception of Christmas and Easter weeks, when they hunt three times in each. Holyrood-Day, and Easter-Monday, are the two grand days of the year for company, when the field is exceedingly numerous. His Majesty has also a PACK of HARRIERS, which are kept at the Little Park Lodge near Windsor, and with these he hunts constantly in Windsor Great Park, and the surrounding neighbourhood; they are, however, a private concern of his Majesty's, and not included in the regular Crown establishment.

KING'S PLATE

.—Those called King's Plates, are a free gift from his Majesty of 100 guineas each; and it is believed were originally granted as a means of exciting such a degree of emulation, as would probably tend to national advantage, by improving the breed of horses in general; as well as to afford an annual pecuniary advantage (by an additional influx of company) to such CITIES and TOWNS as enjoy the royal favour. Newmarket, as the superior spot of sporting celebrity, is particularly honoured, having two in the first Spring, and one in the first October meetings. King's Plates are also given at Newcastle-upon-Tyne, Guildford, Winchester, Ipswich, Burford, Chelmsford, Nottingham, Lewes, Edinburgh, York, Canterbury, Warwick, Lichfield, Richmond, (Yorkshire,) Lincoln, Salisbury, Ayr, Carlisle, and Ascot Heath; the whole of which, except the last, are run for by horses or mares of different ages, carrying such weights as shall be appointed by the Master of the Horse, or whoever he may delegate for that purpose.

The King's Plate of 100 guineas, given at Ascot, and always run for on the first day, (invariably Whit-Tuesday fortnight,) is only for horses which have regularly hunted with his Majesty's STAG HOUNDS the preceding season, and must have been well up with the hounds, at their running up to, taking, or killing, TEN DEER, as an indispensible qualification, without having which they cannot be permitted to start. At the conclusion of the chase, when the deer is secured, those who intend to qualify for the plate apply to the HUNTSMAN, and a ticket is delivered to the rider, bearing the arms of the Master of the Stag Hounds, and the seal of the royal hunt; when which ten tickets are obtained, the horse has secured his qualification, may then be withdrawn from the field, and is not obliged to appear again till the DAY of ENTRANCE at Sunning-Hill Wells, where and when the tickets must be produced, in confirmation of his being duly qualified to START. For the accommodation of the sporting world at large, horses of all ages are permitted to run, carrying the following weights; four years old, 11st. 2lb. five years old, 11st. 9lb. six years old, 11st. 12lb. and aged, 12st. Mares allowed 4lb. The best of three four-mile heats.

The following Rules are, by his Majesty's command, to be strictly observed by the OWNERS and RIDERS of all such HORSES, MARES, or GELDINGS, as shall run for his Majesty's Plates at Newmarket.

King's Plate Articles.

Every person that putteth in a horse, mare, or gelding, for the said plate, is to shew such horse, mare, or gelding, with the marks, name, and name of the OWNER, to be entered at the King's stables in Newmarket the day before they run, and shall then produce a certificate under the hand of the breeder, specifying his exact age the grass before.

Every horse, mare, or gelding, that runneth, is to start between the hours of one and four in the afternoon; and to be allowed half an hour between each heat to rub.

Every horse, mare, or gelding, that runneth on the wrong side the POSTS or FLAGS, or is distanced in any of the HEATS, shall have no share of the said PLATE, nor be suffered to start again.

The horse, mare, or gelding, that winneth any two heats, winneth the PLATE; but if three several horses, mares, or geldings, win EACH of them a HEAT, then those three, and only they, to run a fourth; and the horse, mare, or gelding, that winneth the fourth heat, shall have the plate.

And each horse, mare, or gelding's place, as he or they come in by the ending-post each heat, as first, second, or third, &c. shall be determined by such judges as shall be appointed for that purpose by the Master of the Horse. And in case any horse, mare, or gelding, shall be then, or after prove to be, above the age CERTIFIED the grass before, the owner or owners of such horse, mare, or gelding, shall be rendered incapable of ever running for any of the King's Plates hereafter.

As many of the RIDERS as shall cross, jostle, or strike, or use any other foul play, as shall be judged by such person or persons as shall be appointed by the Master of the Horse, such rider shall be made incapable of ever riding any horse, mare, or gelding, for any of his Majesty's Plates hereafter; and such OWNERS shall have no benefit of that plate; but such owners may be permitted to run any horse, mare, or gelding, for any other of his Majesty's free Plates in future.

Every RIDER shall, immediately after each heat is run, be obliged to come to the ENDING-POST with his horse, mare, or gelding, then and there to alight, and not before, and there to WEIGH to the satisfaction of the judges appointed for that purpose.

And in case of neglect or refusal thereof, such WINNERS and RIDERS shall be immediately declared incapable of RUNNING or RIDING any more for this or any of his Majesty's Plates in future.

And should any difference arise relating to their ages, or in their running, or to these his Majesty's orders, the same to be determined by such person, or persons, as shall be appointed by the Master of the Horse. And these Articles are to continue in force, unless altered by COMMAND of his Majesty.

For the better and more certain prevention of any fraud, or misapplication, the winner of a King's Plate is to receive from the Clerk of the Course, a certificate signed by the Steward of the Race where such plate is won, countersigned by himself also, which being presented to the Lord Lieutenant of the County, it obtains his signature likewise: when thus sanctioned, it becomes payable at sight to BEARER (if properly endorsed by the winner) at the office of the Clerk of his Majesty's Stables, in the King's Mews, London. The Lord Lieutenant of a county being out of the kingdom, the signature of any person regularly deputed by him is sufficient. The certificate of winning the PLATE at Ascot requires only the signature of the Master of his Majesty's Stag Hounds, instead of the Lord Lieutenant of the County.

KNEE of a HORSE

—is the centrical joint of the leg, where the fore-thigh is united to the shank-bone. Its formation is of such strength, that a LAMENESS, by twist, distortion, or any other injury, is hardly ever sustained in this part, but by the accident of falling; which frequently happens, and, if attended with a blemish, very much reduces the previous value of the horse. Prominencies in a pavement, or rolling stones upon a road, are sometimes the occasion of such misfortunes, even to those who are in general exceedingly sure-footed, and of the most valuable description. Custom has, however, introduced, of late years, such an unprecedented degree of precaution in an examination of the KNEES, that the slightest touch cannot be expected to pass unnoticed amidst so much scrutinizing inspection; and if once appearances are sufficient to justify a doubt, the object immediately sinks in estimation, however superior he may be in other respects and qualifications. This being so great a disadvantage when a horse is to be sold, it evidently points out the absolute necessity of a minute examination before he is bought, as a want of it may produce considerable loss, and serious reflection. Loss of hair upon the knees, when not too severely affected, may sometimes be restored by a daily application of very strong camphorated liniment.

L.

LAIR

—was a term formerly applied to the haunt of outlying deer, and implied the place near which they might probably be found. It is, however, but little known in that sense, and is now used to express the part of a forest, chase, heath, or common, where any particular horse, cow, or other cattle, is accustomed to frequent when turned out, which is then called their LAIR, and where (or in the neighbourhood of it) their owners are generally sure to find them.

LAMENESS in HORSES

—proceeds from a variety of causes, and requires much patient investigation to ascertain, to a certainty, the exact seat of injury; for want of which judicious precaution, mischief frequently follows. Horses are sometimes persecuted, blistered, and fired, for a LAMENESS in one part, which ultimately proves to be in another; and this alone sufficiently points out the absolute necessity of a deliberate discrimination. As lameness proceeds from different causes, so it is of different kinds, and requires various modes of treatment, equally opposite to each other. This cannot be more forcibly elucidated, than by adverting to the difference between a lameness originating in a relaxation of the SINEWS, and a ligamentary injury sustained by a sudden turn, twist, or distortion, of some particular JOINT. These require a very different mode of treatment; and yet it is too much, and too unthinkingly the custom, to treat every kind of lameness in the same way. From either a want of patience in the owner, or a want of prudence in the practitioner, the favourite operation of BLISTERING is thought applicable to every case without exception; and being often resorted to before the inflammation of the part has sufficiently subsided, occasions a permanent enlargement, with a thickening of the integument, and consequent stiffness, rendering the remedy equally injurious with the original defect.

In all lamenesses occasioned by a relaxation of the TENDONS, blistering, and even firing, are admitted to have a forcible effect, provided they are brought into use at a PROPER time; but not before the inflammation (which is generally attendant upon such case) has previously subdued. In all ligamentary injuries, BLISTERING is seldom, if ever, known to be productive of permanent advantage; and is, perhaps, upon most occasions, so immediately adopted, because a single application is of so much less personal trouble, than a daily persevering hour bestowed in hot FOMENTATIONS, and stimulative EMBROCATIONS. Upon the subject of lameness in general, it is necessary to remark, that injuries sustained in the tendons (commonly called the back sinews) are more frequently relieved, and a lasting cure obtained, than in a lameness of the joints; where, after patient and persevering medical applications, and a corresponding portion of REST, a renewal of work has almost immediately produced a relapse.

LAMPAS

,—called also LAMPERS, and LAMPARDS, is a spongey elastic enlargement of the roof of a young horse's mouth, just behind the nippers of his upper jaw, which frequently acquires such a luxuriance in growth, as to be equal with, or to exceed, the surface of the teeth, and is supposed to occasion pain to such horses in the mastication of their corn. Different opinions have been entertained, and are still supported, upon this subject; some considering it only a temporary operation of NATURE during the formation of the TEETH, which would contract, and disappear, upon their attaining their full and proper growth; whilst others, less comprehensive in their conceptions, less scientific in their reasoning, and more hasty in their decisions, maintain the necessity of radical extermination, and that too by a process no less severe than the red-hot iron, or burning cautery. The most critical examination of the case (whenever it occurs) does not seem to justify the necessity for, or the cruelty of, such operation: various are the means which may be brought into use for the most perfect completion of the purpose, without resorting to such as bear the traits of former barbarity, when the times were less enlightened, and the system of FARRIERY less improved.

Admitting the part to have acquired its prominence, or preternatural distension, (a mere elastic, spongey puffiness,) by a slight inflammation originally, and a proportional propulsion of blood to the finer vessels surrounding that particular spot, it follows, of course, that extracting from those vessels the contents with which they are overloaded, and compulsively distended, will lay the foundation of contraction, which, followed by proper constringents, will constitute a perfect obliteration, to the PRUDENT and HUMANE exclusion of a practice not more replete with cruelty during the operation, than with danger in its consequence. Whenever the LAMPAS are found so protuberant, as to justify an opinion, or produce a proof, that they occasion pain in mastication, it is then time enough, to pass the point or edge of a sharp penknife, or lancet, transversely, and longitudinally, over the puffy and prominent part, so as to let it BLEED in that state for a few minutes; then let it be washed with a solution of ALUM in water, and no farther inconvenience need be feared from a molehill, which the illiterate have long since magnified to a MOUNTAIN, without the least rational plea for its foundation.

LASSITUDE

,—horses are frequently subject to, which does not amount to palpable pain, or evident indisposition. If a horse, who is usually in high spirits in the stable, as well as out, becomes depressed, dull, heavy, inattentive, and indifferent to food, it may be presumed something is going on in the system not directly consonant to the indications of health. In such cases, the necessary examination should be made without delay, and proper modes of counteraction adopted, to prevent the severity and danger of disease, which sometimes advances with great rapidity, to such a state as would never have happened, if proper attention had been paid to the cause of LASSITUDE upon its earliest appearance.

LAW-SUITS

,—in respect to horses, are become so common, from the frequent deceptions in BUYING and SELLING, (as well without others as with DEALERS,) that not a term passes without various litigations of this description. When the expence and anxiety attendant upon both PLAINTIFF and DEFENDANT, during the time a suit is pending; the uncertainty of its termination, which ultimately depends so much upon the effect of chance in EVIDENCE; the misrepresentation, or misconstruction, of FACTS, are all taken into consideration, it is much to be regretted, that such circumstances cannot be brought to a more friendly and less expensive conclusion. As, however, such propensity to mutual accommodation is not likely to abound amidst the complicated tempers, caprices, and versatilities, of society at large; it becomes the more necessary to avoid, as much as possible, whatever may be eventually productive of so unpleasant and unprofitable an embarkation; particularly when it is constantly seen in COURTS of LAW, to what a wonderful degree of villainy human depravity is extended, for the completion of points in which the parties are individually or collaterally interested; and perhaps in no causes whatever, so much as in those where the soundness or unsoundness of a horse is concerned.

Those who have had occasion most to frequent the Courts, best know (in fact, there are cases on record to justify and corroborate the assertion) that suits have occurred, where six witnesses swore "they saw the horse almost daily for some weeks previous to his death, and that he had the GREASE so bad he died with it;" when, to the astonishment of a crouded court, (before Mr. Justice Buller, who tried the cause,) the DEFENDANT produced an equal number of witnesses who swore, "they likewise saw the horse almost daily to the last hour of his life, and that he never had the least mark, trait, or sign of grease about him;" to corroborate which, a HUNTSMAN (making the seventh witness on that side) was produced, who swore "he stripped the horse for his hounds, and he had no mark of grease about him." The Judge remarked, "that the mass of perjury was absolutely beyond human conception on one side or the other; and so far exceeded the power of his discrimination, that he submitted it entirely to the province of the Jury," who immediately returned a verdict for the defendant.

It is much to be lamented, that every horse cause brought before a Court favours more or less of this complexion; in a perfect knowledge of which, the parties concerned strengthen their interest, and select their necessary evidence, with as much pains and eagerness as votes are solicited at an election: and it is not at all uncommon to have a body of evidence produced to SWEAR a horse "dead lame" on one side, and a much greater number to prove him PERFECTLY SOUND on the other. In such a glorious uncertainty of the LAW, what reflecting man can indulge a sufficient hope of success, to encounter a load of mental disquietude during the process, with the additional expence of thrice the VALUE of the object in dispute?

LEAD

.—The EXTRACT of LEAD is a preparation passing almost universally under the denomination of Goulard's Extract, whose properties are acknowledged of great medical utility, and in many cases amount to a specific. See Goulard, where the effects of this article are more particularly explained.

LEAPING

—is a leading perfection in a horse that very much enhances his value as a HUNTER; without which qualification, he is held in no great estimation when shewn in the field. Leaping, in its general signification, extends to the two kinds called flying and standing; a horse perfect in each, with equal temper, and a fair portion of SPEED, is then called a complete or made HUNTER; and if he has a corresponding uniformity of figure, and excellence of action, both his reputation and worth become increased in proportion. There are very few horses of speed and spirit, but what become good FLYING LEAPERS by short practice in the field with hounds, which, indeed, is the only proper place to teach them; but it is not so with STANDING LEAPS which should be taught coolly and calmly at the leaping-bar, with great serenity of temper, patience, and perseverance, by which alone any horse can attain perfection.

LEASH

,—the sporting term in use to imply the number THREE, as exceeding ONE, and not reaching TWO brace; for instance, a brace of hares, a leash of pheasants, and two brace of partridges. A brace of pointers, a leash of greyhounds, and two brace of spaniels. Custom, however, in this, as in most other things, admits of deviation and exception; in proof of which we say, a brace of spaniels, a couple and a half of hounds, and two brace of pointers. A brace of snipes, a couple and a half of woodcocks, and two couple of rabbits. It is therefore confident, and sportsman-like, to say, a LEASH of birds, (partridges,) a leash of pheasants, a leash of hares, or any other article where TWO are termed a BRACE; but improper to call three a LEASH, where two of the kind are called a COUPLE.

LEGS

.—The legs of a horse are, in their length, shape, and construction, so material to graceful and expeditious action, that they become, at the time of purchase, objects of minute inspection: if observed too long, in proportion to the DEPTH of the CHEST, and the LENGTH of the CARCASE, they may be considered a tolerable criterion of constitutional weakness, as few of this description are found equal to a constant repetition of even moderate work. Too straight in the lower part of the leg, with the hoof overhung by the fetlock, is an indication of stiffness and constraint in action; as, on the contrary, those who are exceeding long in the lower joints, and whose pasterns extend the hoof considerably before the leg, with a palpable bend or flexibility in walking, and the heel nearly down to the ground, are mostly horses of speed, (so far as their strength will permit;) but they are in general weak in those parts, and there is always a well-founded fear of their breaking down. The legs and feet are constantly liable to injuries, accidents, and defects, as CRACKS, SPLENTS, THRUSHES, &c. all which are explained under their different heads.

LEGS SWELLED

—originate in various causes; but from none so much as a sizey, viscid state of the BLOOD, a laxity of the SOLIDS, a shameful neglect of stable discipline, or a great deal of work at one time, and no regular exercise at another. That swelled legs arise from different causes, is sufficiently demonstrated by the opposite state of their external appearance in the examination of different subjects; where the legs of one shall be found distended to the utmost possible extent of the skin, with a degree of tenseness from the knee or hock downwards, not submitting to pressure, and without the least cutaneous pliability whatever. These are the kind of swelled legs occasioned by stagnant fluids, originating in the sizey and viscid state of the blood. When they are equally distended, but pliable in the skin, yielding to pressure, and resuming their previous extension, it may be justly concluded, they proceed from a laxity of the solids, and a want of regular exercise without, and manual labour (leg rubbing) within. Proceeding from which ever cause, they are productive of temporary anxiety; and the cause should be removed without delay. Bleeding, with evacuants, and a course of alteratives, will expeditiously eradicate the former; cordial invigorants, malt mashes, moderate exercise out, and regular bodily friction and leg-rubbing within, will soon obliterate the latter.

LESSONS

,—in the language of the MANEGE, are what is received by man, and given to the horse, according to the purposes for which they are designed, or the particular duties they are destined to discharge. Diverted of the practice of the schools, there are lessons which every man has it in his power to inculcate, and which never should be relaxed from, till the horse has attained a degree of perfection in those points, which render him a pattern of obedience, and consequent object of attraction to others, and a valuable acquisition to the owner. The first and principal is, never to let him move a single step forward, till his rider is firmly fixed upon his back, or his driver seated in his carriage; the same rule of standing perfectly still, being as invariably persevered in at the time of dismounting or alighting; by which some degree of safety will be insured; and it will soon become as habitual to the horse, as to those who RIDE or DRIVE him. He should always be accustomed to his own side of the road upon every emergency, which every horse soon knows from habit, and will not, but with reluctance, or upon compulsion, take the wrong, whatever may be the occasion; to a want of which very prudent, and very necessary precaution, may be attributed a majority of the accidents which so frequently happen in and round the Metropolis.

LEVERET

—is the term for a young HARE during her first year, or till FULL GROWN.

LETHARGY

.—The lethargy, or SLEEPING EVIL, as it is called by the lower class of rustics and farriers, is a drowsy kind of stupefaction, to which DRAFT HORSES are more particularly subject than any other; with whom it is considered a kind of prelude to the STAGGERS, which in general soon follow, if the cause is not speedily removed. A horse upon being attacked, closes his eyes, drops his head into the manger, suddenly recovers himself, and as gradually drops again; opens his eyes, as if surprized, picks a little hay, or corn, relapses with it in his mouth; and this is, perhaps, alternately repeated, till fixing his head in one corner of the stall, he seems to be deprived of both ACTION and ANIMATION, standing in a state of perfect insensibility. This prognostication (for in its first stage it can hardly be called a disease) denotes a struggle, in which the whole SYSTEM is affected; but where the struggle is dependent entirely upon the state of the circulation, which is become (from some remote cause) partially defective, and stands in need of such STIMULATIVE assistance, as may prove the means of constituting immediate REVULSION. Instantaneous BLEEDING, followed by much friction upon the body, as well as upon the extremities; warm glysters of gruel, in which a couple of sliced onions have been boiled; and to which a handful of common salt, and a gill of linseed oil, may be added; should be given and repeated in three or four hours. The pectoral cordial balls, impregnated with a drachm of myrrh, assafœtida, and ammoniacum, might be administered with advantage; all which not completing a cure within two or three days, BLISTERING largely behind the ears should not be neglected.

LIGHT in HAND

.—A horse is said to be light in hand, who, bearing properly upon his haunches, (or hind-quarters,) requires little or no assistance from the BIT. Horses of this description are generally well formed in their fore-quarters, with a curved crest, carrying their heads well up, with long necks, high withers, and a commanding forehand. Those with short necks, thick shoulders, dull spirit, slow action, and the withers lower before than the spinal (or rump) bone behind, are always of a contrary description; they bore along, invariably bearing upon the bit, and from that circumstance are said to be heavy in hand.

LIGHT CARCASED

—is a term applied to horses, the shape of whose bodies bear no ill affinity to the form of a GREYHOUND. The carcases of such are flat at the sides, narrow in the chest, and gradually contract in circumference from the GIRTH to the FLANK; where, after a little hard work, they appear so tucked up, it would seem to a stranger that they were emaciated for want of food. Horses of this description possess, in general, a SPIRIT so much beyond their STRENGTH, that, although they never will relinquish their pace, or seem even to tire, till nature is quite exhausted, they debilitate themselves so much by impetuosity, and unnecessary exertion, that, after a single day's hard work upon the road, or a severe chase in the field, they are not fit to be brought into use for a week after. They are always bad feeders; and it is an old maxim with the SPORTING WORLD, "that those who won't eat can't work;" and this remark is literally just; they certainly cannot for any length of time together. Light carcased horses are mostly hot and fiery in their tempers, excellent goers, but troublesome in company; invariably eager to be first; and will sink under persevering speed and fatigue, rather than be exceeded in action and emulation. They are by no means desirable purchases, but to those whose journies are short, and work easy; to such their defects may not be considered of material consequence.

LINSEED

—is a well-known article, and of so much general utility, that the house of a SPORTSMAN (in the country) should never be without it: its properties, either in its state as SEED, or sold in the shops as powdered, become equally applicable to the stable wants of the winter season. A DECOCTION of the seeds, one handful boiled for a quarter of an hour in two quarts of water, and strained, is the best mucilaginous wash for sore or cracked heels during frost or snow that can be brought into use; as well as an excellent article (in such weather) to prevent their appearance. In FEVERS, or an inflammation of the lungs, an INFUSION of the seed made with boiling water (standing covered for an hour) and then strained, being afterwards incorporated with a moderate quantity of honey, will be found useful in allaying the severity of disease.

Poultices made of linseed powder and milk, with the addition of a small quantity of olive oil, is the leading step to a cure of CRACKED HEELS of the worst description: they are also, from their EMOLLIENT property, the best possible external application to legs affected with GREASE, either in an early or more advanced stage; in which disorder it is too much the custom to rely implicitly upon the medicinal power and effect of internals, without considering that, by striking industriously at the very root of disease, it might often be completely cured in half the time by the assisting effects of both.

LIOUORICE ROOT

.—This is an article so much in use with HORSES, (in a pulverized state,) that it is absolutely necessary it should undergo some degree of elucidation; to prevent, if possible, a part of the medical deception, and adulteration, which so universally prevails. Liquorice root is plentifully produced in most countries of Europe, and is in all held in the same degree of estimation for its utility. What is grown in England is preferable to what is brought from abroad; the latter being generally mouldy, and in a perishing state, which it will always soon become, if not kept in a dry place, or buried in sand. It is remarkable for its peculiar property of allaying thirst, particularly as it is the almost only sweet known so to do: it is in constant use as an article of much medicinal efficacy with the human species, both as a most excellent PECTORAL and DETERGENT, as well as to soften acrimonious humors, reduce glandular irritability in colds, and promote expectoration.

The article called Spanish liquorice is an extract prepared from the root in Spain, and other countries, where it is cultivated in large quantities; but it is rarely to be met with in the shops in a state of purity and perfection; those who are the makers being either very slovenly in the preparation, or interested in the event, constantly mixing it with sand, (or other impurities,) to enlarge the weight, and increase the profit; under which disadvantages it is universally known as, and experimentally proved to be, a pectoral balsamic of general utility. In respect to what is dispensed at the shops, under the name of LIQUORICE POWDER, it is only necessary to observe, that it may be purchased at any for little more than half what the real dried root can be bought and powdered for by the first wholesale houses in the Metropolis. The deception is clear, and self-evident; as it is an article of great consumption, so it becomes the more properly appropriate to the pecuniary purpose of adulteration: those who best know the advantage arising from such practice, best can tell, that two pound weight of GENUINE LIQUORICE ROOT, ground in the drug mill, and there incorporated with the customary proportions of bean meal and wheat flour, will make fourteen pounds of most excellent liquorice powder for retail; and is the very article with which the public are supplied as a substitute for a medicine of so much efficacy, that it is to be regretted it should so easily become a matter of such general prostitution. See Adulteration.

LIVER of ANTIMONY

—is a medicine possessing a very powerful and active property; and would not have been introduced in this place, but with a view to prevent some of the MISCHIEFS which would probably happen, from too free a use of so dangerous an article, when in the unrestrained hands of the illiterate, the injudicious, the unthinking, or the inexperienced. It will create some surprise with the considerate, that this preparation, (known also by the name of CROCUS METALLORUM,) from two to six grains of which will operate as a violent emetic with an adult of the human species, should be given in doses of half an ounce each by common farriers to a horse, and that probably three or four times in twenty-four hours; under an impression, that it would, and does operate only by perspiration, or as an alterative; beyond which, probably, their ideas or intentions may not extend. When it is taken into consideration, that the horse does not possess the power of regurgitating by vomit, it then becomes a matter of due deliberation, how far it may be consistent and proper, to permit valuable horses to be drenched with medicines of this description in such immoderate quantities; a very few grains of which will excite such violent operations with one of the human species. Those who administer it as an ALTERATIVE, will, perhaps, prudently conceive, two drachms a day, in doses of a drachm each, full as much as ought to be ventured upon, incorporated with such other articles as the urgency of the case may seem to require.

LIVER

.—The liver in a horse is liable to disease, as obstructions by tubercles, indurated tumefactions, and schirrosity; either of which may be produced by various means, and treated as Jaundice, which SEE.

LOCKS

—are elastic leather pipes, or circular pads, stuffed with does' hair, about the size of a second finger in circumference, and made to buckle just above the fetlock of either leg, as a preventive to cutting with the other. There are others of a different form, made flat, having a padded oval in the center, which are called cutting-boots: the former, however, have the preference, as they occasion less stricture upon the tendons.

LOINS

—are the part of a horse at the extremity of the back immediately preceding the rump and hip bones, situate above the flanks. Beneath the loins internally are seated the KIDNIES, which, as well as the loins, are very susceptible of injury, by carrying improper weights, drawing too heavy loads, particularly up hills, or in short turns; to prevent all which should be humanely attended to. Injuries of this kind, when unfortunately sustained, are very easily ascertained by a little serious attention. The subject will sink and contract himself, if pressed forcibly upon the part with the hand; he will also move in his stall with a kind of curved motion, groaning probably if compelled to move suddenly; likewise in laying down, or in attempting to stale, which he frequently does, but mostly in small quantities. Exclusive of whatever medical means may be adopted, BLEEDING, gum Arabic dissolved in gruel, as common drink, and mucilage of linseed, to sheath the acrimony of the juices in an inflammation of the kidnies, or surrounding parts, will be found admirable collaterals. See Kidnies.

LOOSE-JOINTED

. A horse is said to be LOOSE-JOINTED, when his PASTERNS are so long as to let his HOOF come considerably from under the perpendicular position of the FORE LEG, so that the heel is exceedingly flat, and the hinder part of the FETLOCK joint, by a kind of elastic bend or drop, seems nearly to touch the ground. Horses of the blood kind have frequently this failure in their formation, and is the principal reason why so many of them are seen in common hands of little or no value, as properly appropriate to no particular purpose, or of the least general utility: most of this description have the first defect accompanied by a second, which is a long back, and consequent weakness of the loins; these, in the aggregate, constitute a complete loose-jointed horse; the purchase or possession of which will reflect no predominant RAYS of JUDGMENT upon the owner.

LOOSENESS

—is a laxity of habit, or debility of the intestines, which is constitutional with some horses; but in others is the effect of temporary disease; produced, probably, by an effervescent putrefaction of the excrements too long locked up in the intestinal canal, and at length suddenly and forcibly expelled by an effort of Nature, to relieve herself from the offending cause. This latter is the kind of looseness not to be immediately checked, or restrained, by the aid of aromatic restringents; but rather to be assisted, and promoted, by a free use of warm mashes, and gruel, till the disorder has run itself off, and effected its own cure. Some horses are habitually irritable, and begin to dung loose upon the most trifling occasions: young horses sometimes do so from a stranger's approaching them suddenly after coming from a DEALER'S stable; this must arise from the memory of the whip: others from being put into expeditious action upon the road too soon after their water in a morning. Horses fond of HOUNDS, and eager in the chase, will frequently begin to purge at the place of meeting, and continue so to do half a dozen times within an hour, when the superflux being thrown off, the excrements again become firm, and are evacuated with their usual solidity during the whole of the day. A warm cordial ball before the water, for two or three mornings in succession, is generally all that is necessary to be done upon such occasions.

LUNGS

.—The lungs of a horse are two elastic lobes, consisting of air vessels, blood vessels, lymphatics, nerves, and cellular membranes, possessing conjunctively the properties of contraction and expansion; nearly filling three parts of what is termed the CHEST, and may, without much deviation from the line of professional consistency, be pronounced the very mainspring of existence. It is the good or bad state of the LUNGS upon which the duration of life becomes in a proportional degree dependent; and by the perfect ease of inspiration, and respiration, health, and bodily strength, may in general be ascertained. The lungs are subject to inflammation, obstructions, tubercles, ulceration, and consumption; the cause of one and all originating in COLDS and COUGHS, produced by a sudden collapsion of the pores; when the perspirative matter being repelled, and thrown upon the circulation, the blood becomes sizey, viscid, and diseased; assuming some leading feature of the ills described, which, suffered to continue long without the proper means of counteraction, frequently attain a height too great for the power of medicine to subdue.

LURCHER

.—The dog so called is rough and wirey haired, with ears erect, but dropping a little at the points: they are above the middle size, of a yellowish or sandy red color; and of great speed, courage, and fidelity. They were originally produced from a cross between the SHEPHERD'S DOG and the GREYHOUND, which, from breeding in and in with the latter, has so refined upon the original cross, that very little of the shepherd's dog is retained in its stock, its docility and fidelity excepted. Thus bred, they are neither more or less than bastard greyhounds, retaining most of their perfections, but without their beauty. They are the favorite dogs of inferior or small FARMERS, as they act in the nominal capacity of a SHEEP DOG; but can occasionally trip up the heels of a LEVERET three parts grown. They are also the constant companions of the most professed and notorious POACHERS, being so admirably adapted to the universality of the service required: they equal, if not exceed, any other kind of dog in sagacity; and are easily taught any thing it is possible for an animal of this description to acquire by instruction. Some of them are very little inferior in speed to well-bred greyhounds: HARES they frequently run up to; RABBITS they kill to a certainty, if they are any distance from home: if near a WARREN, the dog invariably runs for the burrow, by doing which, he seldom fails in his attempt to secure his aim. His qualifications go still farther; in nocturnal excursions he becomes a PROFICIENT, and will easily pull down a FALLOW DEER, so soon as the signal is given for pursuit; which done, he will explore his way to his master, and conduct him to the GAME, wherever he may have left it. In poaching, they are individually instrumental to the destruction of hares; for when the wires are fixed at the meuses, and the nets at the gates, they are dispatched, by a single word of command, to scour the FIELD, PADDOCK, or PLANTATION; which, by their running mute, is effected so silently, that a harvest is obtained (according to the stock of the country) with very little fear of detection.

LURCHER

,—the name of a horse of some recent celebrity; he was the property of Mr. Rider; was got by Dungannon, dam by Vertumnus. In 1792, when three years old, he won a 50l. plate at Ascot Heath, beating seven others. At Stockbridge, a subscription of 20 guineas each, (ten subscribers,) beating Hamlet, St. George, and two others. At Winchester, a sweepstakes of 20 guineas each, eleven subscribers; and at Lewes, a sweepstakes of 10 guineas each, ten subscribers. He was then purchased by Mr. Wilson, in whose possession, 1793, when four years old, he won at Newmarket a sweepstakes of 500 guineas each from the Ditch in, beating Kitt Carr and Ormond. On the Saturday in the same week, he won a sweepstakes of 200 guineas each, half forfeit; beating Lord Clermont's Pipator. Lord Foley's Vermin paid. Second Spring Meeting, he beat Lord Clermont's Speculator, a match across the Flat, 200 guineas each. In 1794, at the Craven Meeting, Newmarket, he won the first class of the Oatlands Stakes, of 50 guineas each, (twenty-one subscribers,) half forfeit, beating thirteen others, with the odds of nine to one against him at starting. For the Main of the Oatlands, First Spring Meeting, he beat Lord Grosvenor's Druid, 200 guineas each, Ditch-in. Second Spring Meeting, he received 150 guineas forfeit from the Duke of Bedford's Teucer; after which he appeared no more upon the turf.

M.

MADNESS

.—This dreadful CANINE malady, with its consequences, when communicated to the human frame, will be found enlarged upon under the head Dog in the first Volume.

MAIN

.—The main is a principal term used in the fashionable and destructive nocturnal game of HAZARD, at which so many immense fortunes have been squandered away, and so very few realized. The person who is the holder of the BOX containing a PAIR of DICE, being set by an individual, or any part of the company, what money he, or they, may propose, and the money staked, (or, as it is technically called, covered,) he, the Caster, (that is, the holder of the box,) shaking the dice, throws them out upon the table: if the surface of both display a number above four, and not over nine, that number is then publicly announced "the MAIN" by the Groom Porter, (who is the officiating attendant upon the company and the game;) but the Caster throwing under four, or over nine, at the first throw, it is then called aloud, "No main;" and the Caster repeats his throw till a number appears between four and ten, whenever which happens, (as for instance, eight,) the Groom Porter instantly vociferates, "Eight is the main, eight;" and it is called the MAIN, because it is the main for the company against the next throw of the Caster, which is called the CHANCE; as being his own against the main previously thrown, and by both which the Caster and the Setters must abide, when main and chance are thrown; though either party may draw their money, upon not approving or fancying the main, provided they declare it before the chance is thrown. The Caster throwing eight or twelve, the very next throw to the main of eight, is said to "nick it," and wins the money. If he throws SEVEN for a MAIN, and immediately follows it with another seven, or an eleven, he nicks again, and wins likewise. Six and twelve are a nick to six; five and nine nick themselves, and win when they follow in succession, as described of eight. If, after throwing the main, the Caster at the next throw produces under four, they are called CRABS; he then loses, and his box-hand is said to be out, and he passes it to his next neighbour; when bets are made round the table according to fancy; some that the "Caster throws in;" others, that "he throws out;" exclusive of the constantly standing business, of SETTING the Caster what money he requires before he throws a main; when which, and the chance, are both thrown, and declared by the Porter, the odds are laid and taken in every part of the room, as opinion may prompt, or judgment dictate. These odds are regulated upon a scale of equity, from which there can be no departure; it being an invariable principle of the game, that any person laying an unfair bet, or deviating from the fixed odds, can never win. Every minute particular of the game cannot be reduced to paper here, or indeed perfectly understood from theory; but a farther elucidation will be found under its proper head, Hazard.

MAIN of COCKS

.—When two parties, whether individuals, or an aggregate composed of gentlemen in one county, agreeing to fight a COCK-MATCH with an individual, or the gentlemen of another, the MATCH invariably consists of an odd number of BATTLES; as twenty-one, thirty-one, or forty-one; which match once made, and the cocks weighed, is then called a MAIN of COCKS: when fought, and finished, the winner of the ODD battle (or more a-head) is the winner of the main. Whenever a MATCH is made between parties of respectability and honour, the following agreement is drawn up, and reciprocally entered into.

ARTICLES for a COCK-MATCH.

Articles of agreement made the 1st of May, 1803, between A. B. of —— in the county of —— on one part, and C. D. of —— in the county of —— on the other. First, the said parties mutually agree, that each shall produce, shew and weigh, at the Cockpit Royal, in Saint James's Park, on the 1st day of June next, beginning at the hour of six in the morning, FORTY-ONE COCKS; none to weigh less than three pounds six, nor more than four pounds eight ounces; and as many of each parties cocks as come within two ounces of the other parties cocks hereby stand engaged to fight for TEN GUINEAS a battle; that is, five guineas each cock; in as equal divisions as the battles can be divided into (as pits or day's play) at the Cockpit Royal aforesaid; and that the parties cocks who win the greatest number of main battles out of the number aforesaid, shall be entitled to the sum of ONE HUNDRED GUINEAS odd battle money. And it is farther agreed, that the sum is to be made STAKES into the hands of E. F. Esq. in EQUAL shares between the parties aforesaid, before the first pair of cocks are brought to PIT. And the said parties further agree to produce, shew, and weigh, on the said day of weighing, FIFTEEN COCKS for bye battles, subject to the same weight as the main cocks before mentioned, and those to be added to the number of main cocks unmatched; and as many of them as come within one ounce of each other, shall fight for TWO GUINEAS a battle, (that is, one guinea each cock,) to be as equally divided as can be, and added to each pit or day's play with the main of cocks: and it is also agreed, that the balance of the battle money shall be paid at the end of each pit or day's play; and to fight in fair reputed SILVER SPURS, and with fair hackles; and to be subject to all the usual rules of COCK-FIGHTING, as is practised in London and at Newmarket; and the profit of the Pit, or day's play, to be equally divided between the said parties, after all charges are paid and satisfied that usually arise thereupon. As witness our hands, this first day of May, 1803.

A. B.

C. D.

Witness

C. H.

RULES
FOR MATCHING AND FIGHTING.

In MATCHING (with relation to the battles) it is an invariable rule, that, after the COCKS of the MAIN are weighed, the MATCH BILLS are compared, to see that they are equally correct.

In WEIGHING, it is to be observed, that every PAIR of COCKS of dead or equal weight falling together, are to be separated, and matched against others coming within the limited weight of each other; provided that it appears the main can be enlarged, by adding thereto, either one battle or more thereby.

In FIGHTING, it is to be mutually understood, that the MAIN BATTLES begin to be fought with the lightest pair of cocks, proceeding in succession with the next in weight upwards to the end; so that every lighter pair may fight earlier than those that are heavier.

In farther elucidation of this SPORT, See Cocking, Cock-Match, Cockpit Royal, and Game Cock.

MALLENDERS

.—The DEFECT or DISORDER so called, is a large flat scab, or more properly an accumulation of eschars, (more or less inveterate,) seated at the hinder part of the fore-legs, directly behind the knee, just where the back sinews have their insertion at that joint. They are seldom seen with horses who are properly managed, but merely with those of an inferior description, that are little attended to. If discovered, and proper means of counteraction adverted to in their early state, little or no inconvenience ensues; but if suffered by time to become inveterate, with deep-seated cracks, from whence oozes a greasy kind of ichor, with bristly hairs making their way through the hardened scabs upon the surface, they are productive of much trouble before a perfect cure can be obtained. When advanced to this stage, they are not only exceedingly painful in action, but constitute such a stricture upon the part, as to affect the elasticity of the TENDONS; in which state the horse is retarded in progress by the preternatural rigidity of the joint, with the additional danger of stumbling and falling in every effort he makes to avoid it.

Those horses having the greatest quantity of hair upon their legs are the most subject to this malady, where it remains a long time obscured from the eye of the MASTER; as it is not to be expected, a discovery will be made, and communicated, by a servant, in palpable proof of his own neglect and indolence. If the part inveterately affected is covered with hair, either totally or partially, it must be taken off as close as possible, before any attempt at cure is made; that done, a patient fomentation of hot gruel, a decoction of linseed, or mallow roots and leaves, should be persevered in for a quarter of an hour daily, letting, however, the process of soft soap and warm water be adopted on the first day, continuing one of the before-mentioned fomentations every day after. When the scabs or eschars are completely softened, got loose, and begin to exfoliate, the parts may be well impregnated with camphorated SPERMA CÆTI LINIMENT every day after the fomentation; but not before the part is made properly dry to receive it. If the subject is supposed to have an acrimonious tendency in the blood, or displays the least appearance of cutaneous eruption in any other part of the body, the best method will be to put him upon a course of ANTIMONIAL ALTERATIVES, which he will consume with his corn without farther trouble.

MALLOWS

,—as well as MARSH-MALLOWS, are ingredients so useful and efficacious in fomentations, and emollient cataplasms, upon various unexpected emergencies, that the house of a SPORTSMAN in the country should never be without them.

MALT, GROUND

—is an article of the utmost utility when incorporated with an equal quantity of bran, and given in a mash to horses labouring under cough, bodily debility, (from over fatigue,) or disease; it possesses the property of invigoration, is highly nutritive; and, by its attracting fragrancy, horses are induced to take it in small quantities, during the progress of dangerous diseases, when they refuse every other kind of food. Mashes thus made, and given nightly, are useful in promoting CONDITION, as well as a proper vehicle for ALTERATIVE powders, or during the operation of PHYSIC.

MANEGE

.—The MANEGE is a term used in a synonymous sense with equestrian academy, or riding school; implying not only the receptacle itself, but the instructions there to be derived from those who profess to teach the ART of HORSEMANSHIP by riding the great horse. There are many of this description, and of much celebrity, in and round the Metropolis, replete with every convenience for the accommodation of gentlemen, and the breaking of horses; and for ladies also, who have the advantage of riding under cover at all seasons of the year. In every MANEGE a centrical spot is appropriated to the regulating the round or volts, in which is fixed a pillar; and to this horses are occasionally fastened in their first lessons. Other pillars are likewise placed in pairs at the sides of the manege, for the more perfect completion of their volts and airs.

The MANEGE may be properly divided into the GREATER and the LESSER; or, in the precise words of a modern writer, "the grand and petit manege: the former, or management of the great horse, intended purely for the purposes of parade and shew; the latter, confined solely to the utile of military tactics. The grand manege consists in teaching a horse, already perfectly broke in the common way, certain artificial motions, the chief of which are called the terra a terra, demi-volt, corvet, capriole, croupade, balotade, and the step and the leap; which last is a motion compounded of three airs; namely, the terra a terra, corvet, and the leap, by which the motion is finished. When a horse is perfect in all these, he is styled a full dressed, or maneged horse.

"The petit manege is that drilling, or training, by which the army riding-masters fit the horse for military service in the ranks. The chief objects of it are, to set him upon his haunches, and make him rein well; to give him a cadenced pace; to teach him to rein back, or retreat; to move sideways, to stand fire, and to leap. After these, a horse will soon become capable of all the necessary military evolutions. The common business of our town riding-schools, is to teach grown gentlemen and ladies, and to set ill-broken horses upon their haunches. It is well known that the grand manege has been long out of fashion in this country; and farther, that it has for years past been upon the decline in every other. I look upon it as a relict of that superstition in all things, which is the characteristic of barbarous times. It is unnecessary to any good or useful purpose, because all such, whether of parade or business, may be fully answered by the common, rational, and uninjurious management; whereas there is always more or less cruelty practised in completing the full-dressed horse; such, for instance, as severe whippings, the meaning of which the horse cannot possibly comprehend, and which are therefore unnatural and illegitimate measures; the labour and irritation also are excessive; and, after all, the natural paces of the horse are spoiled, and he is rendered unfit for common business; the only compensation for which is, that he has learned sundry harlequin tricks; two of which are, to skip like a GOAT, and kick up behind like an ASS."

MANE

—is the name by which the long hair is called hanging from the neck of a horse, and extending from the back of his ears to his withers: a handsome full mane adds much to the natural beauty of a well-formed horse, and is of course preserved, not more in respect to ornament, than its utility in mounting, to the ease and agility in which it affords material assistance.

MANGE in HORSES

.—The disorder so called, and with which only horses of the inferior sort are affected, originates in an impoverished state of the blood, occasioned by a want of proper healthy food, and a constant exposure to the elements in the severity of the winter season. When arrived at a certain degree of virulence, it becomes infectious, particularly as the warmer months of summer advance; and of this contagious property no doubt can be entertained; the LAW having provided a remedy, that no such horse shall be suffered to go at large, upon any lair, common, or parochial pasture, where there is a possibility of communicating the infection. The subjects of it are generally in a state of wretched emaciation, bearing the external appearance of leprosy, or partial excoriation: the leading symptoms are a perpetual itching behind the ears, down the mane on each side the neck, and at the insertion of the tail near the rump. These parts, from incessant rubbing to allay the irritation, are soon divested of the hair, to which a dirty kind of scurf appears, bearing upon its surface a malignant oily sort of moisture, which soon degenerates into variegated-coloured scabs, constituting a confirmed mange; which, the longer it is permitted to continue unrestrained in its progress, the more difficult a cure is to be obtained.

As the MANGE is principally a cutaneous disease, by which the skin only is materially affected, so the cure must chiefly depend upon external applications; prescriptions for which may be amply supplied from either old books, or new Veterinarians; neither of these being now difficult of attainment. If the disease has arisen from an impoverished state of living, and a consequent acrimonious state of the blood, altering its property, by a change of aliment, and more liberal invigoration of the system, will greatly tend to the promoting a speedy obliteration. Should a horse in high HEALTH, FLESH, and CONDITION, have received the disease by infection, BLEEDING, evacuants, or alteratives, should be brought into use in aid of external applications.

MANGE in DOGS

—will be found fully treated on under a continuation of the head Hounds, in page 485 of the first Volume.

MANGER

—is the name by which the trough is called that is fixed in all stables, and from whence a horse eats his corn or mashes; it is usually placed under his rack, from which he receives his hay; and this, in well-managed stables, is not deposited there in large quantities, but in light proportions, and at stated periods. It is an excellent and healthy custom, though, perhaps, not much in practice, to let all MANGERS, in constant use, have a substantial scrubbing with soap, brush, and boiling water, once a month; the absolute necessity for which may be seen by making an occasional observation upon the filthy state of mangers in general, particularly at INNS upon the ROADS, and LIVERY STABLES in the Metropolis.

MARE

—is the well-known feminine of the HORSE, but not held of equal value with the masculine in respect to the gender, which is not only troublesome, but found to be productive of temporary debility at certain seasons of the year. Mares are evidently weaker, and less adequate to severe work, during the time they give proof of a desire to copulate, than at any other; which, perhaps, is the principal reason why GELDINGS are so generally preferred, as far as they can be obtained. Notwithstanding this partiality, MARES are not without their advocates, and have their conveniencies: in cases of LAMENESS, or other occurrences in the long list of casual ills, they, of course, become appropriate to the purpose of PROPAGATION, without much loss being sustained. Those, however, who expect to derive either pleasure, emolument, or a gratification of ambition, from BREEDING, must be a little prudent and circumspect in the shape, make, distinct points, and general symmetry, of the MARE, before they too hastily embark in so critical, and so truly expensive, an undertaking. Although it is a maxim universally admitted, that an equal degree of precaution should be used in respect to the HORSE, it is doubly and trebly necessary with the mare; because strict observation has demonstrated, that nearly, or full two out of every three FOALS, display, in their appearance, more of the DAM than the SIRE: and that there are more FILLIES than COLTS fallen every year, will not admit of a doubt.

A variety of opinions are held, and occasionally propagated, upon the best and most proper age for putting a mare to horse: that a FILLY covered in her third year, will produce a fine healthy foal in her fourth, is sufficiently known; and that BROOD MARES bring forth excellent stock from their twentieth to their twenty-fifth year, is equally true; but if the two extremes are avoided (when it can be conveniently done so) the produce may most likely come some few shades nearer perfection. In the first instance it is fair to infer, that the component parts may not have reached the extreme points of STRENGTH and MATURITY; and that in the latter, from the natural effect of AGE, the frame is verging upon decay; and that the LACTEALS from whence the NUTRIMENT for the FOAL is to be obtained, must be contracted in proportion.

The best and most approved season for letting the mare take the horse, where the produce is bred for general purposes, is from the first week in May to the last in June; as then the offspring is dropt in April or May in the following year, and are the properest months a foal can fall in, to have the advantage of all the summer for growth and expansion, preparatory to the drawback of WEANING, and the ensuing severity of the winter. Mares during the time of GESTATION, are liable, but very little subject to ABORTION; reasonable work, and moderate exertions, affect them but slightly in that way; nor does the disappointment but seldom happen, unless by some severe, cruel, or inhuman treatment. Mares are the most uncertain of all animals in bringing forth from the time of conception. Numerous attempts have been made to discover the precise time of a mare's carrying her foal, which, however, does not yet appear to have been ascertained to a certainty. Long-standing opinions and authority, transmitted from one posterity to another, has established at eleven months and as many days as the mare happens to be years old: strict attention, in a variety of instances, to both the LUNAR and CALENDAR months, has proved the uncertainty of this calculation, and left them, in those events, dependent upon neither one or the other. Certain it is, they go many days longer with a COLT FOAL than they do with a FILLY; and cases frequently occur, where a mare carries her foal within a few days of the twelve months.

MARK!

—a term used by SPORTSMEN, particularly in COVERT SHOOTING, where they are necessarily separated from each other; when one of the party, having sprung a PHEASANT, or flushed a COCK, (at which he either did not get a shot, or missed his aim,) he then vociferates the signal, MARK! in a hope his companion may get a shot, or mark the spot near where he alights, to insure a better chance of his recovery. It is also used in partridge shooting, where hedges or hedge-rows interrupt the sight, or divide the parties.

MARK in the MOUTH

.—The black cavity in the TEETH of a HORSE, by which his age is correctly known till seven years old, is called the mark; when which is obliterated, the age can be no longer precisely ascertained. Dealers adopt a successful mode of deception, by which the young and inexperienced are frequently imposed upon. See Bishoping and Colt.

MARK ANTHONY

,—the name of a horse of some celebrity as a RACER, and equal to any horse of his time: he was bred by Mr. C. Blake, and foaled in 1767: he was got by that known good horse Spectator (who was got by Crab) out of Rachel, (who was got by Blank;) her dam by Regulus, grand-dam by Soreheels. He acquired some reputation as a STALLION, and was the sire of several good runners.

MARSK

—was a horse whose distinguished celebrity arose more from chance than any peculiar merits of his own. He was bred by the then Duke of Cumberland; was foaled in 1750; got by Squirt, (who was got by Bartlet's Childers;) dam by Blacklegs, grand-dam by Fox Cub. Although his blood and racing ability stood fairly admitted, yet, so far from having acquired any reputation as a STALLION, he was permitted to COVER common mares at the Lodge, in Windsor Great Park, for only half-a-guinea, which was the GROOM'S FEE. Precisely at this period (in the year 1763) Spilletta, the dam of Eclipse, having proved barren for two or three years in succession, a new experiment was made, and she was covered by both Shakespeare and Marsk in the same season; when stinted, and some time after perceptibly in foal, it was uncertain who was to be declared the SIRE, till the produce falling to correspond with the last leap from Marsk, he became (from Eclipse's astonishing powers) loaded with honours, publicly acknowledged the sire with an enhanced reputation, and a constantly increasing seraglio; from which time he continued a stallion of the first eminence, and produced a progeny of winners by much too long for introduction under this head. Spilletta afterwards produced Proserpine by Marsk, foaled in 1766; and that well-known horse Garrick, foaled in 1772; both excellent runners.

MARTIN, or MARTERN

,—is an animal inhabiting woods and bushy coverts, rather inferior in size to a domestic cat, but longer in the neck and body, having a head and tail corresponding in make and shape with the FOX, but not so sharp-pointed in the ears. They are nearly as expert in climbing trees, and leaping from one to another, as a squirrel; they breed in the hollows of trees, and produce four, five, and even six, young at a time. They live upon poultry, game, and birds: most probably the casual food of the FOX is taken by the MARTIN also. As, by their great agility in climbing, they become a most destructive enemy to PHEASANTS, so by their SCENT they are frequently the subject of much mortifying disappointment to a field of expectant sportsmen. When found amidst the bushes, the general burst of the finding hounds is as great as when a FOX is unkenneled, and so continues, till, being closely pressed, some friendly tree (probably clothed with ivy) suddenly terminates the deceptive chase.

MARTINGAL

.—The article so named is of two kinds; one of which is termed a HEADSTALL martingal; the other, simply, a martingal: each consists of a long strip of leather, about an inch and a half wide, passing between the fore-legs, with a loop or wide noose at its extremity, through which the hinder girth is to pass, and by which it is secured at that end: at the front of the breast it divides into two equal branches; and having SWIVEL RINGS at the extremity of each, they are slipt on upon the bridoon (or snaffle) rein, and are used to keep down the head of a hard-mouthed or high-staring horse, that he may see the ground upon which he is to move with less danger to the neck of the RIDER. The headstall martingal is of similar construction, except its having a headstall the same as a bridle, to which the divided branches before described are united at the cheek on each side; but this is a hazardous practice, and should only be used with COLTS in breaking; for if a horse once stumbles in action, he is so confined, that his sudden exertion to raise his head, and to recover himself, being counteracted, he almost inevitably comes to the ground.

MASH

—is a name given to a kind of universal PANACEA for horses during a course of PHYSIC, or labouring under COUGH, COLD, or DISEASE. Mashes are differently made, according to the necessity which occasions their being brought into use: some are made with BRAN and HONEY; others with equal parts of OATS and BRAN, with or without honey; but the most fragrant, useful, attracting, and invigorating, is made from GROUND MALT, with such proportion of BRAN as will disunite the glutinous adhesive property of the MALT, and reduce its sweetness enough to prevent a satiety by its clamminess in mastication. Malt mashes (and the liquid pressed from them) horses will generally take in different dangerous disorders, as FEVERS, INFLAMMATION OF THE LUNGS, STRANGLES, &c. when they will take (spontaneously) no other kind of FOOD or NUTRIMENT. Mashes should be always made of ingredients perfectly SWEET, without the least taint of mustiness, and in pails or vessels free from every possibility of grease; they should also be prepared with water boiling hot, which being once stirred together, may then be covered down till of a proper warmth to be placed in the manger; which should never be of greater heat than new milk from the cow, unless in cases where a FUMIGATION may be required to relax and take off a stricture from the glandular parts, and promote a discharge from the nostrils.

MASTER of the HORSE

—is an office of high honor and great trust, seldom conferred upon any but some distinguished individual of the peerage, in possession of his Majesty's confidence, and honored with his personal approbation. The department of the MASTER of the HORSE is of very considerable magnitude, possessing a greater extent of patronage than almost any other appointment in the GIFT of the Crown. The Master of the Horse is the supreme superintendant of every thing appertaining to the establishment of the King's stables and their contents. It is within his official department to take cognizance of every part of the royal retinue in which HORSES, CARRIAGES, and their requisite attendants, are concerned; as well as personally to attend upon his Majesty whenever they are employed; but more particularly upon all public occasions, and in all PROCESSIONS of STATE. He also appears in personal attendance upon his Majesty in the chase; unless upon some occasions, by the King's permission, or particular desire, that official service is dispensed with. Subordinate to the Master of the Horse in the stable establishment, are the equerries, pages of honor, clerk of the stables, yeomen riders, mews-keepers, coachmen, footmen, grooms, postillions, and helpers, exclusive of saddlers, coach, harness, and bit-makers. The establishment of the ROYAL HUNT is also officially announced in the department of the Master of the Horse; although the patronage and appointments remain of course with the Master of the Stag Hounds.

MASTER of the STAG HOUNDS

. See King's Hounds.

MATCH COCK

.—A cock intended to fight in a MATCH, must not be less in weight than three pounds six ounces, or exceed four pounds eight: if either less than the first, or more than the latter, he cannot be shewn or brought to the SCALE. See Main of Cocks.

MATCH in RACING

—is a BET made between the OWNERS where only two horses are concerned, one of which must become the winner. For explanatory particulars, see Horse Racing. Horses are said to MATCH (for a carriage) when they correspond, and constitute a similitude in height, marks, action, and color. A HUNTING MATCH (generally termed a steeple chase) is made by parties, to ride their own horses across a country to some point agreed on, encountering all difficulties, and taking the LEAPS in stroke: this kind of match is, upon most occasions, run with a few couple of hounds; a person going forward with a DRAG to the spot appointed where the match is to be decided.

MATCHEM

—was a horse the most eminent of his time as a RACER, and for many years was the most esteemed STALLION in the kingdom. He was bred by Mr. Fenwick, foaled in 1748; got by Cade, dam by Partner, grand-dam by Makeless, great grand-dam by Brimmer, &c. &c. He produced an annual succession of winners (many of them excellent runners) too long for enumeration.

MERCURY

—is become an article of so much medical utility with HORSES, as well as with the human species, that it seems entitled to some mention here, being a specific much talked of, but not universally understood. Mercury (alias quicksilver) is an opaque silver-colored mineral fluid, appearing to the eye like melted TIN or LEAD; it is heavier than any other fluid, and does not congeal in the greatest degree of natural cold ever yet known. This mineral is met with in its fluid form in the earth, or extracted by art from certain metallic ores. There are considerable mines of it in Hungary and Spain; but the greatest quantities are brought from the East Indies. The use of mercury was but little known till within the last century; and its more subtle preparations, with their efficacious properties, of a much later date. The ancients looked upon it as a confirmed corrosive poison, though perfectly void of acrimony, taste, and smell. Experiments have been made, and instances proved, of its having been lodged for years in cavities of both bones and fleshy parts, without the least injury, or smallest sensible or perceptible effect. Taken into the human body in its crude and undivided state, it passes through the intestinal canal unchanged, and has not been found to produce the least inconvenience.

Notwithstanding the mildness and inactivity of QUICKSILVER in its crude and undivided state, yet, when resolved by FIRE into FUME, or otherwise divided into very minute particles, and prevented from re-uniting by the interposition of proper substances, or combined with mineral acids, it has very powerful effects, affording the most violent POISONS, and yielding the most excellent and salutary remedies, of any with which the medical world are acquainted. There are now (introduced upon the broad basis of experimental practice) a variety of mercurial preparations, some of which are given internally; others are introduced (or rather insinuated) into the habit by external application, either in a liquid solution, or in an unctuous form: in whatever way it be administered internally, or applied externally, it evidently possesses the power of solving all stagnant fluids, liquifying the viscid juices which obstruct the finer vessels, and most minute passages; and has been known, by patient perseverance, to obliterate cancerous affections, and schirrosities of dangerous magnitude. The fundamental effects of mercury (or rather mercurial preparations) do not depend upon the increase of the sensible evacuations; as its gradual introduction into the habit (or system) of either man, or beast, may be so managed, by judicious proportions, as to promote excretion through the different emunctories, without perceptibly deranging the frame of one or the other.

Thus much being introduced upon the properties of mercury and its preparations, as applicable to the convenience of those who may not have entered into medical disquisition, it becomes necessary to advert to its use, now become so evidently efficacious in many of the disquietudes and disorders to which horses (as well as ourselves) are so constantly liable. The only modes by which it can be with prudence and safety administered to a horse, is either in a course of PURGATIVES, in the form of CALOMEL incorporated with the cathartic ingredients, or introduced as an ALTERATIVE, by throwing daily very small quantities of that article into the system; or the better alternative (if meant as an alterative) of giving the ÆTHIOP'S MINERAL, in doses of two drachms each, every morning, mixed up with a cordial ball. Much DANGER, and many LOSSES, having recently occurred with individuals from a too free use of calomel in PURGING BALLS, where horses, from a certain degree of constitutional irritability, or a want of proper care and attention during their physic, have died in the most excruciating agonies, with only two or three drachms (unless erroneously weighed in the shops) of calomel; it certainly will be the most PRUDENT, evidently the most SAFE, to adopt the three gradational quantities of a drachm, a drachm and a half, or two drachms, according to the size, strength, and constitution, of the horse, taking care never to exceed that quantity even with the strongest.

MERCURY

—was the name of a horse, that, as a RACER, and afterwards a STALLION, stood very high in sporting estimation. He was bred by the late Colonel O'Kelly; foaled in 1778; was got by Eclipse out of a Tartar mare, who was likewise the dam of Whitenose, Maria, Antiochus, Venus, Jupiter, Adonis, Lilly of the Valley, Volunteer, Bonnyface, and Queen Mab. After having acquired considerable celebrity as a good runner, and proved himself equal to any horse of his time, he became a favourite STALLION in the possession of Lord Egremont, where he has produced a numerous progeny, including a very great number of winners, many of much note; and amongst the rest, the following celebrated horses, some of whom are stallions in high reputation: Calomel, Sublimate, Hippolyta, Mercutio, Old Gold, Precipitate, Quicksilver, Young Mercutio, Felix, Cinnabar, Mother Bunch, Hermes, Pill Box, Silver, Transit, Gohanna, Caustic, Stadholder, Buckingham, &c. &c.

MESHES

—are the vacancies in all kinds of NET-WORK, of which there are various sorts, with their meshes of different dimensions; as the gate-net, flue-net, tunnel-net, drawing-net, casting-net, &c. &c. as adapted to their distinct uses, for taking either FISH or FOWL.

MEUSE

—is the opening at the bottom of quick-set and other hedges, as well as in the bushy underwood of COVERTS, through which HARES take their track, when going to, or coming from, FEED during the night. At these meuses the expert and experienced POACHER fixes his wires (commonly called snares) with so much security, and confidence of success, that he generally insures a tolerable proportion to his own share, according to the stock of the country.

MEWING

—is an old forest term for a STAG'S shedding his horns.

MEWS

—is a receptacle for horses and carriages, appropriated to no other use whatever. The buildings consist of stables and coach-houses only, with conveniencies above for the residence of coachmen and their families. In all the newly-erected squares and streets at the western extremity of the Metropolis, most of the houses are so constructed, that the master and servants have access to the stables by a communication at the back of the dwelling-house, without the inconvenience of passing through the streets.

MOLTEN GREASE

.—This disorder is defined by every writer in succession, a solution of the FAT with which a horse may abound, when brought into sudden and excessive action; that in its state of liquefaction, a great part falls upon the intestines, there becomes in a certain degree incorporated with the contents, and is more or less discharged in an oily state with the excrements. This is proved by long experience to be a well-founded description of both the case and the cause, which very frequently prove fatal, and that in a short time, without the lest relief or alleviation to be obtained from medicine. The leading symptoms are preceded by an agitated trembling, with sudden starts or motions, as if frightened in the stall; this is succeeded by violent fever, with great heat and clamminess of the mouth, a shortness of breath, and difficulty of respiration, beyond description, bearing no ill affinity to the most distinguishing symptoms of a horse labouring under an inflammation of the lungs. The great hope of cure must depend upon plentiful bleeding without delay, and that to be repeated at short intervals, till the blood is divested of its sizey, viscid, and inflammatory appearances. If not soon relieved by such medical interposition as may be thought most applicable to the state he is in, great bodily debility speedily ensues, the frame gradually declines in flesh, and becomes emaciated, the skin adheres to the ribs, the solids begin to relax, the legs to swell; and if the blood and juices are not properly corrected, by a judicious mode of medical management, a general decay may be expelled in glanders, farcy, or some one of the diseases which terminate fatally.

MOON EYES

.—Horses said to have MOON EYES, or to be MOON-BLIND, is one of the relics of former superstition, when certain defects of the eyes were ridiculously supposed to have been influenced for better or worse, by the increasing or declining state of the MOON. Such opinions seem now to be wearing away, and verging upon oblivion, in proportion as the structure of the parts, as well as the remedies to relieve, become more perfectly comprehended by the indefatigable researches of Veterinarian investigation.

MOOR GAME

.—See Grouse, Heath Fowl, and Game.

MORTIFICATION

.—This state, in a PHYSICAL sense, with either MAN or BEAST, is the total cessation of vital heat in any part of the body or extremities, which then becomes, insensible, and is followed by putrefaction. When a mortification arises from some external injury done to the part, it is not preceded by a gangrene, but is produced by an absolute stagnation of the blood and juices, and all the injured parts become insensible and putrid at the same time, without any previous inflammation. A mortification arising from some internal cause, or a deficiency of natural heat, comes on in the same manner, but is more tardy in its progress, although it exhibits similar appearances; but the nature of the disease may be readily discovered. When an external injury is the cause, if an incision is made early in the diseased part, it will be found insensible, and nothing but extravasated blood will be discharged. In all cases of MORTIFICATION, the disease, with its concomitant symptoms, proceeds with a rapidity that sets every medical interposition and exertion at defiance, till DEATH closes the scene.

MOTION

.—A horse is said to be of easy motion, when he has a fine length of forehand, goes off the ground lightly with his head up, gliding his hind-legs under his carcase in action, without the straddling spring for which rough-going horses are so remarkable.

MOUTH

.—The good or bad mouth of a horse depends upon the pliability of his temper, and his obedience to the bit. Some horses (particularly those of violent and refractory dispositions) are so truly insensible to every effort of even the best riders, that hardly any kind of bit can be invented to reduce them to subjection; while, on the contrary, there are those, and even blood horses, of such good temper, and constitutional docility; that they may be regulated instantaneously to any purpose, by the most tender bearing of a common snaffle.

MULE

.—The MULE is that well-known cross-bred animal, generated between an ASS and a MARE. Some are, but very rarely, produced by the HORSE with a SHE ASS; but they are smaller, weaker, and of less utility, consequently not bred with design. The mule has all the good qualities of the ass, without its bad ones; it is as patient, and as permanent under labour; it can bear the most incessant fatigue, with the lead sustenance; is without the instinctive stupidity of the ass, and is equally tractable with the horse. The mule, when well descended, and well fed, is adequate to a variety of services, and will, if taken the same care of when young, nearly reach the size of a moderate horse. Many have measured fifteen hands high and upwards, are exceedingly strong and sure-footed, which qualities render them very valuable in the different parts of Europe where the countries are mountainous, and the roads stony, as they will travel with the greatest ease and security where a horse would be very likely to break his neck. They are likewise exceedingly useful in harness, and will draw immense weights for long journies without displaying the least fatigue.

The MULES bred in Spain, with a proper attention to their intentional use, whether for travelling or shew, are bred between very large he-asses and Spanish mares; these are exceedingly tall, stately, and their colour inclining to black. A still larger kind are, however, produced by these asses out of Flanders mares, some of which have been known to reach seventeen hands high, and of equal apparent strength to our common carriage horses; but they are much stronger than horses of their own size, will bear infinitely greater hardships, and are kept at a much less expence; as well as an additional recommendation, that they are not so subject to diseases, which is a material consideration to the justification of their more general use. They are found equally fit for the saddle, as for the more laborious employments of draft and agriculture; they are remarkably docile, are easily broke, and walk or trot with ease to themselves and to the rider.

It has been already remarked, under the head Mare, that foals more frequently take after the DAM than the SIRE, and this is perceptibly striking in MULES; for those bred between an ASS and a MARE, invariably partake more of the nature of the latter than the former; being in general of good formation, lively, swift, and tractable; inheriting only the good qualities of the ass, as his strength, patience, and perseverance, under fatigue; while, on the other hand, those bred betwixt a horse and a she-ass, are more of the nature of the latter, dull, heavy, sluggish, ill-formed, and small in size. What few mules are produced in this kingdom, at least the major part, may be probably bred more from chance than design, by the common intermixture and unrestrained association of asses with mares, upon the large wastes and commons in various parts of the country, where they are frequently seen in the act of propagation. Of mules, it is to be observed, that, although such intermediate animal is produced between the two which generate the third, there the prolific property ceases, and propagation goes no farther. Thus it is with a part of the feathered creation; it is known by those who breed, that a cock goldfinch, or a linnet, will pair with a hen canary, and produce young; but in that offspring the power of procreation entirely ceases, and they are therefore termed MULES.

MUTE

—is a sporting term, applied to a HOUND when he pursues his GAME by the scent, without giving tongue. As some are by much too free, and give tongue too hastily, when in a state of uncertainty, acquiring thereby the degrading denomination of a babbler; so there are others equally tardy in proclaiming the certainty when known. Hounds of each description are considered injurious to the discipline and desirable excellence of the pack, and are generally rejected so soon as their imperfections are known, and too much confirmed for reformation.

MUZZLE

.—Muzzles are made of leather, and are of two sorts; the one called a dressing, the other a setting, muzzle. The first is of the same form as the last, but of different construction, having a few straps crossing each other transversely, and so united as to be about nine inches in depth, and of a shape to cover the nose of the horse so high; to which are annexed two straps; one of which passes up the cheek on each side, and buckles at the top of the head behind the ears; the use of this is to dress such horses in as are disposed to vice with the teeth, as well to prevent the MANGER from injury, as the GROOM from danger. The other is in little use, except in TRAINING STABLES; its form is not unlike the exact shape of a common water-pail, being made of the thickness of substantial leather, having a number of round holes punched in every part of it, for the free admission of air, and is brought into use on those nights preceding a horse's RUNNING engagement on the following day; as well as before taking a SWEAT, or running a TRIAL. It is called a SETTING-MUZZLE, because, when put on, the horse is said "to be set," (that is, to fast;) and the intent is to prevent his consuming the litter, or obtaining more food than what the training-groom has a perfect knowledge of.

N.

NABOB

—was a horse of much temporary note, and considered one of the best country plate horses of his time; he was bred by Mr. Swinburne, and foaled in 1753; was got by Cade, dam by Crab, grand-dam by Childers. Although he was a known good runner, he never as a STALLION produced any racers of much celebrity.

NAG

—is rather a provincial than a general term, and varies a little in its signification, according to the county, or part of the kingdom, in which it is used. In the most common country acceptation, it implies a RIDING horse or ROADSTER, in contra-distinction to a carriage or cart-horse. A "complete nag" may be considered a kind of horse beyond the line of mediocrity, and bordering upon the idea of a moderate hunter. A "smartish nag" is what the opulent farmer rides to market; and a "tightish little tit" is a well-bred galloway of SPEED and ACTION, which, in a state of purity and perfection, are always difficult to be obtained.

NARROW CHESTED

.—A horse is so called, whose breast is so narrow (when standing before him) that the fore-legs gradually extend wider in proportion as the eye accompanies them nearer the ground; so that, in a front view, they bear the form of two legs of a common country washing-stool, where the legs are inserted in the narrow part of the wood at the top, and are four or five inches more in width at the bottom. Horses of this description are invariably weak before; and when put into hard work, or severe exertions, are the very sort of which so many upon the roads are seen in a "CHEST-FOUNDERED" state; which see under that head, where it will be found fully explained.

NARROW HEELS

.—Enlarged upon under "Heels Narrow," which SEE.

NAVEL-GALL

—is an injury sustained upon the centrical part of the back-bone, corresponding with that part below, from whence it originally derived its present denomination. It is always occasioned by the pad of the SADDLE being in itself too wide, (and deficient in stuffing,) letting the iron-work of the tree come into contact with the SPINE; or from the long and constant use of a roller in the stable, till having lost the elasticity of its stuffing, it then becomes sufficiently hard, particularly with too tight buckling, to occasion the injury, which is often productive of much trouble, long vexation, and tedious disappointment. It is a disgrace to the rational part of the world, that cases should occur from neglect, indolence, or inattention, which may, with no more than just and necessary caution, be so easily prevented. A navel-gall, in the first instance, if immediately attended to upon the earliest discovery, (if that be so soon as the injury is sustained, or in its recent state of inflammation,) will mostly submit to mild astringent repellents, repeated at short intervals; and the contents of the inflammatory tumefaction will be absorbed into the circulation. But "as it is the curse of fools to be secure," so an impatient repetition of the cause occasions a constantly increasing addition to the injury, till the renewed HEAT and FRICTION upon the part constitute an eschar, or leather-like substance, upon the surface, which being separated, or coming spontaneously away, displays a foul, if not an INVETERATE ulcer, and requires no small share of Veterinary skill to insure a successful termination.

NEAR-SIDE

.—The near-side of a horse is the LEFT SIDE, and of course the side on which the rider goes to mount. The right-side of the horse is always called the OFF-SIDE; but the right side, or the left side, is never so termed, when speaking of a horse. It is the invariable custom to say, that horse is lame of the "near-leg before;" the other, is evidently defective in the "off-leg behind."

NECK

.—The neck of a horse has been so often enlarged upon under a variety of different heads, that little or nothing is left useful, entertaining, or instructive, to introduce upon the subject. All that can be required, will be found largely explained by referring to "Horse" and "Forehand," where, if it is not already remarked sufficiently, it may be here more forcibly inculcated; that a horse with a short neck, is in general lower before than behind; that he is never easy in action; carries his head low, and lifts his legs with difficulty; is much addicted to tripping, or rather blundering, and with that pleasing perfection (so gratifying to the sensations of his rider) is always in danger of FALLING; in addition to which, it may be observed, that a horse of this formation is neither fleet or handsome.

NEEDLE-WORMS

—are small white worms with a sharp-pointed head, having their seat in the rectum of a horse, from whence they are frequently discharged with the dung, but are difficult to dislodge and extirpate entirely. By their unceasing action, (twirling and twisting in the dung when expelled,) it is natural to conceive, how very much they irritate, disquiet, and distress an animal where they have acquired possession; of this there needs no greater proof, than the excrements frequently and suddenly coming away in a liquified state, as if the horse was under a course of physic. And this is evidently the cause why horses eternally teazed and persecuted with these diminutive enemies, always appear low in flesh, rough in the coat, sunk in the eyes, and depressed in the spirits: eternally labouring under internal disquietude, they derive but little advantage from REST, or nourishment from FOOD. They are sometimes not only reduced, but eradicated, by ANTIMONIALS; but as this is not always to be relied on, MERCURIAL PHYSIC is justified upon the broad basis of experience, as the only infallible mode of extirpation.

NEIGHING

—is an exclamatory sensation (or vociferation) by which the horse evinces either anxiety, suspense, or pleasure; but the passion he feels is expressed with much more force and energy in the two first, than in the latter, which is ejaculated with low and gradual vibrative sounds, too expressive to be mistaken by even the inexperienced naturalist, or least attentive observer. Being separated from a companion with whom he has been accustomed to stand in the same stable, and to accompany each other abroad, his inquiries are loud and incessant upon the road or in the field; and if made upon a RACE COURSE, amidst a thousand horses, they are so completely masters of their own language, that they can instantly distinguish the exclamation of each other from the innumerable NEIGHINGS of all the rest. Finding themselves answered, at whatever distance, they display their eagerness to get together; and as they approach each other, the pleasure becomes perceptible in the way before described, and by the experienced sportsman so perfectly understood.

NETS

—are the well-known articles constructed of thread, packthread, and small cord, made of every sort and size, for the various purposes of taking fish, fowl, and game of every denomination; from the GUDGEON to the SALMON, from the SPARROW to the WILD DUCK, and from the RABBIT to the RED DEER: all are destined to bow obedience to human ingenuity. Nets are to be obtained from the makers, of almost every possible description, under a variety of names, according to the distinct use for which each is employed. Of these there are the minnow-net, the casting-net, the landing-net, the draw-net, the drag-net, the bat-folding-net, the tunnel-net, the flue-net, the clap-net, the fowling-net, with a long list of inferiors; the insertion of which here is not likely to prove of the least general utility; each being practically known to those of the different SPORTING or poaching classes with whom they are principally in use.

NEWMARKET

—is the name of a small town, about sixty miles from the Metropolis, and ten from Cambridge. In itself it lays claim to little attention, but is rendered of much celebrity by the beautiful country by which it is surrounded, and the periodical RACING MEETINGS there established; constituting a kind of carnival to the SPORTING WORLD, that, to be properly conceived, must be seen; and to be enjoyed, must be understood. During the whole of each meeting it is a complete MART of BUSINESS in the midst of dissipation, forming a scene of profit and loss, pleasure and anxiety, exultation and despondency, beyond the power of the most fertile pen to depict. Nothing, perhaps, can more nearly equal the general confusion, the various passions, and variegated countenances, (as agitated by the pecuniary sensations of each,) than the contortions of disquietude, and gesticulations of mental misery, upon the Exchange, when some sudden political shock produces a dreadful and unexpected fall in the price of stocks.

Newmarket derived the origin of its brilliancy from King James the First, after whom its pleasures lay nearly dormant, till the gay court of Charles the Second renewed its sport with renovated splendour; having laid the foundation of the present regular meetings, and erected a building for the accommodation of the royal retinue, which is still retained in the possession of the Crown, as a princely residence whenever the Sovereign, or any part of the royal family may be disposed to honor the spot with their presence. The meetings consist of seven in every year, and are thus distinguished: the Craven Meeting; the First Spring Meeting; the Second Spring Meeting; the July Meeting; the First October Meeting; the Second October Meeting; and the Houghton Meeting; during the whole of which (the July and Houghton excepted) the sport generally continues for SIX days, beginning on the Monday, and terminating only with the week. The heath, as it is called, is a most extensive tract of land, and beautifully diversified in its prospects; it contains TWENTY different courses, of various lengths, and almost opposite descriptions, adapted to horses of every age and qualification; where, during the exercise hours in the summer season, may be seen from a hundred and fifty to two hundred of the finest and best bred horses in the kingdom, displaying their various powers in every direction. For farther particulars see "Horse Racing," "Jockey Club," and "King's Plate."

In addition to all which it may not prove inapplicable to observe, that a correct and faithful recital of every Racing Transaction at Newmarket, and every other place of SPORT, is published in the form of a newspaper, once a fortnight, during the whole of the season, from April to November, and is transmitted, free of postage, to individuals (who are SUBSCRIBERS) from one extremity of the kingdom to the other. At the end of each year, it is repeated in a handsome volume upon fine paper, with various additions, including the WINNERS of the different PLATES given by his Majesty; the particulars of the sweepstakes, and subscriptions entered into; and a list of STALLIONS of eminence intended to cover the year ensuing. This most respectable and authentic convenience to the sporting part of the world, is published under the title of "The Racing Calendar," at a subscription of only One Guinea per annum, by Messrs. E. and J. Weatherby, No. 7, Oxendon-Street, near the Haymarket. The latter of whom has likewise accommodated the public with a "General Stud Book," containing the pedigree of almost every HORSE, MARE, and GELDING, of note, that has appeared on the TURF for the last fifty years and upwards; together with some account of the foreign HORSES and MARES from whence is derived the present breed of RACERS in Great Britain and Ireland. This is a most elaborate, useful, and entertaining production, well worthy the attention of every enlightened sportsman in the kingdom.

NICKING

—was formerly considered an OPERATION of much MAGNITUDE, and not without its proportion of danger; and then performed only by such as were considered eminent in the PRACTICE, and expert in the ART. It is now, however, a matter of so little consequence, that anatomical knowledge is not thought at all necessary to the execution; it being a well-known fact, that almost every DEALER (or even his principal servant) is an operator from one extremity of the kingdom to the other. The intent of NICKING is to prevent (by a counteracting power) a horse from depressing his TAIL, and flicking it between his hind quarters; giving him all the appearance of perpetual fear, and constitutional dejection. A horse of this description is held in very trifling estimation, and purchasers are not readily to be found till this operation has been gone through, and the good or bad set of the TAIL ascertained, upon the ornamental part of which, both the figure and proportional value of the subject greatly depend.

This operation, as it was formerly performed, indeed as it is now by common FARRIERS and inexperienced GROOMS, appears one of the most cruel and severe that could possibly originate in the human mind; though in the hands of those well acquainted with the STRUCTURE of the PARTS, having a quick eye, and steady execution, it is a matter so superficial, and attended with so little pain or difficulty, that it does not seem entitled to even serious consideration. In order that the process, and proper use of NICKING, may be the better comprehended by the younger branches of the SPORTING WORLD who have never seen it performed, it becomes directly applicable to observe, that there are in every limb of either the human or brute creation, two sets of muscles, acting in a contrary direction to the other. The office of one is to EXPAND; the other, to CONTRACT: the former are technically termed the EXTENSOR; the latter, the FLEXOR muscles: thus, then, it is, that the extensors possess the power of extending or straightening the limb; the flexors, of relaxing and completely bending it. Of these two sets, the flexors have the greater predominance, and can always overcome the resisting property of their opposites; but when, by an effort of the will, the extensors are brought into forcible action, then overcoming the little resistence that is either made or felt: of this force in the flexor muscles, ample proof may be obtained, by endeavouring to raise the TAIL of an unnicked horse against his will.

The extensor muscles, of course, passing in a longitudinal direction on each side the superior part of the tail, from the spinal bone to the extremity, retains the power of raising the tail at pleasure; the flexors, running in a similar line at the inferior, or lower part, there possess a greater power of counteraction, and render the operation the more necessary, as, by diminishing the power of one, proportional strength is added to the other. Previous to the present expert and easy mode of operation, it was common to see the incisions (or nicks) the breadth of a very large finger, and a small one might be lodged in the cavity. These enormous chasms were made under an expectation of more readily reaching the flexor muscle, which it was the intention to discover and divide; but which, in most cases, had been previously divided, and receded in the first efforts; and sometimes, from the unnecessary destruction of parts, and profuse bleeding, produced alarm, followed by inflammation, frequently danger, and sometimes DEATH. This, however, is, as it ought to be, very much reformed, and not without a substantial reason, when it may be observed, that, upon raising the tail of a horse in its natural state, the two flexor muscles may be clearly seen, and distinctly felt, one on each side the CENTRICAL bone, in common termed the DOCK, laying in a midway direction, between the bone and the edge of the tail where the hair begins. In performing this operation in a superior and masterly manner, the horse having been previously secured, (with hobbles and side-lines,) the tail is to be firmly grasped with the left hand, and turned up with considerable force towards the rump, when a superficial incision is to be made with a crooked pointed knife, directly over the seat of the flexor, which will be instantly perceived of a strong elastic texture, ready for separation by the knife, steadily held for that purpose; the tail being exceedingly firm in hand, by which the separated tendon will have the less power to recede. Immediately after the separation, the lower extremity having lost its elastic support, will be seen to hang full half an inch from the first incision; when a second, a third, and even a fourth, if necessary, is to be made in the same way on each side the tail; it not being a matter at all requisite, that the skin in the middle, passing over the bone, should be divided, or that the wounds on each side should communicate with each other. The incisions being completed, the ends of the separated muscles should be secured with a pair of FORCEPS, or a curved NEEDLE, and when a little drawn out by moderate force, should then be taken off with a pair of scissars, or a knife, as close as they can be conveniently come at. It is a custom with some, to separate the tendon of each incision before they proceed to make another, and this seems to be the most rational and expeditious mode of the two.

In this method of performing the operation, there is a very trifling loss of blood, which is almost immediately suppressed by a pledget of tow, previously prepared, and slightly impregnated with any of the simple styptics, or Friar's Balsam, incorporated with a little Balsam of Peru. Custom has established a rule, which it will most probably be very difficult to affect by any verbal or literary expostulation, which is the affixing an immoderate weight to the tail, to prevent a reunion of the divided tendons, by the continued separation of parts: this, it must be remembered, is the less likely to happen, when one of the divided extremities has considerably receded, and the other is totally taken away. In respect to the precise distances at which the incisions are to be made, that depends upon no fixed rule whatever, but must be regulated by the thick and fleshy formation of the tail, and the height it is required to be carried. The HIGHER it is to be raised, the nearer the first incision is to be made to the BASE, observing to let the NICKS decline gradually the nearer they come to the point of the tail; being particularly careful, that the last is not of equal depth and magnitude with the two nearest the quarters; if so, the subject may be expected to carry it with a curve at the extremity, which will add none to the FIGURE or FASHION of the horse.

Although the most expert operators are exceedingly alert and expeditious in the execution, and in general perform the operation with only a single side-line, leaving the horse in a very unconfined state; yet the absolute necessity for greater precaution cannot be more forcibly inculcated, than by a recital of the following recent accident, which must hold forth an aweful lesson to those who may be induced to ruminate a few moments upon the event. On Sunday morning, October 17th, 1802, as Mr. Welch, a noted and opulent dealer in horses, resident in Oxford-street, in the Metropolis, was NICKING a horse not properly secured, he received so sudden and severe a kick on the BREAST, that threw him to a considerable distance, and instantly deprived him of LIFE. The reflections naturally arising upon the day on which such an operation was performed, open a wide field for religious contemplation; particularly as the sufferer was a man of the most pleasing manners, and personal respectability; having raised himself, by the mere dint of his own merits, from the most subordinate offices of servitude, to a state of perfect affluence.

NIDE

—is the term sportingly applied to the offspring or produce of the COCK and HEN PHEASANT, so long as they continue to clutch or brood together, before they separate, and are able to provide for themselves. To be technically correct, it is usual to say, a nide of PHEASANTS; a covey of PARTRIDGES; a clutch of CHICKENS; a setting of GULLS; and a brood of DUCKS.

NIPPERS

.—The four teeth in the front of a horse's mouth (two above and two below) are so denominated: these are the teeth which expel their predecessors (called colt's teeth) when a colt is two years old off, and rising three. See Colt.

NIPPERS

.—The smaller sized PINCERS of the shoeing-smith are so called.

NITRE

—is an article in too much general use to stand in need of minute description. Its medical properties are of the most universal kind, with respect to the diseases of horses; but it is, on account of its being easily obtained, (for little money,) frequently introduced with the greatest indiscretion. Nitre is an useful assistant in most inflammatory disorders, as it is both of a diuretic and cooling property; it is consequently to be recommended in FEVERS, INFLAMMATION of the LUNGS, swelled legs, and other defects or diseases, where an additional discharge of urine, or an attenuation of the blood, is to be promoted. Its well-known good qualities have rendered it the more subject to an almost perpetual perversion of the excellent properties it so clearly contains; for, although it never should be given in large quantities without some proper corrector, yet the invincible propensity of COACHMEN and GROOMS to become Veterinarians, renders them completely miserable, unless they can be constantly displaying some specimen of their art; to which nothing can possibly become more happily appropriate, than the profuse administration of NITRE; as it affords a frequent opportunity of preying upon the pecuniary sensations of the master, by means which it is unnecessary to introduce.

NOSEBAND

—is that part of a military bridle, headstall, martingal, or hunting rein-halter, which passing below the under jaw, and round the nose above the nostrils, assists in keeping the other parts of either in their proper position.

NOSTRILS

.—The nostrils of a horse are generally a tolerable criterion of his wind, as well as his blood. A horse having a wide and well-extended nostril, may be supposed to possess a free and easy expansion of the LUNGS: this cannot be more perfectly comprehended, than by adverting occasionally to the shape of horses who RACE, and are thorough BRED; where the form and expansion of the nostrils will be found more than one third the size of such horses as are of common lineage, and inferior description.

O.

OATS

—are the well-known farinaceous grain which is the principal food and support of horses in constant work. After various experiments by NATURALISTS, and the most celebrated AGRICULTURISTS, they are found to convey a greater portion of nutriment to the frame, and invigoration to the system, at less expence, than any other kind of food whatever. The advantages of obtaining the heaviest in weight, the brightest in colour, and the sweetest in hand, are too self-evident to require a single line in elucidation. Oats newly housed, and newly threshed, should be avoided, if possible: not having acquired their proper firmness by TIME, they are more disposed to fermentation when mixed with the juices in the stomach, and then propel the contents of the intestines in a state little short of liquefaction, by their own laxative property. When, from any temporary scarcity, or local consumption, old OATS cannot be procured, and necessity compels the use of new, a few beans may be added; these, by their restringent and nutritious property, will check the effect of the new oats, and prevent the debilitating laxity just described.

OBERON

—is a horse of some recent celebrity: he was bred by Mr. Hutchinson, and foaled in 1790; he was got by Highflyer, dam (Queen Mab) by Eclipse, out of a Tartar mare. In 1793, when three years old, he won the GOLD CUP at Doncaster, value 100 guineas; beating Cayenne, Ninety-three, Skypeeper, Restless, Flora, and Chigwell. The same day he won the Doncaster Stakes of 10 guineas each, thirteen subscribers; beating Huby, Restless, and Yarico. In 1794 he won at York, a subscription of 25 guineas each, seven subscribers; beating Yarico, Huby, and Tantararara. In the same week he won the great SUBSCRIPTION PURSE of 277l. 10s. 0d. beating Patriot, Yarico, Young Diomed, Rosalie, Camphire, and Champion. At Malton he was beat in a sweepstakes of 20 guineas each, by Lord Fitzwilliam's Evelina, a three-year old by Highflyer, who carried but 5st. 10lb. to whom he ran second: the odds were very high in his favour at starting; and whether he sustained an injury is not publicly known, but he was then withdrawn from the turf.

OFF-SIDE

.—The right-side of a HORSE, if you stand parallel with him, and look the same way, is the OFF-SIDE; as the left is the NEAR-SIDE. When speaking of any part of a horse, it is not usual, in sporting terms, to use the words right or left; but to say the near-shoulder; the off-eye; the near-leg BEFORE, or the off-leg behind.

ONION

—is an article which would not have found its way here, but in consequence of its great utility upon a certain emergency, which entitles its property to be more universally known. No trifling occurrence can possibly occasion more temporary mortification to a SPORTSMAN, than to see his horse labouring under the STRANGURY (or suppression of urine) after the long stage of a journey, or the severity of a chase. In such cases, the first FARRIER is generally called in, who proceeding upon the "KILL or CURE" system of former times, prepares a potion of the most powerful urinary stimulants, plentifully besprinkled with SPIRITS of TURPENTINE, oil of juniper, and other equally mild and efficacious ingredients, frequently laying the foundation of inflammation; when an onion being peeled, and a small clove or two of the inside properly insinuated within the SHEATH, may nineteen times out of twenty be expected to produce the desired effect, without the interposition of any medicine whatever.

OPENING the HEELS

.—The ceremony of opening a horse's heels is sometimes necessary, when they are become contracted by so constantly standing upon the dry litter, and hot dung of stables, in the Metropolis; a circumstance which occurs much less in the country, where the defect is but little known. Although there can be no doubt of a hoof's contracting in a great degree by the means already mentioned, it must be more so, where the hoofs are not OILED or STOPPED for weeks, or, probably, months together. It is, however, a matter of doubt, whether the back-handed stroke of the smith's rasp in SHOEING, is not a more constant or frequent cause of the narrowness of the heels than any other. Let it arise from whatever cause, the remedy with them is always ready; "OPEN THE HEELS;" or, in other words, cut away; first with the BUTTRESS, and then with the drawing-knife, till little or nothing is left to cut: when the basis of bearing is taken away, the heel is let down to the ground, the TENDONS are put upon the STRETCH, the horse, being divested of his natural support, hobbles like a cripple, and there is no remedy, but to wait with patience for a perfect regeneration of parts so wantonly destroyed.

OPODELDOC

—is an article of external use in STRAINS, BRUISES, and other complaints, as well with the human species as with the brute creation. It is prepared by dissolving three ounces of Spanish soap, and one ounce of CAMPHIRE, in a pint of SPIRIT of ROSEMARY. Others dissolve the soap and camphire in rectified spirits of wine, adding OIL of ORIGANUM, and other essential oils. Its excellent properties are universally admitted in its various applications to the human frame; but doubts naturally arise how far it may contribute any great portion of EFFICACY to HORSES, or to any other animal, where the soap again coagulates, and constitutes so matted a mass upon the surface, that it is only with persevering difficulty the hair can be disunited even at the second application.

ORIGANUM, OIL of

,—is a well-known essential oil, extracted from the plant whose name it bears: it is an admirable collateral corroborant, when incorporated with judicious proportions of such other medicines as are proper for STRAINS, or a relaxed state of the TENDONS. If used in too great quantities, or added to heterogeneous articles, it disunites itself almost immediately; and, instead of executing the office of a gentle STIMULANT, penetrating the pores, assumes the power of the milder class of CAUSTICS, occasioning an eschar upon the part impregnated, terminating with a loss of hair.

OROONOKO

—was one of the most celebrated horses of his time: he was bred by the late Lord Portmore; was got by Crab out of Miss Slamerkin; foaled in 1743; and was own brother to Othello, the famous Black and all Black.

OTHELLO

—was the first name of that justly celebrated HORSE, so firmly fixed in the memory of every old SPORTSMAN of the present generation, by the more distinguished appellation of Black and all Black. He was bred by the late Lord Portmore; was got by Crab out of Miss Slamerkin, who was got by True Blue. He was foaled in 1745, and was esteemed the first racer of his time, producing afterwards, as a STALLION, some very famous runners.

OTTER

.—This is called an amphibious animal, living (to a certain degree and length of time) with as much seeming ease in the water, as he does upon land. It is, however, well ascertained, that he cannot exist long under the water, without occasionally reaching the surface for necessary respiration. The favourite and principal food of the otter is fish, of which he consumes, or rather destroys, a very considerable quantity in the neighbourhood of wherever he fixes his residence. This is formed under ground, in the bank of river or lake, and constructed with so much precaution, circumspection, and sagacity, that not without great difficulty can it be discovered. Although fish, in the genial months of summer, are known to be his pleasurable pursuit, and chief subsistence, yet, in the severe and frosty season, he is not without his alternatives, and will then condescend to make a repast upon some one or other of the smaller animals with which the fox indulges himself at all seasons of the year.

OTTER-HUNTING

,—a sport at present so little pursued, was formerly in constant practice, and is said to have been then in great estimation: it is, however, to be presumed, it was in less enlightened times, and long before the different chases of STAG, FOX, and HARE, held forth a speedy prospect of their present perfection. Hounds were then kept and trained for the purpose; and as some proof of the stupidity of the sport, or the somniferous dispositions of those who pursued (or enjoyed) it, an account of the CHASE, if worthy to be termed so, is here literally transcribed from Mr. Daniels' recent publication.

"The sportsmen went on each side the river, beating the banks and sedges with the dogs; if there was an otter in that quarter, his seal was soon traced upon the mud, as the water, wherever it would admit of it, was lowered as much as possible, to expose the hollow banks, reed-beds and stubs that might otherwise shelter him: each hunter had a spear to attack the otter when he vented, or came to the surface of the water to breathe. If an otter was not soon found by the river-side, it was imagined he was gone to couch more inland, and was sought for accordingly; (for sometimes they will feed a considerable distance from their place of rest, choosing rather to go up than down the stream.) If the hounds found an otter, the sportsman viewed his track in the mud, to find which way he had taken. The spears were used in aid of the dogs. When an otter is wounded, he makes directly to land, where he maintains an obstinate defence: he bites severely, and does not readily quit his hold: when he seizes the dogs in the water, he always dives with, and carries them far below the surface: an old one will never give up while he has life; and it is observable, that the male otter never makes any complaint when seized by the dogs, or transfixed with a spear; but the pregnant females emit a very shrill squeal." This sport, as it is called by those who profess themselves its admirers, is still continued in many remote, fenny, and watery districts; but in general is principally confined to those parts where, from local circumstances, the other more noble and exhilarating distinctions of the chase cannot be enjoyed.

OVER-DONE

.—A horse is said to be over-done, when both his FRAME and SPIRITS are so exhausted with fatigue and excessive labour, that he sinks down in his stall almost immediately after reaching the stable; where he extends himself at every extremity, giving evident proof of the struggles nature has to encounter, by the bodily disquietude under which he continues distressed for many hours, and sometimes DAYS, before he becomes perfectly recovered. When a horse is reduced to this state, by a too long continuance at slow or steady work, no doubt of recovery need be entertained with a few days nursing; but if it has been occasioned by a continued and persevering speed with hounds, and a long journey home, danger may be apprehended: instances are infinite, where internal inflammations have arisen, by which existence has soon been destroyed.

OVER-REACH

.—An over-reach is such injury (either cut or bruise) as is frequently sustained in the heel of a horse's FORE-FOOT, by one of the SHOES BEHIND; and this happens during brisk action, in either TROT or GALLOP, where the ground is unexpectedly deep and deceptive: or when a horse is thick in the shoulders, and slow in action before, the hind-quarters are thrown in faster than the fore-legs can get out of the way, by which inactive, or sluggish tardiness, the accident is occasioned much oftener than by any other means.

When neglected, or unattended to, if the injury is severe, ill consequences may ensue; the first step to prevent which is, to wash the part well with warm water, slightly impregnated with vinegar: press upon the wound a linen cloth till quite dry, then apply a pledget of lint or tow, well wetted with FRIAR'S BALSAM, or compound TINCTURE of MYRRH, covering it securely with a proper bandage, with a view to harden the surface, which is the leading object to be attained. This may be repeated the following day, if necessary, to farther close the mouths of such lacerated vessels as continue to ooze a lymph or ichor. If, however, the cut should be of such magnitude as to resist these means of intentional termination, it must be treated as a WOUND, and the horse not permitted to encounter WORK or dirt during its progress and cure. No greasy or unctuous applications should be made, if it can possibly be done without; as the best and most expeditious cure will be made by hardening the surface, and preventing a discharge; unless there is a deep destruction of parts, in which case it cannot be obtained but by incarnation.

ORMOND

,—a horse of much recent racing celebrity, bred by Mr. Wentworth in the north of England, was foaled in the year 1789; got by King Fergus; dam (Miss Cornforth) by Matchem; grand-dam by Sampson; and great grand-dam by Regulus. In the Craven Meeting at Newmarket, 1792, he ran second to John Bull for the great produce stakes of 200 guineas each, across the flat, half forfeit, thirty-five subscribers; beating Hotspur, Whiskey, St. Paul, Lucifer, Guildford, and others. The same year, at York, he walked over for a sweepstakes of 100 guineas each, five subscribers. In 1793, at York, he won a sweepstakes of 100 guineas each, fourteen subscribers. In 1794, at York, he won a fifty pound plate, added to a subscription purse of 227l. 10s. 0d. four miles, beating five others. In 1795, he won, at York, a subscription of 25 guineas each, eight subscribers. The next day but two he won the great subscription purse, value 277l. 10s. 0d. beating Chariot, Constant, and Screveton. After which he appeared but twice on the turf, becoming a STALLION at five guineas each mare, and five shillings the groom.

OVERTON

,—another son of King Fergus, dam by Herod, grand-dam by Snip, great grand-dam own sister to Regulus, was bred by Mr. Hutchinson, and foaled in 1788. At York, in 1792, he won a sweepstakes of 100 guineas each, half forfeit, twelve subscribers. The same week he won a fifty-pound plate, added to a subscription purse, beating Rosalind, Storm, Halbert, and two others. The next day he beat Halbert a match four miles, for 300 guineas, giving him a stone. At Doncaster he won the GOLD CUP of 100 guineas value; beating Huby, Rosalind, Smoaker, Gentleman, and Colchis. At York, 1794, he beat Halbert two miles for 200 guineas. After which he was taken out of training, and became a STALLION at Skipton, near York, at TEN GUINEAS a mare. He is the sire of those famous horses Cockfighter and Rolla, bidding fair to become of more considerable celebrity.

P.

PACE

—is an expression to signify the motion, or progressive action, of a horse, as well as one of the human species. When speaking of a man's pace, it is usual to say, he walks, he runs, or he goes a good pace; which becomes applicable to either, meaning, that he is an expeditious WALKER, a fleet RUNNER, or perhaps both. A horse has a great variety of PACES, as a walk, trot, amble, canter, gallop, rating-gallop, and at speed; some of which many horses have in great perfection, and are exceedingly deficient in others; as for instance, a horse shall be a most excellent TROTTER, who happens to be a shuffling, execrable WALKER; he shall be a gay, airy, light figure in a CANTER, and wonderfully deceptive in speed. Good GALLOPERS are very frequently bad TROTTERS; and perfection is very difficult to obtain.

Some years after the death of that famous horse Eclipse, which happened on the 27th of February, 1789, Mr. Charles Vial De Sainbel, Professor of the Veterinary College, published a work, to prove the unprecedented speed, and astonishing powers, of Eclipse, proceeded from the peculiarity of his construction. The work was embellished with ANATOMICAL, GEOMETRICAL, and MECHANICAL drawings, to establish and confirm an opinion, that the motion of the horse became proportionally accelerated, by the precise proportions of the subject geometrically described. The work itself was elaborate, sublime, and so remotely abstruse, that its contents were very superior to common comprehension; and as it communicated but trifling information, (and that founded upon conjecture,) it established no satisfactory data to engage public attention. Whatever was advanced upon the supposed effects of the geometrical proportions of Eclipse, would but ill apply to the action of the species in general; it being a fact well ascertained by those who are the most practically concerned, and personally interested, that ill-shaped horses of equal blood frequently exceed those of the fairest proportions; and that horses inferior in SIZE shall prove superior in SPEED.

PAD

—is a common rustic term for a GALLOWAY, or small horse.

PADDOCK

,—in earlier times, signified a PADDOCK enclosed with a wall or paling of an immense height, a mile in length, and a quarter of a mile broad, in which DEER were coursed with GREYHOUNDS, in the same manner as HARES are coursed at present, but with numerous variations in respect to the coursing rules now in use, These paddocks, from their great extent, were seldom seen, but in the ROYAL PARKS, or upon the demesnes of the most opulent and distinguished subjects. The sport itself has been a long time discontinued, and is most probably buried in oblivion; the word paddock applying, in the present time, only to a small enclosure of pasture, having a pale to protect it; or to a small tract of land, surrounding, or appertaining to, a rural mansion, where a few brace of FALLOW deer may be kept, but not of magnitude sufficient to acquire the appellation of a PARK.

PALATE

.—The entire roof of the horse's mouth, amongst FARRIERS and SMITHS, is generally distinguished by the simple unmeaning appellation of PALATE; the ridges crossing which are called the BARS: these, when they become too luxuriant and fleshy just behind the nippers, (the upper front teeth,) are then said to constitute a defect called the LAMPAS, which are reduced by repeated scarifications with a lancet, or extirpated by means of a red-hot iron, called the ACTUAL CAUTERY. (See Lampas.) In all cases of emergency, particularly upon inflammatory disorders, coming suddenly on in the night, when circumstances may render BLEEDING in the neck a matter of inconvenience, the operation may be instantly and expeditiously performed by lancet, bistoury, fleam, or even a common pen-knife, by passing either three or four times moderately across the bars, when the blood will be observed to flow most plentifully, and by being swallowed, is admitted by most of those who have attended to EFFECTS, to have been almost invariably attended with immediate advantage, particularly in the cholic, or a suppression of urine.

PALSY

—is a disorder, or rather a species of disorder, so nearly allied to the various degrees of staggers, apoplexy, or deprivation of sense, that the best Veterinary writers do not seem to have laid down any fixed rule, or unerring diagnostic, by which the discriminating shades, or predominant traits, of each are to be precisely ascertained. As the causes may be different of either, so the disorder may be more or less violent, according to the gradational excess of the cause. One attack of the species may arise from a too great and sensible flux of the blood to the brain, producing a severe and rapid inflammation: this, of course, might be introduced by extra exertions of continued speed, or in drawing loads of unreasonable weight; as well as from cruel and inhuman blows about the head; and from the two latter it is, that most of these disquietudes certainly proceed. Where the whole frame is affected, it is then natural to conclude the BRAIN is more particularly the SEAT of DISEASE, and that the whole system is from thence universally affected; but where the attack is partial, affecting only one limb and extremity, or any single part of the frame, it has then more the appearance of spasmodic affection, acting solely upon the muscles of the precise spot so far as they extend; and in the latter case, lay more readily open to a chance of relief by topical application, than where the entire frame and system is affected.

In the former, plentiful bleeding, followed by immediate hot fomentations, prepared from the various aromatic well-known garden herbs; succeeded by almost incessant friction with two able men, whose persevering efforts should alternately relieve each other; rubbing in occasionally stimulative embrocations of camphorated spirits, incorporated with essential oils; will frequently relieve in a very short space of time. In cases where the whole frame is affected, more reliance must be placed upon internal administrations; because the same means applicable to a single limb, or extremity, cannot be brought into perfect use with the whole. Bleeding, and persevering FRICTION, are as strictly proper in one as in the other; but the extreme irritability of the nervous system should be acted upon and reduced with all possible and proper expedition: camphire, assafœtida, and gum ammoniacum, a drachm each, blended with small proportions of opium, and formed into small balls, with a sufficient quantity of mithridate, or London philonium, should be introduced every three or four hours, till there is a termination of the case one way or the other. The ancient and well-founded axiom, that "dangerous diseases require desperate remedies," cannot be more completely verified than in the different species of this; where no hope or expectation of cure can be derived, but from indefatigable exertion, and the most patient perseverance.

PARK

,—in its plain construction, is an extensive tract of ground, or country, enclosed with WALL or PALING, well variegated with WOOD and WATER, for the support of cattle, and preservation of VENISON and GAME. It becomes a park by the privilege of prescription, or by the King's grant. There are many parks in possession of the Crown, (as well as of opulent individuals,) of which Windsor Great Park is the largest in the kingdom. It is upon record, that the Park of Woodstock was the first in England, formed and enclosed about the year 1124, and bounded by a stone wall seven miles in circumference. The example was followed by Henry Earl of Warwick; after which park-making became a common practice in different parts of the country.

PARTNER

.—There were five famous horses of this name in succession, from Old Partner, in 1718, to Little Partner, in 1745. The first was called Croft's; the second, Moore's; the third, Grisewood's; the fourth, Bright's; and the last, Pearson's. Old Partner was got by Jigg, out of a sister to Mixbury; he was a most excellent runner, and produced an astonishing progeny of winners; from whom his blood is ramified through most of the studs in the kingdom. He was sire of Sedbury, Tartar, Cato, Traveller, Badger, Grisewood's Partner, Little John, Larkin's Looby, Duke of Bolton's Little John, Barforth, the Witherington Mare, Vane's Little Partner, Parker's Lady Thigh, Grisewood's Lady Thigh, Lodge's Roan Mare, &c. &c.

PARTRIDGES

—are those well known timid, harmless, inoffensive branches of the feathered creation, the beautiful variegations of whose plumage, and the nutritive property of whose flesh, have entitled them to the distinguished appellation of GAME, and the honour of parliamentary protection. They begin to pair off from the fragmental remains of COVIES, about the last week in February, and through the month of March; make their nests upon the ground, in hedges, and the banks of hedge-rows principally; though they are sometimes found in fields of CLOVER, but very rarely in standing CORN. The hen usually deposits from fifteen to twenty eggs, and produces mostly a bird from every egg she lays. They hatch about the second or third week in June. The young in the aggregate are called COVIES, and they are known to run almost as soon as they are hatched. Although they are sometimes reduced by VERMIN, or unexpected torrents of rain, yet from SIX to EIGHT BRACE are generally brought up to fly with the old ones. They are included in every Act of Parliament for the preservation of the game; and the penalty for killing a partridge by any unqualified person, is FIVE POUNDS: if such unqualified person kills a partridge, without having taken out an ANNUAL CERTIFICATE from the Clerk of the Peace for the county in which he resides, (or where such partridge may have been killed,) he is then liable to a farther penalty of twenty pounds; making a forfeiture of TWENTY-FIVE POUNDS in the whole.

If a person qualified to kill game in right of his property, (that is, by inheritance of a FREEHOLD landed estate of the clear yearly value of ONE HUNDRED POUNDS per annum, or a LEASEHOLD of ONE HUNDRED and FIFTY in his own, or his WIFE'S right,) does so at any one time without having taken out an annual certificate as aforesaid, and for which the sum of THREE GUINEAS has been previously paid, he is then liable to a penalty of twenty-pounds. And any person qualified, or unqualified, killing any PARTRIDGE between the first of February and the first of September, in any year, is liable to an additional penalty of FIVE POUNDS to those already recited for each offence. It is natural to conceive, that the various modes of punishment annexed to a transgression of what are termed the GAME-LAWS, would have operated to a perfect and complete prohibition: that it may now have nearly reached the zenith of that effect by day, is admitted; but that a total suppression of the NOCTURNAL depredators can ever be accomplished, the annual destruction, and almost public sale, of game, leave very little reason to expect.

Partridges, in their natural and infant state, accompany the hen in search of food, obey the cluck of the mother, and are protected by the clutch of her wings, in the same manner as chicken, and other domestic fowl. The hen is so instinctively attached to her young, that she will encounter every difficulty, and face death in every form, to insure their safety: although stupidly timid, and rendered almost insensible by her own fears, upon other occasions, yet great sagacity is observable in her endeavours to preserve her offspring. When they are very young, and unable to save themselves by flight; and in all cases of danger, when approached by that fatal enemy the dog; the hen will rise, and lead him on, by short flights, or rather hoverings, of twenty and thirty yards, but just above the ground, till, having induced him to follow a sufficient distance from the seat of all her fears, she takes a long, and more circuitous route at her next flight; where, after finding she has completely baffled her pursuer, another effort brings her to her young in safety. When separated by danger (whether the approach of the dog and gun in the sporting season, or by other means) even to a great distance, they are invariably brought again together by the inherent property of CALLING, which they possess in so powerful a degree, as to insure a very expeditious recovery of each other. The imitation of this call has been brought to great perfection by the fraternity of POACHERS, who avail themselves of the birds' too great credulity, which is frequently the cause of their destruction.

PASTERN

.—The pastern of a horse is the distance between the fetlock and the coronet, which terminates at the junction of hair and hoof. The pastern should be short, strong, and uniform; when long, it is proportionally weak; and the nearer the fetlock is to the ground, the more liable such horse is to be let down in the back sinews, and become lame.

PATTEN-SHOE

—was a shoe formerly used with lame horses; but from the palpable absurdity of its adoption, seems now to be nearly banished from modern practice. This shoe was constructed with a ring, circular, or nearly oval, at the bottom, which being fixed upon the SOUND foot, its intentional use was to compel the horse in all injuries to stand upon the lame leg, that a contraction of the muscular parts might be prevented. Happily such ridiculous and ill-founded notions are gliding into oblivion.

PATTERN-SHOE

—is a shoe formed upon rational principles, and of a scientific construction, for transmission to any part of the world, as a PATTERN by which the ART of SHOEING may be universally improved, and reduced to one general standard of purity and perfection.

PEDIGREE

.—The pedigree (or genealogical descent) of a horse is in the present day so fabricated by hearsay, or framed by fiction, that nothing less than a well-authenticated certificate, under the hand of the BREEDER, can with propriety be received as an indisputable proof of the PURITY of his BLOOD: and this is the more evidently necessary to a SPORTSMAN, lest he should be induced (relying upon his deceptive pedigree) to enter into a racing engagement, and that too, perhaps, for a sum of much magnitude; the whole of which, with the additional training expences, might be lost for want of that very blood he has been villainously taught to believe he has got in possession. To such an enthusiastic pitch has the desire of pedigree attained, under the fashionable sporting phrenzy of the time, that a horse is absolutely considered of neither value or utility, unless his pedigree is properly attested, and he is known to "carry the catalogue of his endowments by his side." The DEALERS (as well as others) are so well aware of this partiality for blood and pedigree, that every common roadster has the report of his get ready prepared, and no purchaser need be without it. Upon the subject of authenticated pedigrees, for near a century past, Mr. Weatherby's Stud Book is, beyond a doubt, the first publication extant.

The great merit and CREDIT of a PEDIGREE, consists in its continued and undivided chain of proofs on the distinct sides of both SIRE and DAM, up to such links as are eminently connected with the known authority, where no contamination could have taken place. A pedigree of one single descent is amply sufficient, where the reference terminates on each side, in a SIRE and DAM, whose pedigrees and performances are previously known. Instance: Jupiter was got by Eclipse, dam by Tartar; he is own brother to Mercury, Venus, and Volunteer; sire of Cardock, Halkin, Thunderbolt, Confederacy, Terror, Contest, &c.

PHEASANT

.—The pheasant is not only the most beautiful bird in plumage of any bred in this kingdom, but the first in estimation; not more for the sport it affords in the field, than its delicious attraction for the table. They are about one fourth less in size than common poultry, lay nearly the same number of eggs, and bring up their young in the same manner. They principally frequent the WOODS and hedge-rows, are seldom found in the fields, and then but very rarely far from covert: when upon WING, they are so exceedingly slow in flight, that he must be an exceeding bad marksman who does not HIT his BIRD. The pheasant is included in every successive Act for the preservation of the game; and although they are less liable than HARES and PARTRIDGES to the destructive depredations of the POACHERS, they suffer considerably by FOXES, MARTERNS, POLE-CATS, and other vermin.

Persons of every description, qualified and unqualified, stand exactly in the same state with respect to PHEASANTS as with PARTRIDGES, so lately described under that head, but with this difference in the legal season for taking or killing: it is enacted by two distinct legislative Acts of the present reign, That any person who shall, under any pretence whatever, take, kill, destroy, carry, fell, buy, or have in his possession, any PHEASANT, between the first day of February and the first day of October, (unless such pheasant shall have been taken in the proper season, and kept in a mew or breeding-place,) shall forfeit FIVE POUNDS for every PHEASANT so taken, to be paid to the informer, with full costs of suit.

PHÆNOMENON

—was one of the most celebrated sons of Herod, both as a RACER and a STALLION. He was bred by Sir J. Kaye, and foaled in 1780; was got by Herod, dam (Frenzy) by Eclipse, grand-dam by Engineer, out of Lass of the Mill, who was got by Traveller. His performances upon the turf so strictly corresponded with his name, that the infinity of mares brought to him in the first seasons of his covering, afforded him an opportunity of adding to his reputation in a degree almost beyond former example. He covered in Yorkshire at 10 guineas a mare, and in 1791 produced the following winners: Lord A. Hamilton's Chesnut Colt, who won two fifties; Freeholder, who won 100 guineas at York, and a 50 at Stockton; Mongrel, who won 25 guineas at Lewes; Pigeon, who won 200 guineas at York, 50 at Manchester, 50 at Wakefield, 50 at Boroughbridge, and 50 at Northallerton; Roman, 140 guineas at York; Rosalind, 700 guineas, and 300 guineas, at York, 300 guineas at Doncaster, and 50l. at New Malton; and Stride, 600 guineas at York.

In 1792, Lord A. Hamilton's Brown Colt, 120 guineas at Doncaster, and 50l. at Penrith; Charactacus, 50l. at Tenbury; Comet, 50 at York, 50 at Hull, and two 50's at New Malton; Forester, 50 at Carlisle; Freeholder, 50 at Durham; Heroine, 300 guineas at Newmarket, 100 guineas and 50 at ditto; Huby, 400 guineas and 50l. at York, 50l. and 50 guineas at Carlisle, and 100l. at Doncaster; Lizard, 50l. at Preston; Pigeon, 50l. at Catterick Bridge; Rosalind, 150 guineas at York, the King's Plate, and 50l. at Lincoln; Squirrel, 125 guineas at York, 160 at Wakefield, and 100 guineas at Doncaster.

In 1793, Comet won 80 guineas, the Stand Plate, and the King's Plate, at York; Heroine, the Queen's Plate at Chelmsford, the King's Plate and 70 guineas at Lincoln; Huby, 400 guineas at Newmarket, 175 guineas and 295l. at York; Messenger, 50l. at Manchester; Restless, 50l. at York, 100 guineas at Preston, and the King's Plate at Carlisle. In 1795, Ambush, 50 guineas at Wakefield; Charmer, 50l. at Catterick Bridge, 50l. at Lamberton, and 50 guineas at Stockton; Gay Deceiver, 300 guineas at Doncaster; Heroine, 50l. and 50 guineas at Newmarket, and the King's Plate at Lincoln; Huby, two 50's at Stockton, and the King's Plate at Dumfries; Sheperdess, 100 guineas at York.

To these excellent runners, in the successive years have been added Laura, Roseberry, Caroline, Bellissima, Wonder, Stella, Stripling, Tartar, Hyale, Jupiter, (Mr. Hawke's,) and many others who won large stakes as COLTS and FILLIES, but were never named.

PHYSIC

—is a term sometimes given (particularly in the country) to every kind of MEDICINE that can be administered to either MAN or HORSE: the more polished and general acceptation confines it solely to the operation of PURGING, in which sense alone it can be properly understood. It is but a few years (since the appearance of "The Gentleman's Stable Directory,") that the general necessity for, and palpable utility of, occasionally PHYSICING HORSES, became almost universally admitted. Its salutary effects stand, however, upon too firm a basis to be again shaken by the obtrusion of speculative opinions: there are but few, if any, remaining, who will presume to arraign or challenge the consistency of annually cleansing full thirty yards of the intestinal canal, replete with INTERSTICES, and appropriated to little other purpose than the excretion of filth.

Physic is prepared of different proportions, and of different ingredients, according to the purposes for which it may be designed. If only to soften and remove the accumulated contents of the bowels, and prevent PLETHORA, and its probable effects, the MILDEST degree will be sufficient. If the carcase is evidently enlarged, the vessels perceptibly distended, the horse dull, heavy, and inactive, a STRONGER must be brought into use. In cutaneous diseases, SWELLED LEGS of long standing, tendency to GREASE, old obstinate COUGHS and WORMS, mercurial physic had better be adopted; letting the extra care be proportioned to the mildness or severity of the season in which it is given. Under judicious and proper management, there is no more danger in the operation of MERCURIAL than in any other physic, provided it is faithfully prepared, and of the proportions by which safety is in a great degree to be insured; but if given in immoderate quantities, and little attended to during the progress of its operation, danger and death may probably ensue. Neither one, or the other, are, however, known to happen, where a proper degree of circumspection is used by those whose business it is to superintend the subordinates.

PICKER

.—A horse-picker is a small iron instrument, so truly convenient upon many emergencies, that a prudent traveller, or experienced sportsman, is hardly ever seen without one annexed to the handle of a knife which he carries in his pocket: its use is to extract stones, pebbles, or flints, from the bottom of the foot, when they are picked up in hunting, or upon the road. They are sometimes so firmly fixed between the inner edge of the SHOE and the FROG, that nothing but very violent force with a hammer can remove them; in such cases, horses are sometimes led a considerable distance to some dwelling-house, before the stone can be extracted; and the foot is probably bruised, or sustains a serious injury, for what might be obtained at a trifling expence, and carried with little inconvenience.

PIGEONS

—are the well-known domestic birds, of which there are only TWO sorts entitled to attention here, as affording equally nutritious support for the frame, but neither calculated to excite sport in the field, or emulative attraction in their destruction. The two different kinds are distinguished under the denomination of WILD and TAME; the former are bred in COTES and DOVE-HOUSES, (such as are seen at the rustic mansions of the great, and at large farms in open countries;) the latter in less numbers upon a smaller scale, and in receptacles of smaller construction, affixed to out-offices, barns, stables, or upon a pedestal; in either of which situations, they have their provision mostly before them. The WILD or dove-house pigeons, as they are called, breed only once a year generally; though there are many in the same flock who produce a second, or what is termed a harvest or autumn flight. Those called TAME pigeons, who are still more domesticated, have a greater degree of fecundity, and continue to breed a pair every month or five weeks during the year, except the three most severe and dreary months of winter.

For the protection of this species of property against the wanton attacks of the idle and ill-designing, it is enacted, by the 2d of George the Third, c. xxix. That any person who shall shoot at, or by any means kill or take, with a wilful intent to destroy, any PIGEON, he shall, on conviction thereof, by confession, or oath of one witness, before one Justice, forfeit 20s. to the prosecutor; and if not immediately paid, such Justice shall commit him to the house of correction, for any term not exceeding three months, nor less than one, unless the penalty be sooner paid. Persons who are convicted on this Act, shall not be convicted on any former Act; and prosecutions under this must be commenced within TWO MONTHS after the offence was committed.

PIGEON-SHOOTING

—is a sport principally resorted to at that season of the year when guns are laying dormant, and game of every other kind is, by the privilege of Parliament, permitted to enjoy its rest. Pigeon-shooting is a match between two individuals, or any fixed number on each side, and is decided by one, or the other, killing the greatest NUMBER of PIGEONS within an equal number of shots. The match made, and the place agreed on where it is to be decided, the dove-house pigeons are provided in proportion to the parties who stand engaged to shoot; of which there are generally four, five, or six, on each side; and as every individual feels disposed to shoot at least five or six times, less than eight or ten dozen are hardly ever procured for the occasion.

Previous to the commencement of the match, an open spot is fixed on, agreeable to the arbitrators, one appointed by each side; here TWENTY YARDS are measured with accuracy, and both extremities correctly marked. At one end a hole is made in the earth, in which is deposited a small box, about eight inches deep, six inches wide, and a foot long; its surface two inches above the level of the ground, with a sliding-lid running in a groove: to the front of this lid is affixed a string, or small cord, of one or two-and-twenty yards in length, which extended, will reach a little beyond the precise distance of twenty yards, where each of the parties concerned will afterwards stand to shoot. The preliminaries adjusted of having taken the toss, to determine which side is to take the lead, and all parties ready, a PIGEON is lodged in the BOX, and the runner (as he is called) resuming his post, by the side of the person whose turn it is to shoot, he is there ready to pull the STRING annexed to the SLIDER, and give liberty to the bird, the moment he is ordered by the SHOOTER so to do. It is a fixed rule, that the GUN is never to be advanced to the SHOULDER till the bird is upon wing; this is to be decided (as well as every other cause of dispute) by the persons appointed; and every pigeon so shot at, must fall to the ground within ONE HUNDRED YARDS of the BOX, or it is not admitted a BIRD KILLED, but a shot missed. The first person having shot, (hit or miss,) he is succeeded by one of the opposite side; and they continue to shoot in alternate rotation till the match is decided according to the original terms upon which it was made, in respect to the number of pigeons to be shot at by each distinct party, when those who kill the most are declared the winners, and entitled to the stakes made.

PILOT

.—There have been three horses of this name; two of which were excellent racers, and esteemed equal, as plate horses, to any of their time. The first was bred by Sir Charles Bunbury; foaled in 1762; got by Snap, dam by Cade, grand-dam by Crab, out of Lord Portmore's Abigail. The second was bred by Sir H. Harpur; foaled in 1770; got by Dainty Davy, dam by Blanck, grand-dam (Dizzy) by the famous and original Driver. The third was bred by the late Counsellor Lade; foaled in 1782, and got by the above, dam by Marske, grand-dam by Regulus. The two last won a great number of fifty-pound plates annually for several years in succession, and afterwards proved very excellent country stallions.

PLAY or PAY

,—a description of BET so made. Whether the subject of such bet be MAN or HORSE; the object a race, or a boxing match; either party being present at the time and place appointed, ready to perform their part of the engagement previously entered into; the other not appearing, or appearing, and then and there refusing to enter into the contest, upon the event of which the article or bet was originally formed, can lay no claim whatever to the stakes deposited; and the holder stands justified in handing such stakes over to the WINNER, having sufficient evidence in justification on his own part, to prove that it was bona fide a "PLAY or PAY" bet.

PLAY or PAY

,—the name of a horse of much recent and racing celebrity, the property of Mr. Durand. He was bred by Mr. Parker, and got by Ulysses out of Tiffany's dam. In 1794, at three years old, (in the name of Mars,) he won 50l. at Epsom, beating six others. At Stockbridge, a sweepstakes of 10 guineas each, nine subscribers. At Winchester he walked over the Course for a sweepstakes of 20 guineas each, eight subscribers. In 1795, when four years old, he beat Mr. Turner's Tim Tartlet, two miles for 200 guineas. The next day he beat Mr. Cauty's Alderman, two miles for 50 guineas. He won also 50l. at Guildford; a sweepstakes of 15 guineas each at Stockbridge, seven subscribers: the next day a sweepstakes of 10 guineas each, six subscribers. At Winchester, a sweepstakes of 10 guineas each, eight subscribers. At Egham he walked over for a sweepstakes of 10 guineas each, five subscribers. The next day he won a 50l. plate, beating Pandolpho and Serpent. In 1796, when five years old, he won the Craven stakes, of 10 guineas each, at Newmarket, beating eleven others. 50l. at Ascot Heath. In 1797, then six years old, he won 50l. at Epsom, beating five others. 50l. at Lewes, beating Gohanna and Keren-happuch. 50l. at Abingdon, beating Keren-happuch, Paroquet, and Roland. In consequence of having been so hard run for FOUR years in succession, he started SEVEN times in 1798 without once winning. In 1799, he won 50l. at Epsom, beating Yeoman and Midnight. 50l. at Guildford, beating Mr. Lade's David, and two others; and 50l. at Egham, beating Lord G. Cavendish's horse by Jupiter; after which he was purchased by Mr. Dashwood, in whose possession, at nine years old, in 1800, he beat Mr. Whaley's Post Boy, four miles over Ascot, for 100 guineas, and walked over at Egham for a sweepstakes of 20 guineas each, three subscribers: after which he appeared no more on the turf.

PLEURISY

—is a disorder in the horse so nearly allied to an INFLAMMATION of the LUNGS, that probably the most judicious and experienced Veterinarian would not, without much difficulty, be enabled to distinguish between one and the other. The predominant symptoms are sudden and violent: he first becomes heavy, dull, and oppressed; soon shews great difficulty of respiration, pants exceedingly; is distressed with an almost incessant painful endeavour to cough: the mouth continues, from the commencement of the attack, hot, parched, and dry: at this time he is exceedingly restless, frequently laying down, and as suddenly rising; but as the disorder advances, he stands in his stall so overwhelmned with fever, pain, and bodily oppression, that he displays no wish or desire to vary his position, but stands fixed in one posture, resigned to his fate. As the disease approaches nearer its crisis, a slimy saliva appears in the mouth, and a ropy viscid discharge from the nostrils. This being one of the disorders so rapid in its progress, and so destructive in its effects, as sometimes to set all efforts to relieve at defiance, every necessary means of counteraction should be most expeditiously adopted upon the first discovery of the attack.

It is in general produced by some sudden and powerful revulsion; as an instantaneous change from heat to cold, in which the perspiration becomes so severely checked by a collapsion of every pore, that NATURE sustains a shock, productive of almost immediate and perceptible morbidity. Journies of speed, and afterwards standing still in cold rains, or sharp winds, as well as being supplied with water when in a high state of PERSPIRATION, are probably the principal causes from which the disorder is mostly known to arise. The direct road to cure is too plain and unequivocal to admit of different opinions. Bleeding, and that both largely and repeatedly, must be submitted to, if circumstances require it; no hope of relief can be expected without it. It is no uncommon thing to bleed a horse four or five times in as many days, and his recovery to be justly attributed to that important mode of subduing inflammation. Gruel, impregnated with small quantities of NITRE and GUM ARABIC, should be the common drink. Mashes, of ground malt and bran, should be placed in the manger boiling hot, that the head, throat, and glands, may derive every possible advantage from FUMIGATION, to assist in taking off the pulmonary stricture, and promoting a plentiful discharge from the nostrils, which is one of the leading proofs that the disease has reached its crisis, and may be considered the first indicative expectancy of recovery. In the greatest bodily debility, when no food is taken, a cordial ball, dissolved in gruel, should be given (with a horn in small quantities at a time) twice a day. Equal parts of the wort squeezed from the malt, and good clean-boiled sweet gruel, should be patiently held before the horse twice or thrice in every hour for some minutes: from the great internal heat, he is frequently induced to swallow a quart or two at each time; although, if offered and taken away in haste, he might invariably decline it. It is only by such persevering attention, both NIGHT and DAY, any expectation of cure can be entertained.

PLUMAGE

.—The feathers upon every kind of fowl, wild or tame, is so termed: if speckled, or interspersed with different streaks, or opposite lights and shades, it is then called variegated plumage. If a GAME COCK is bred perfectly WHITE, he is called a SMOCK.

POACHERS

—are those determined destructive nocturnal depredators, by whom the game is so shamefully reduced in opposition to all LAW, and defiance of all ORDER, from one extremity of the kingdom to the other. This head cannot be better elucidated, than by transcribing literally, from the recent work of a writer of much celebrity, his judicious remarks upon the subject.

"It is, perhaps, among that description of persons well known by the name of poachers, that the greater number of those are trained to rapine, who infest every rural neighbourhood with their petty thefts, and whose dexterity almost bids defiance to precaution. Accustomed, in the ensnaring of game, to the secresy of fraud, and committing their depredations amidst the silence of night, those horrors, and that consequent dread, which frequently deters from the commission of great offences, gradually lose their effect. Solitude and darkness, which have wherewithal to appal the human mind in its first deviations into guilt, are divested of their terror in those pilfering pursuits; and the consequence is sufficiently well known to all, who, in the capacity of magistrates, are called to sit in judgment on the delinquency of public offenders. It is to this initiation they ascribe their subsequent enormities.

"When guilt, however venal, becomes, by repetition, familiar to the mind, it is not in the power of the ignorant and uneducated to restrain its excesses; they cannot arrest their career of iniquity; they cannot chalk out the line of wrong beyond which they will not pass. Confining their first nocturnal excursions to the snaring of HARES, and netting of PARTRIDGES, whenever they have a less booty than usual, they are tempted to compensate the deficiency by petty plunder of some other kind, and the log-pile, the stack, the fold, the hen-roost, all in turn, pay tribute to the prowling vagabond, who fills as he can that void in his "capacious bag," which has been left by his want of success as a POACHER.

"The great evil is, that a culprit of this class, feeling no compunction in the early stage of his guilt, proceeds carelessly to a state of the most complete degeneracy. Game is a species of property of which he has so indistinct a conception, that he scarcely thinks he has committed a moral injustice in the various stratagems by which he has contrived to obtain it; he sees not that the claim of a stranger is better than his; he knows not whence that absolute right in another to that which he has taken is derived; his companions, to whom he recounts his manœuvres, are more likely to applaud his cunning than to reprove his crime. Thus the remorse of conscience being but slight and feeble in the outset, the wretch is encouraged by degrees to trample on the laws with greater boldness, and at last suffers as a FELON."

That these facts are fairly stated, and the natural inferences judiciously drawn, must be candidly and universally admitted. Previous, however, to the conclusive remarks requisite under this head, it becomes directly applicable to introduce a few passages from another writer of equal eminence, who, in his animadversion upon the well-founded principle of the GAME LAWS, observes, "that, in a highly cultivated, well-peopled country, no animal can properly be considered as wild; all are supported by the property and labour of those who cultivate the soil. Some, from their peculiar instincts, are, indeed, less capable than others of being appropriated, and therefore, like lands uninclosed, are held as a joint property. But he who has no land, and consequently contributes nothing to their maintenance, is no more entitled to any use of them, than the inhabitant of one parish is to a right of commonage on the waste lands of another; and he who chuses to reside in a town, and to keep his property in money, has no more a pretence to seize to his own use a HARE, or a PARTRIDGE, than a sheep or a goose, from him who has chosen to vest his property in land. In the former, as in the latter case, he ought to tempt the owner to sell what is wanted."

Thus much is introduced from the speculative opinions of respectable writers upon the political and equitable basis of the GAME LAWS, which every rational observer, and good subject, will probably admit ought to be obeyed; although the great and infinite body of POACHERS, and that much greater infinity their ABETTORS, seem to be of a direct opposite opinion. However just, proper, and political, such laws may have been in their formation, and laudable in their continuance, little reliance can be placed upon the deceptive expectation of a reduction in the number of POACHERS, sanctioned and supported, as they are, by thousands in the Metropolis, and the middle classes of people in every CITY, TOWN, and VILLAGE, from one extremity of the Island to the other. If there is one of his Majesty's subjects so weak or inexperienced, as to suppose any one species of game is difficult to be obtained, he must be deplorably ignorant in the common occurrences of life, and requires to be informed, that the wholesale art and trade of poaching is carried on almost "as public as the noonday sun" during the whole of the season; and no one of that commercial and opulent body in the city, or epicure in the suburbs, sits down without game at his table whenever he pleases to order it: it is not the business of a steward, butler, or housekeeper, to expostulate upon what may be immediately obtained for MONEY, with a consolatory verification of the school-boy's well-known adage, that "one good turn deserves another;" and money in one hand can invariably procure game for the other.

There have always been two opinions held respecting the policy and prudence of the Game Laws, between two classes of people equally opposite to each other, the HIGHEST and the lowest; in support of which, it has been the persevering practice of the former, to enact laws for the protection of what they conceive their RIGHT; and the latter have been as invariably engaged (from one generation to another) in devising plans to counteract and undermine it: thus the cunning of one is engaged in a perpetual war with the POWER of the other, and most probably centuries only can ascertain the victory. Here the eye of impartiality will naturally advert to a passage from a writer lately quoted who is of opinion, that "a person having no land, and who chooses to keep his property in money, has no more right to a HARE or PARTRIDGE, than he has to the sheep or goose, from him who has chosen to vest his property in LAND." This writer, probably, in his hasty zeal to exalt the LANDED interest above its proper weight in the scale of WEALTH, had totally forgotten (or never knew) that great national depositary of immensity, called the Bank of England, situate in the City of London; the millions eternally in motion through the medium of COMMERCE, and moving in all directions, to every quarter of the globe; as well as the East and West India possessions, to an extent of riches beyond conception.

All these, to gratify the self-importance of the holders of a little land, the learned writer had found it convenient to bury in oblivion. Sir Roger de Coverley would most probably have said, (could he have been at this moment consulted upon the subject,) "Much may be said on BOTH sides." In saying which, he would have spoken wisely; for it cannot be conceived, that every individual of the infinity of STOCK-HOLDERS, who loyally place an implicit faith in the stability of Government, and embark all their property to support it, (in many instances from FIVE to FIFTY or a HUNDRED THOUSAND pounds each,) does not feel himself equally affected with the appetites of a GENTLEMAN, as he who possesses 100l. a year in LAND; and not feeling more disposed to sacrifice at the shrine of SELF-DENIAL than his neighbour, finds it necessary to avail himself of all the comforts and advantages to be derived from his MONEY, that the other does from his LAND; under which candid and impartial consideration it is fair to conclude, that so long as there shall be a natural propensity to good living, and the delicacies which Providence has so plentifully bestowed; so long as the monied THOUSANDS of the Metropolis shall incline to believe they are entitled to a participation; and so long as GAME shall be bred, and human degeneracy in the lower classes of society continue; so long will POACHERS continue undiminished, in opposition to every means that the utmost limits of human wisdom can suggest for their extirpation.

POINT

.—A horse standing in his stall, or elsewhere, with one fore-leg at some distance before the other, is always concluded, by the most experienced, to have sustained some irreparable injury either in the SHOULDER, or the ligamentary junction of the COFFIN and CORONARY bones, concealed in the box (or cavity) of the hoof. This is in a considerable degree to be relied on; but there are many instances in which a horse accustoms himself to awkward positions, and they become habitual: some stand with either the near or the off fore-leg eternally before the other, and are as perfectly sound as any horses in the kingdom. To say, therefore, from a horse's manner of standing, that he is lame, would be as absurd as to say any man could not be either a good dancer, or fencer, because he stood, when disengaged from both, in a careless, lounging, ungraceful attitude.

POINT

—is the position of a POINTER, when standing seemingly fixed and immoveable at the game before him; at the moment of observing which, particularly with young or unsteady dogs, the natural ejaculatory caution of "To ho!" "Have a care!" transpires; not more as an injunction of steadiness to the dog standing, but as a communicative mode of enjoining the attention of every dog in the field to the first who has obtained the point.

POINTER

.—The pointer is that species of dog well known to contribute more to the contemplative pleasures and pursuits of a sportsman, than any other in the canine catalogue. This peculiar breed, on account of their universality and general utility, have been so incredibly crossed, re-crossed, bred in, and bred out, to gratify the various opinions, (as prompted by fancy, caprice, or speculation,) that they are now to be found of all sizes, and all qualifications; from the slow, short-headed, heavy-shouldered remains of the original Spanish pointer, (who will tire in half a day's work,) to the cross of in and in with a FOX HOUND, of which none are ever known to tire; many of them having speed enough to catch a leveret three parts grown, when they jump up before them. Pointers, forty or fifty years since, were hardly ever seen but entirely white, or variegated with liver-coloured spots; except the then Duke of Kingston's black and white, which were considered superior to every breed in the kingdom, and sold for most extravagant sums after his death. They are now, from the constantly increasing attachment to field sports, to be seen of every description, from pure white, and a flea-bitten blue or grey, to a universal liver-colour, and a perfect black. In a choice of pointers for general use, that is for every species of GAME, the extremes in size, as well as in speed, are better avoided, and the line of mediocrity adhered to: overgrown, heavy dogs, soon get weary in the hot and early part of the season: the smaller sort have also their inconveniencies in hunting in very high turnips, heath, broom-fields, &c.

As some advantages have been obtained by the various crosses, both in respect to speed, and the durability of fatigue, so something has been sacrificed on the score of patient forbearance, and olfactory sensibility; the gradational shades of one species introduced by every change having so diversified the original stock, that a much greater degree of trouble is requisite in breaking now than formerly, to bring a POINTER of perfection into the field. The impatient volatility of some men probably prompted them to indulge a design of introducing a breed of pointers, with speed sufficient to outstrip the rapidity of their own imaginations, that they might enjoy the unprecedented and supreme felicity of hunting and shooting at the same time; hence, perhaps, arose the emulative struggle for a superiority of speed in addition to POINT, which, it must be acknowledged, has at length reached the very summit of perfection. Pointers are never considered complete, unless they are perfectly staunch to "BIRD, DOG, and GUN;" which implies, first, standing singly to a bird or a covey; secondly, to backing (or pointing instantaneously likewise) the moment he perceives another dog to STAND; and lastly, not to stir from his point, upon the firing of any gun in company, provided the GAME is neither sprung or started at which he made his original point.

The art of breaking pointers for the field, was, twenty or thirty years since, looked upon as a very mysterious and difficult piece of business; many (called dog-breakers) deriving a subsistence from the employment: the charm, however, has been long since broken, and the process is known to be so exceedingly simple, that a tolerable well-bred pointer puppy may have the foundation of all his future perfections theoretically inculcated in the VERY KITCHEN or PARLOUR of his MASTER, before he is taken into the field. This is so truly and practically possible, that it may be done with two or three brace together in a large room, or small yard, with no other assistance, than the alternate words of "TO-HO!" "TAKE HEED!" and "HAVE A CARE!" (with the small field whip in hand to impress attention,) although meat is tossed before them in every direction; when not a dog will stir till the signal of "HIE-ON" is heard, which they eagerly obey; but are as instantly stopped at the very moment of seizing their meat, by either of the cautions previously mentioned. Young dogs, having thus imbibed the principles upon which they are to act, have nature, and their instinctive impulse, to point out their practice when brought into the field: few are seen who hunt too little, the major part are inclined to range too much, and then it is that the cool and steady patience of the experienced sportsman becomes necessary to check the impetuosity. Juvenile gunners frequently spoil young dogs, by keeping them under as little restraint as they wish to be kept themselves; and too often let them break away out of all reasonable distance, till they acquire a habit of inattention and disobedience, of which some are with very great difficulty, if ever, divested.

When brought into the field, they should be taught to traverse every yard of the ground, (in proper lengths, and at proper distances,) so that none be left unbeaten; and this should be done with as few words, and as little noise, as possible. Short verbal signals, low vibrative whistles, and the motion of the hand to the right or left, are all that's useful; more does mischief: one steady shot of this description, with a brace of pointers obedient to command, and staunch to DOG and GUN, will kill more game in any country, than a noisy crew with three or four brace of dogs before them. All young pointers should not be permitted to deviate from the proper rule of quartering the ground before them; that is, to cover a line of fourscore yards transversely in the front of his master, taking forty yards to his right, and re-passing him, take the same distance to the left; and in such proportions as not to let his crossings and re-crossings be more than five-and-twenty or thirty yards from each other. If a brace of pointers are in the field, they should alternately cross the same beat, by meeting and passing each other; but never beat the same way in a parallel direction.

Those who wish pointers to bring the GAME when killed, will find it very easy of attainment, by teaching them to fetch and carry before they take the field; it is an amusement they are much delighted with, and never forget: it has, however, one chance of inconvenience annexed to the experiment, if they become hard-mouthed, and take to breaking both flesh and feather; it is a fault, or rather a crime, never obliterated, but with incessant trouble and severity. It is a practice with some to hunt their pointers in coverts, with bells about their necks, both in COCK and PHEASANT shooting; those who do it, hold their pointers (at least their excellence) in very slender estimation, as it invariably reduces their speed; renders them slow, tardy, undisciplined, and inclined to hang and puzzle, by constantly drawing upon the foot of the pheasant, or upon a hare in covert, when one happens to start before them; in a persevering pursuit of which, high-spirited dogs, full of blood, are subject to fits, and of long duration: cutting off half an inch of the tail, or bleeding in the roof of the mouth, is the only extemporaneous remedy in the field. Previous to the beginning of the season, that is, a fortnight before the commencement, each dog should have two doses of physic about four days apart; after which proper attention should be paid to the provision, which should be of a sweet and healthy kind, to preserve as much as possible their faculties in full perfection. From the hardness and heat of the ground in the first weeks of September, it sometimes happens, that the feet become lacerated, inflamed, and exceedingly sore; when which is observed, a plentiful washing, with warm gruel and a sponge, will afford considerable relief; in an hour or two after which, the application of some weak salt and water, or cold white-wine vinegar, will harden the surface, and probably prevent a repetition.

POLE-CAT

.—The pole-cat is a species of vermin, partaking, in some degree, of the figure and propensities of the MARTIN and the FERRET; or rather between both. It is smaller than the one, and considerably larger than the other; is an inhabitant of the bushy coverts in the neighbourhood of lonely farm-houses; to the POULTRY, EGGS, and DOVE-HOUSES, of which they are constant and destructive enemies. The effluvia, or rather stench, arising from their bodies is so truly offensive, that it has long since laid the foundation of the well-known proverbial expression of "stinking like a POLE-CAT."

POLL-EVIL

,—in its first stage, is a tumefaction formed upon the poll of a horse immediately behind the ears, and is, in general, occasioned by a blow, bruise, or, perhaps, sometimes by the heavy weight and constant pressure of old harsh, stubborn harness-halters; as it is a kind of casual defect, or misfortune, with which only draught-horses are known to be much affected. Upon its discovery, when in an early state, repulsion may be attempted by mild restringents, as a few minutes patient fomentation with HOT VINEGAR and a sponge, followed by a slight application of CAMPHORATED SPIRITS; not evidently submitting to which at a third or fourth repetition, but continuing to increase, and display symptoms of impending maturation, those appearances must be immediately encouraged by proper means, and every attempt at repulsion instantly discontinued. Hot fomentations with gruel, immediately succeeded by emollient poultices of linseed powder, milk, and a small quantity of turpentine well incorporated; or bread, milk, and white lily root, bruised to a paste, and applied of a proper warmth, are the best modes of expediting suppuration; when which takes place, no small share of Veterinary knowledge, and professional punctuality, is requisite to obtain a sound and perfect cure.

POMONA

.—There have been three well-bred mares of this name: the first bred by Lord Clermont, foaled in 1769, got by Squirrel, dam by Young Cade, grand-dam by Rib, out of Grisewood's Lady Thigh. The second was bred by the late Duke of Cumberland, foaled in 1775, got by Herod, dam by Snap, grand-dam by Regulus. This mare was the dam of several runners, including Nina, Spear, Gardener, and Halbert. The third was bred by Mr. O'Kelly, foaled in 1783, got by Vertumnus out of Helen, (who was got by South,) the dam of Paris, Saturn, Lady Thigh, Troy, Golden Apple, &c.

POST MATCH

—is a term in RACING, where it is only necessary to insert the age of the HORSES in the Articles, and to run any horse of that age, without declaring what horse, till he appears at the post.

POT8OO'S

,—the name of a horse whose performances as a RACER, and progeny as a STALLION, will transmit his celebrity to succeeding generations in various directions: he was bred by the late Lord Abingdon, foaled in 1773, and got by Eclipse out of Sportsmistress, the dam of Lexicon, Jocundo, Roscius, Siddons, Peg Woffington, Sir Thomas, and Sulky. This horse was so named to gratify a little pique against the late Colonel O'Kelly, in allusion to the place of his nativity, ironically called the Land of Potatoes. Upon the turf he proved himself equal to any horse of his time: as a STALLION, few, if any, have stood in higher estimation. Exclusive of an infinity of annual winners, who have ran as COLTS and FILLIES for large stakes, but without a name, he is the SIRE of Parsley, Smack, Telescope, Turnip-top, Asparagus, Coriander, Flea, Misseltoe, Tiny, Alderman, Gumcistus, Cayenne, Chigwell, Golden Rod, Triptolemus, Cynthius, Druid, Emma, Guy, Lady, Lilliput, Polyanthus, Vesper, and Waxy. Aurora, Capsicum, Sister to Druid, Doricles, Edwin, Kidney, Mealy, Vixen, and Warwick. Doubtful, Faunus, Lambourn, Brother to Lilliput, Oliver, Molly Maybush, Rowland, Thereabouts, Golden Dab, and Yorkshire Bite. Dutchess of Limbs, Outcast, Schedoni, Trip-it, Dr. O'Liffey, Scrub, Snuff-box, Worthy, Champion, Crazy Jane, Canterbury, Lampedo, and Trifle.

PRECIPITATE

,—a horse of much recent celebrity, whose name was truly applicable to his descent. He was bred by Lord Egremont, foaled in 1787, got by Mercury, (a son of Eclipse,) dam by Herod, grand-dam (Maiden) by Matchem, out of Mr. Pratt's Old Squirt mare. In the first Spring Meeting at Newmarket 1790, when three years old, he won the first class of the Prince's Stakes of 100 guineas each, beating Thunderbolt, Chanticleer, and Sir Pepper; four having paid forfeit. In the same week he won the Bolton Stakes of 50 guineas each, beating Dragon, Chambooè, and Palafox; seven paying forfeit. Second Spring Meeting, he won the third class of the Prince's Stakes of 100 guineas each, beating Thunderbolt; seven paying forfeit. In the same week he received 100 guineas forfeit from Lord Grosvenor's Rhadamanthus. In 1792 he won 50l. at Guildford, beating Doge, Thunderbolt, Seringapatam, and Stout. The next day 50l. at the same place, beating Cardock and Griffin. The King's 100 guineas at Lewes, beating Skyscraper at three heats, the first being deemed a dead heat; after which he became a stallion in his Lordship's stud at 12 guineas a mare. He is the sire of Jonquille, Petworth, Matrannee, Rosalba, Chesnut Colt out of Bobtail, Chesnut Colt out of Rosemary, Humbug, Lazarus, Raginer, Apollo, Gulliver, Tag, Louisa, Tipstaff, and many others now in training.

PREVENTION

—is in itself a matter of so much magnitude, that it should ever be predominant in the mind of the sportsman and the man of pleasure. Prudence, PATIENCE, and PHILOSOPHY, when properly exerted, are frequently preventives to disease, mental mortification, trouble, expence, and consequent compunction. It is an established and incontrovertible maxim, that PREVENTION is preferable to CURE; under the influence of which impression (if properly attended to) a very great number of those occurrences, accidents, and dangerous diseases, which so constantly happen, might certainly be avoided; as, upon strict investigation, the far greater part may be found to originate in carelessness, neglect, indolence, or inhumanity. Riding or driving horses immoderate and unreasonable journies, without stopping upon the ROAD; riding hunters hardest in the DEEPEST ground, and taking very strong unnecessary leaps in the field; placing horses in a cold stable without immediate attention, when in a high state of perspiration; are amongst the many foundations of disease and disquietude which may be prevented, and are well worthy retention in the memory of those who wish to see their horses in health and good condition.

PRICKED

.—A horse is said to be pricked, when, in SHOEING, any one of the nails is accidentally or injudiciously driven too near the membranes with which the box of the hoof is lined: this may happen with the most expert operator by a sudden inversion of the point when in its seeming proper direction. A tenderness and halting is also very frequently occasioned by the nails passing close to, and pressing upon, the internal parts, which, by tight clinching, constitutes so great a compression, that pain (particularly in action) inevitably ensues; in which case instantly taking off the shoe, well oiling the hoof, replacing the shoe with more care and less force, will prove it a mere temporary inconvenience.

When a horse is suspected to be pricked, in consequence of going lame immediately after having been shod, and not before, it is then of course natural to conclude some injury has been sustained during the operation of shoeing, and that he does not go lame in consequence of any previous accident. Circumstances thus tending to justify the inference, a careful examination should be made without delay: the nails should be extracted singly in succession; and when the shoe is off, a proper degree of pressure should be made with the PINCERS, to ascertain the tender part. This done, it is too much the custom, particularly with the obstinate of the old school, to recur to their usual practice of devastation, by an immediate and immoderate definition of parts, under the plea of an "absolute necessity for going to the bottom," to prevent what most probably is by no means likely to ensue. If the particular nail is discovered by which the injury has been sustained, opening the spot of its insertion in a very trifling degree upon the surface, and pouring in a small quantity of Friar's Balsam, or compound Tincture of Myrrh, will in general allay the irritability, harden the punctured part, and subdue any tendency to inflammation: on the contrary, should any painful symptoms of impending maturation appear, emollient poultices, and warm digestives, should be applied to the bottom of the foot, to obtain a discharge from that part, that the formation of A QUITTOR may, if possible, be prevented.

PRICKET

.—The male produce of the BUCK and DOE (fallow deer) is so called at two years old, when he begins to put forth his head.

PRICKING

—is the unsportsmanlike act of tracking a HARE by the points of her feet, upon the paths and highways, when the hounds are at fault: it is a common practice, and can only be justified where hares are exceedingly scarce, and difficult to be found, with packs very small in number, or deficient in effect; but it is a custom too mean and degrading to be permitted with hounds of eminence, who must kill their game with a reputation untainted, or not kill at all.

PROBE

—is a silver instrument used by SURGEONS and VETERINARIANS, in sounding the depth of cavities, sinusses, fistulas, and wounds: they are, upon unexpected emergencies, so very frequently useful in the country-house, or remote residence of a sportsman, that it should never be without this, and some other trifling instruments of little expence; exclusive of lint, tow, ointments, tinctures, and a few other cordial and diuretic medicines, for which there is sometimes a sudden and unexpected occasion.

PULSE

.—In all dangerous and inflammatory diseases of horses, much information may be derived from the state of the PULSE; in addition to the observations to be made upon the difficulty of respiration, the heaving of the flank, the heat of the mouth, and the state of the eyes. It seems, by the nicest observations, that the pulsations in a healthy horse seldom exceed from forty to forty-five in a minute; exceeding which in any material degree, there is then reason to believe, inflammatory heat is predominant in the frame, and that fever is rapidly advancing in proportion to the increased velocity of the blood. Farriers in general, either from a want of attention, or want of judgment, are most culpably deficient in this part of their professional examination; upon a competent proficiency in which, must solely depend the CONSISTENCY, or impropriety, of repeated bleedings, in all cases of high and increasing inflammations, where REPETITIONS are absolutely indispensible for the preservation of life.

PURGING

—is an operation with horses, upon the propriety, consistency, danger, and utility of which, various opinions have been opposed to each other for half a century past; these, after the public experience of the last fourteen years, seem to have centered in an acknowledged preponderation of its occasional use; and that without its frequent salutary introduction, certain diseases are neither to be prevented or cured. The absolute necessity for sometimes PURGING, is not only now universally admitted, but the practice as generally adopted; the first step to a successful termination of which operation is, to adapt (by every possible degree of precaution) the strength of the physic to the size, state, and constitution of the HORSE, as well as an eye to the particular cause for which the purgation is become necessary. Proper attention paid to these leading circumstances, and due care observed during its process, no apprehensions of danger need be at all entertained.

It is necessary those who have not been accustomed to the management of horses under so serious an operation, should know, that, from the great length of the intestinal canal, a horse requires a considerable decree of cathartic stimulus to insure excremental expulsion. When the contents of the larger intestines are become indurated by long retention, little work, and a want of exercise, there is then a kind of constitutional tendency to constipation, when, of course, more disquietude or pain will be experienced by the subject, than when the body is in a more favourable and less costive state. The intestines (when extended) exceeding thirty yards in length, and laying compressed in a horizontal position within the frame, and in so small a compass, is the principal, and almost only, reason to be advanced, why the combination of purgative ingredients continue from eighteen to twenty-four hours in the frame, before the fæces are sufficiently softened for the operation to begin.

Exclusive of the various disorders to which horses are subject, requiring a course of physic upon their first appearance, or at their termination, (as may be collected from the works of those who have written professedly upon the subject,) there are many instances, in which PURGING may be very advantageously brought into use, as a critical PREVENTIVE to DISEASE, although there may, at the time, be but little external cause to believe such morbidity is impending. Horses constantly standing in a stable upon full and good keep, with but very little work, and short exercise, generate blood freely, and lose a very trifling proportion of the constantly accumulating contents of the frame, by either perspiration or evacuation. Thus then the vessels, as well as the carcase, become so evidently overloaded, that the whole labours under the rigidity of one universal distension; constituting a preternatural stricture upon the body and its extremities, by which the system of secretion and excretion is partially or universally affected, and the regular routine of the ANIMAL ŒCONOMY proportionally deranged. Under this concise, but explanatory, definition of repletion, and its effects, will be found the necessity for occasionally unloading the body by proper evacuants, and relieving the vessels from the unnatural stricture which reduces the elasticity of the solids, and retards or obstructs the easy circulation of their contents.

PURITY

—was a mare of distinguished celebrity originally, but rendered much more so, as the dam of the famous horse Rockingham, whose performances will be found under that head. Purity was bred by Mr. Pratt; foaled in 1774, and got by Matchem out of the old Squirt mare. She was the dam of Rockingham, Archibald, Fitzwilliam, and a filly by Highflyer; as well as others by Florizel, Magnet, Paymaster, and Saltram. Her dam (the old Squirt mare) produced many racers of the first class: Virgin, Miracle, Dido, Conundrum, Ranthos, Enigma, Riddle, Miss Tims, Pumpkin, Maiden, Rasselas, Purity, and three others; having continued to breed from 1755 to 1774; during which period of nineteen years, she produced the fifteen colts and fillies here described.

PURSIVENESS

—is a disorder, or degree of disease, with a difficulty of respiration, beyond the effect of a common cold and cough, but falling short of the malady denominated BROKEN WIND. Pursiveness in a horse bears no ill affinity to the asthmatic complaints of the human species. Although there have been refined distinctions adopted, and definitions attempted, between the symptoms of a cold and the disorder called pursiveness in a horse, yet one is very little more or less than an inveterate stage of the other. The blood having, from some particular cause, become sizey, has consequently passed through the finer vessels with a languor far inferior to the purposes of health; hence obstructions are first formed; and these continuing to increase, tubercles follow. The parts necessary to a free and easy respiration being thus affected, it becomes laborious and oppressive in a proportional degree with the increasing viscidity of the blood, and the length of time it has been permitted to continue in its progress without restraint. The finer vascular ramifications of the lungs being thus partially closed, imperfect respiration ensues; producing those whistling wheezings with which ASTHMATIC horses are observed to be distressed, particularly in brisk action, until it progressively terminates in broken wind, which it will inevitably do, unless the proper means of alleviation and cure are earnestly adopted. Frequent bleedings, pectoral detergents, intervening attenuants, and mercurial purging balls, (administered with patient and punctual perseverance,) are the only medical aids from which permanent relief must be expected, or can be obtained.

Q.

QUAILS

—are small birds, found, at certain seasons, in corn fields and stubbles, as well as in the standing crops of backward clover: they partake, in a certain degree, of the game species, as spaniels (that are well bred) instantly feather, and pointers gradually draw to a doubtful POINT, upon winding them, and STAND FIRM if near to the bird. Quails are considered birds of passage, as they are only to be seen in the centrical parts of the kingdom during the four warmest months of the year. They get up before the dog with great reluctance, running till almost weary before they rise. When upon wing, a very moderate shot will bring them down. In those counties where they are found in greater plenty than in some others, they are caught alive, by means of what is termed a QUAIL-CALL and NETS; and sometimes in such numbers, as to be seen at the shops of the London poulterers in cages exhibited for sale.

QUALIFICATION

—is both a sporting and parliamentary term for the privilege of killing game, in HUNTING, COURSING, SHOOTING, or by any mode which the qualified party may chuse to adopt; provided it is not repugnant to such other Acts as are still in force for the prevention of POACHING, and those nocturnal depredations by which the game is annually so daringly reduced. This qualification (or exemption from the penalties of former Acts during different reigns) till of very late years, consisted in the full and unrestrained possession of one hundred pounds per annum, issuing from FREEHOLD LAND, or estate, and producing that clear annual sum when every other expence was paid: or, the possession of a LEASEHOLD estate of one hundred and fifty pounds per annum, in right of self or wife, for the term of ninety-nine years, or any term beyond that period. In addition to which, it is enacted by an Act of the Legislature during the present reign of George the Third, That every person in Great Britain who shall use any dog, gun, net, or other engine, for the taking or destruction of GAME, shall take out an annual certificate, from the Clerk of the Peace for the county in which he resides, and shall pay for such certificate the sum of THREE POUNDS THREE SHILLINGS, with one shilling to the clerk for his trouble in making it out. See Game, and Game Laws.

QUALIFICATIONS

—appertain, in a particular degree, to the subject of RACING upon the TURF, and is used in a certain signification. Plates of 50l. are given at numerous places of sport, to be run for on certain conditions; some by COLTS and FILLIES of three years old; some four years old; others five and six; and, lastly, for HORSES of all AGES and QUALIFICATIONS. The precise meaning of which is, that a horse equal in AGE to one or more of his competitors, may be very superior in qualifications; in which case it becomes necessary and equitable to bring their abilities more upon an equality, by so encreasing the weight which one is to carry above the standard of the other, that there may be left very little probability of deciding upon the certainty of superiority in SPEED, when the impartial and judicious adjustment of weight is so properly fixed, as to leave an equal hope and expectation of winning the PRIZE for which they are to start. To render such mode the less liable to objection, it is mostly the custom to say in the advertisements, a winner of one plate in the present year to carry 3lb. the winner of two, 5lb. and of three, or more, 7lb. extra.

QUARTER (False.)

—The DEFECT so called in the hoof of a HORSE, is the renovated part of what has been by some accident previously destroyed; and this effort of nature being inadequate, in its regeneration, to the original formation, the quarter of the heel, in its growth, acquires a kind of spongy puffiness or elasticity, accompanied by a CLEFT or CRACK, which prevents a perfect and undivided union with that part of the hoof uninjured, constituting a tender weakness, as well as a permanent blemish, not to be obliterated during the life of the horse. Notwithstanding which, much depends upon the management during the time the original injury remains in its infant state. A wanton destruction of parts, by the too hasty and injudicious interposition of CAUSTICS and CUTTING KNIVES, frequently does more mischief in twelve hours, than Nature, with all her powerful endeavours, can repair in as many months. When by these, or other means, a false quarter cannot be avoided, it should be occasionally attended to during the progress of its growth: the uneven prominencies should, when becoming luxuriant and irregular, be kept down by gentle erasions with the RASP, and the surface, the cleft, and surrounding part, be plentifully moistened with FRIAR'S BALSAM, TINCTURE of MYRRH, or some such applicable substitute, as may give it a gradational hardening, and effectually reduce the irritability of the parts affected. To relieve the ill-effect of this inconvenience to a certain degree, a BAR-SHOE may be so carefully constructed, as to shield the tender and weaker part of the hoof from PRESSURE; and this can only be done by forming the shoe of such thickness, as to admit of its taking its bearing equally from the sound parts of the hoof, about an inch or two on each side the seat of injury, with strength sufficient to prevent a chance of its indentation upon the tender part intended to be protected.

QUARTERS

.—The fore and hind parts of a horse are frequently so called; for instance, such a horse is beautifully formed in his FORE QUARTERS, but he is exceedingly ill made behind; and some are well proportioned in the gascoins, the hip, the rump, and hocks, but are ill formed and low before. The FORE QUARTERS include the head, neck, breast, withers, and fore legs, to the girths; the HIND QUARTERS comprehend the hips, thighs, hams, hocks, and hind legs.

QUEST

.—Hounds (beagles or harriers) are said to QUEST, when they first give tongue after coming upon trail. Spaniels are said to quest also, when they give tongue in covert, upon coming up to the foot and scent of partridge, pheasant, hare, or cock.

OUICKSILVER

—is an article of almost incredible medical utility; a full and explanatory description of which will be found under the head Mercury.

QUITTOR

.—The serious injury so denominated, is, in its origin, a painful and inflammatory formation of matter (arising from various causes) at the precise junction of the HAIR with the upper part of the HOOF: this, from the peculiar construction of the parts, particularly if injudiciously conduced, soon degenerates into a virulent, ill-conditioned ULCER, dangerous in its progress, and uncertain in its termination. Treads, blows, and bruises, EXTERNALLY, and a lodgment of gravel, or other extraneous substance, having insinuated itself INTERNALLY, from the bottom of the foot, and working upwards, are principally the means by which such misfortune is too frequently and unluckily produced. The practice too prevalent with FARRIERS (newly termed veterinarians) is to proceed with all possible fire and fury to a speedy and unrelenting destruction of parts: the introduction of a large portion of CORROSIVE SUBLIMATE is adopted to "bring away the core;" or BLUE VITRIOL, reduced to powder, and mixed with the OIL also, is used for the same: these frequently proving the REMEDY to be worse than the DISEASE, the knife is called in aid, and, by daily use, (after the patience of the owner is nearly exhausted, and his purse equally operated upon with the horse,) the subject becomes calculated for little more or less than the COLLAR MAKER, to whom such patients are in general ultimately consigned: unless they fall into the hands of judicious practitioners; who, knowing the properties of medicine, and the useful interposition of art, can patiently condescend to complete with the SYRINGE, what the less qualified can never perform with the KNIFE.

QUITTOR-BONE

—is a protrusive enlargement upon some part of the CORONET of a HORSE, originating in a ligamentary distortion, fibrous rupture, or internal injury; which continuing to encrease in size to the utmost distention of the integument, it then gradually acquires a certain degree of callosity, and lastly, OSSIFICATION, from whence is derived its present denomination. Custom has established the alternatives of BLISTERING or FIRING, and they not unfrequently succeed each other. A little reflection will, however, determine whether it is not sometimes better

"To bear those ills we have,

"Than fly to others that we know not of."

R.

RABBIT

—is the well-known animal, bearing some similitude to the HARE in its formation, but no proportional excellence as a luxury for the table. Rabbits are of two kinds, the wild, and domestic; the latter of which are bred in hutches exceedingly tame, and in a sporting view lay claim to no consideration. The wild rabbits are much inferior in size, and many shades lighter in the colour of their fur, than the hare, to whom they have a natural and an invincible aversion; which, in fact, seems to be mutual, as they are but rarely found in the purlieus of each other. The rabbit, in its wild and uncultivated state, (not part of, or appertaining to a warren,) is thought of but very little intrinsic value, and is killed or taken as a matter of public right, by individuals of every class who happen to find them; not being included in the late acts of parliament for the PRESERVATION of the GAME; although they are mentioned as conies in some of the former records, which, though unrepealed, are seldom resorted to for legal information. Rabbits in a WARREN are supposed the most prolific and profitable animal of any that contributes to human subsistence: these warrens are common in many parts of the kingdom, but more particularly in Yorkshire, Lincolnshire, Norfolk, Suffolk, and Cambridgeshire, by the three last of which counties the Metropolis is supplied for its almost infinite consumption. The scent of a rabbit is exceedingly faint in comparison with the HARE, FOX, or FALLOW DEER; they, however, by jumping up suddenly, frequently lead hounds a little astray, but cannot stand long before them.

RABBITS propagate so rapidly, and increase so largely, in some parks and farms of a woodland country, that they become, by their numbers, exceedingly injurious, and an occasional reduction is found unavoidably necessary, as a matter of self defence; in which case RABBIT SHOOTING is found a most pleasant diversion. This is enjoyed with the assistance of a brace of spaniels, which being turned into the bushes and hedge-rows, are hardly ever without a rabbit on foot: but it must be a very quick and good shot to prove successful, as their short turns, and sudden twists, render them a very difficult mark to hit. Warreners, in some parts of the kingdom, are called warren farmers, whose premises are of very great extent, and the rent from three to four and five hundred pounds a year: the rabbits in these are so completely private property, that various Acts are still in force for their preservation, and the summary punishment of offenders (before a justice of peace) for any transgression against the statutes in such case made and provided.

RACE HORSE

—Is the kind of horse bred solely for the TURF, and whose blood must be properly authenticated to have descended in a STATE of PURITY from one generation to another, without the least contamination by any accidental or intentional cross whatever. Horses of this description are not entirely selected, as others in general are, by the make, shape, strength, and bone, but in a great degree by the estimation of the blood from which they have descended; and from which circumstance alone is derived their claim to the appellation of BLOOD HORSES, which they properly continue to retain, and are alone entitled to. We are furnished with the most indubitable assurances, that the Arabs are (if possible) more tenacious, precise, and correct, in the pedigree, or genealogical descent, of their superior and unmixed breed, than the sporting breeders of this country; and that the PEDIGREES of each peculiar and distinguished BLOOD has been for CENTURIES transmitted from generation to generation, with the same authenticated accuracy, as is now the regular practice with every racing stud in the kingdom. The emulative impulse of the English sportsman to attain perfection, most probably suggested the idea of introducing the celebrated BLOOD of Arabia, that judicious experimental crosses might be made with the best of our own.

The earliest instances upon record, were during, and subsequent to, the reign of King Charles the Second, who sent abroad his master of the horse to procure a selection of foreign HORSES and MARES for the establishment of a BREEDING STUD; and the mares then brought over (as well as many of their produce) have since been called ROYAL mares. The principal Arabians, Barbs, and Turks, by which the original breed of Britain is supposed in some respects to have been improved, are as follows. The White Turk was the property of Mr. Place, stud-master to Oliver Cromwell when Protector; he was the sire of Wormwood and Commoner. Dodsworth, though foaled in England, was a natural Barb, his dam having been imported when in foal during the reign of Charles the Second, and was called a royal mare. The Lister Turk was brought into England by the Duke of Berwick from the Siege of Buda, in the reign of James the Second, and was the sire of Snake, Brisk, Coneyskins, and Piping Peg. The Byerly Turk was Captain Byerly's charger in Ireland in King William's Wars; he was sire of Sprite, Black-Hearty, Archer, Basto, Grasshopper, the Byerly Gelding, and Jigg. Greyhound was got in Barbary, after which both sire and dam were purchased, and brought to England, by Mr. Marshall. He was the sire of Old Othello, Whitefoot, Osmyn, Rake, Samson, Goliah, Favourite, and Desdemona.

The D'Arcy White Turk was the sire of Old Hautboy, Grey Royal, and Cannon. The D'Arcy Yellow Turk was the sire of Spanker, Brimmer, and the great great grand-dam of Cartouch. The Marshall, or Sellaby Turk, was the property of Mr. Marshall's brother, stud-master to King William, Queen Anne, and King George the First; he was the sire of some famous runners, but most of them were mares. Curwen's Bay Barb, the Thoulouse Barb, Darley's Arabian, the Belgrade Turk, the Godolphin Arabian, and others, may be referred to under the head Barbs in the First Volume. After having crossed the blood in all possible directions, (as fancy prompted in one place, or prudent deliberation justified in another,) numerous experiments were made (and for large sums) in bringing the different crosses to the post in opposition to each other; when, after every possible refinement, and every judicious exertion, to ascertain the superiority of the Arabian blood, it was at length most clearly proved, that the more they bred in and in with the foreign horses and mares, the more they acquired speed for half a mile or a mile; but became gradually SLOWER, and longer upon the ground, the farther they had to run. This discovery having been made (and proved by various means to be correct) at the very moment of the great Duke of Cumberland's having brought the sport to nearly its present zenith of attraction and celebrity about the year 1760, the rage for Arabian extraction has been gradually upon the decline with the sporting aggregate from that period to the present time; unless with those who have bred more with a view to variation and novelty than SPEED for the TURF.

Races were formerly decided in much shorter distances than at present, and few colts or fillies were then ever brought to the post till four years old. Plates for three years old are now common at all places of sport from one extremity of the kingdom to the other; and matches with two years old COLTS and FILLIES, and even with yearlings, are seen constantly run at Newmarket; and is the very reason why so many of the most valuable are completely ruined, and all their faculties of superior speed destroyed, by the very time they attain the age at which their predecessors STARTED for the FIRST time. Few matches, sweepstakes, or plates, are now decided in a less distance than FOUR MILES, where the horses are five and six years old, as this is considered an unerring criterion of distinguishing between, or annexing BOTTOM to SPEED: many tolerable horses have taken the lead, and kept it for a mile, or even two, that have been nearly distanced in running the FOUR; and a chain of well-observed and corroborating circumstances it was of this kind, that brought the farther propagation of Arabian blood in this country into disrepute. Whether such change may not have been occasioned by private prejudice transformed to public report, may be admitted a doubt; because it is universally known, some, indeed very many, of the fleetest horses this country ever produced, have been the immediate descendants from some of the Arabians before recited.

Flying Childers is said (as stories never lose by transmission) to have ran a mile in a minute: most probably, and most truly, he ran "one third of a mile, at the rate of a MILE in a MINUTE:" it is admitted, he ran, with nine stone two pounds upon his back, FOUR MILES in six minutes and forty-eight seconds; and this horse was undoubtedly got by, and the immediate descendant of, Darley's Arabian. Firetail and Pumpkin ran a mile in a minute and a half; and each of their pedigrees run in a double and treble degree into the best Arabian blood in only two generations. Bay Malton ran four miles over York (in the year 1763) in seven minutes, forty-three seconds and a half; and his blood was in and in from the Godolphin Arabian, and two Barbs in parallel directions. Eclipse ran the four miles over York, carrying twelve stone, in eight minutes, without going at his rate; and his pedigree goes directly on the side of the DAM to Regulus, who was got by the Godolphin Arabian; and through his sire Marsk to Squirt, who was got by Bartlet's Childers; from which chain of authenticated facts, it should incontrovertibly appear to every mind of impartiality, that the breed of blood horses in England has been very much improved by the judicious crosses so successfully introduced. The pedigrees of all thorough bred horses have been so long and so justly recorded, that Mr. Weatherby has given in his Stud Book, the accurate origin of above FOUR THOUSAND horses, mares, colts, and fillies, the produce of the last sixty years only, (exclusive of numbers of an earlier date,) and in which may be traced the precise pedigree of every particular horse, up to the origin of any race or blood upon record.

RACING

,—in its most common and comprehensive signification, might be supposed to imply racing in general between either MEN or HORSES; it is, however, in fashionable acceptation, applied principally to the latter, which is a most noble, exhilarating and fascinating enjoyment, to all classes of people, in all parts of the kingdom, during the summer season, when every other field sport is buried in a temporary oblivion, and every species of GAME, HOUNDS, and HUNTERS, are legally at REST. Racing, in itself, is a harmless privileged pleasure, so immediately congenial to the disposition of the people of this country, that each revolving year seems to produce its increasing attraction. From the great alacrity with which it is followed, the rapture with which it is enjoyed, and the genial season at which it takes place, it should seem to have been instituted under the peculiar dispensation of Providence; where the annual meeting of old and long-parted friends, in every distinct district in succession, "makes the heart glad;" and where MIRTH seems to have taken possession of every face, from the PRINCE to the peasant, who one and all dispel sorrow, and set care at defiance. In full confirmation of this unexaggerated representation, a SUBSCRIPTION is locally raised in various CITIES, TOWNS, and districts, amongst the NOBILITY, GENTRY, and independent inhabitants, to constitute and encourage so rational and happy a scene, in which the poor industrious rustic may innocently partake, and cheerfully enjoy one day of rest from his labour.

The money thus collected (by a person who is previously appointed Clerk of the Course) is then delivered into the hands of NOBLEMEN or GENTLEMEN resident in the neighbourhood, who generally feel themselves honoured by the solicitation of the subscribers to undertake the office of STEWARDS, and who exert every degree of personal influence to encourage and promote a kind of jubilee, in which the happiness of every heart, and the pleasing reflection of every mind, is absolutely absorbed for a circumference of many miles. The RACING FUND having reached its utmost point of accumulation, is divided into purses (called PLATES) of FIFTY POUNDS each, and announced for horses of different ages and qualifications, in the provincial newspaper of the particular district in which the plates are given; as well as in "The Racing Calendar," where all such advertisements appear. Various particulars respecting the minutiæ of RACING will be found under the different heads of Horse Racing, Jockey Club, King's Plate, Newmarket, Training, and Turf; it being impracticable to bring so great a variety of distinct combined, and complicated matter, into any one single point of view.

RACK

.—The railed convenience constructed above the MANGER in a stable for the reception of the HAY is so called. It should be so formed, as to have alternate openings at the bottom, for the dust and seeds to pass through: and although it is become a practice exceedingly prevalent, to have the rack on one side, instead of the center of the stall, there is no good or rational plea can be advanced in justification of such innovation: on the contrary, it compulsively accustoms the horse to stand with his hind-quarters mostly on one side of the stall, by which his bedding is constantly and inevitably deranged almost as soon as it is set fair.

RAILS LAND

,—are birds of passage, of a simply beautiful variegated plumage, in size about midway between a whole snipe and a PARTRIDGE, partaking, in an equal degree of formation, between both, in respect to the shape of the body, head, and beak, which are in a direct line of mediocrity between the two. They are found singly in different parts of England (but very thinly scattered) in the months of July, August, and September, in the standing CORN and CLOVER, but principally in the latter, where, when found, they are prejudicial to pointers, by their incessantly running, while the dog continues drawing (in a kind of walking pursuit) till patience being quite exhausted, the dog is induced to play the SPANIEL, and make a springing effort before they can be forced to take wing; when once upon which, it must be a very indifferent shot who does not bring them down. Though a very scarce bird in the centrical parts of the kingdom, (being much more plentiful in counties upon the coast,) they are exceedingly numerous in Ireland, and particularly near the capital; there they are called CORN-CREAKS, found in every standing grass-field during the months of May and June, where corn-creak shooting is in almost equal practice with PARTRIDGE or SNIPE shooting in this country.

RAKING

—is the old and ridiculous (or rather unnatural) custom of oiling the hand, and introducing it at the SPHINCTER of the ANUS, to extract the indurated dung, when the horse labours under severe inflammatory cholic, arising from previous constipation. The only reason adduced to justify the practice is, its being one means of obtaining immediate relief; and if that relief could be readily obtained to a certainty, the adoption could not with propriety be so totally condemned. The fact is, that this custom, like many others in the old code of VETERINARY LAW, is only a powerful shield for the protection of indolence; for one glyster would do more in liquifying and bringing away the hardened fæces, than back-raking (as it is called) would effect in an hour: but one makes the show of business, which is what the lower class of SMITHS and FARRIERS prefer in general, to the most useful and expeditious execution.

RANGER

.—This is an office of trust, appertaining to the LAWS of a FOREST, where there are generally two, as principal and deputy ranger; to the latter of whom the executive department more materially extends: it is his peculiar province to take occasional cognizance of all matters within the limits (or what are termed purlieus) of the forest, and to make presentation of all offences and offenders at the proper courts when held. This is also an office of honor, greatly superior to KEEPERS, BAILIFFS, and other subordinates.

RATTLING in the Head

.—When a horse is heard to rattle in the head, it denotes obstructions, and affords ample proof that a cold has been recently caught, or the glandular secretions impeded. Such rattlings being loud and frequent, (or rather incessant,) with large indurated tumefactions underneath the jaw, accompanied by a slimy, viscid, fœtid, discoloured discharge from the nostrils, danger should be instantly guarded against, as Farcy or Glanders will most probably ensue.

RAT-TAIL

.—A horse having a long dock, and little or no hair upon it, is said to be rat-tailed. There are not wanting a certain description of sporting speculators, who go a little farther in their definition, adding, most sapiently, that "a rat-tail horse is always a good one."

RAT-TAILS

—is a disgusting kind of defect, or disease, which is seldom known to affect any horses, but those of a coarse and gummy constitution: to this internal grossness, and omission in not properly cleansing within, as well as the effect of filth and nastiness without, may be attributed the origin and progress of this very unsightly and vexatious disorder. Rat-tails are parallel lines, running longitudinally from just below the hock, on the outside, to the pastern joint, bearing no dissimilar appearance to the tail of the animal just mentioned, from whence the name is derived. From the acrimonious ichor by which they are fed, the parts become excoriated, and bear a different complexion, according to their recent and more advanced state. Various and variegated are the remedies prescribed for their obliteration, of which numbers are without judgment, and probably as many without thought. The expeditious cure depends in no small degree upon the virulence it has acquired by the length of its duration. Frequent fomentations of warm gelatinous gruel, with a soft sponge, to soften the regidity of the scabby surface, seems the most rational mode that can possibly be adopted: this ceremony may be followed when the parts are completely dry, with a plentiful impregnation of strong mercurial ointment, repeated as often as the mild or inveterate state of the case may render necessary: gently detergent repellants, or slightly corroding stimulants, may be required, if the disorder is of long standing; at any rate, internal correctors should go hand in hand with external applications.

REARING

—is the most dangerous vice of all a restive horse retains in the catalogue of his untoward qualifications: it is generally termed REARING an END, and when carried to the extreme, is hazardous beyond description; as it is hardly possible for the best horseman existing to keep his seat, when a horse repeatedly assumes that unnatural position. Recent instances have occurred directly opposite in their consequences; one in which the RIDER was killed; in the other, the horse. In such an alarming and critical predicament, the most probable means of safety is, to gradually loosen the reins, and, by bearing the weight of the body close to the neck of the horse, endeavour to accelerate his preponderation.

RECHASING

—is a sporting term, but little known, and never used, except in the official language of a forest and its environs. Rechasing is the discovery and driving home of outlying deer, and other beasts, to the district from whence they had strayed.

RECHEAT

—is a recall of the hounds with the horn.

REGULUS

,—the name of a horse whose performances upon the turf, and celebrity as a STALLION, were never exceeded in this kingdom. He was bred by Lord Chedworth, and foaled in 1739. He was got by the Godolphin Arabian; his dam by the Bald Galloway, grand-dam by Snake, out of Old Wilkes, a daughter of Old Hautboy. Regulus won seven ROYAL plates in one year, and never was beat. He afterwards covered in the north, and was the sire of Adolphus, Trajan, the dam of Eclipse, the grand-dam of Highflyer, and many other capital horses and mares; through whose veins his blood has been transmitted in direct and oblique lines to every stud of eminence in the kingdom. Since which there have been three of the same name in succession. The first bred by Mr. Basset, foaled in 1750, got by Regulus, dam by Whitefoot, grand-dam by Hip. The second bred by Mr. Salt, foaled in 1764, got by Regulus, dam by Regulus, (bred in and in,) grand-dam by Partner. The last was foaled in 1788, got by Young Morwick, dam by Turk, grand-dam by Young Cade.

REINS

—are the parts of a bridle which are affixed to the eyes of the bit, or bits, on each side a horse's mouth, pass up the horse's neck, and are united at the reverse end, where the junction of both are held in the hand of the rider. A snaffle-bridle, and a hard-and-sharp, have each of them two reins; a Pelham and a Weymouth have each four.

REINS

.—The reins of a horse are the parts where the kidnies are seated; and the word is generally used in a synonymous sense with loins. When a disorder arises, or a defect is observed, in these parts, it may be supposed to have originated in some short and sudden turn in a narrow stall; carrying too heavy a weight, or drawing too large a load. Whenever such injury is sustained, a difficulty of staling, partial dribblings, or the urine very high-coloured, and tinged with blood, will soon point out the seat of the complaint.

REINS Pillar

.—Those affixed to the centrical pillars of a RIDING SCHOOL are so called; as are those likewise, by which the horse is kept confined ready for his rider, when saddled, bridled, and turned round in his stall.

RELAY

.—A relay of HORSES is a supply of fresh ones fixed at some particular spot, to exchange either upon a journey, or during the chase. A relay of HOUNDS more particularly applies to hunting excursions, where a part of the pack is alternately detached to a certain place of destination, that, by a relay of both HORSES and HOUNDS, the sport may be continued daily, without intermission, during the week.

REPOSITORIES

—are placed in the metropolis, where horses are received for PUBLIC or PRIVATE sale, and where they are regularly bought and sold by AUCTION, on certain days in every week. This is an accommodation of so much convenience and utility to those who have occasion either to BUY or to SELL suddenly, that the succession of horses is incessant, and the PROPRIETORS never feel a want of public patronage. The three long-established repositories are Tattersal's, near Hyde Park Corner; Aldridge's, in St. Martin's Lane; and Langhorn's, (called the City Repository,) in Barbican. The days of sale at the first are Mondays and Thursdays; at the second, on Wednesdays; and at the latter, on Fridays. Tattersal's is the principal receptacle for horses in high estimation, as running horses, stallions, brood mares, hunters, and the superior kind of hacknies. Carriages and HARNESS may be deposited here for sale by auction, or private contract; as may also HOUNDS, POINTERS, SPANIELS, GREYHOUNDS, or any sporting stock whatever.

Aldridge's was the original as a repository, and the first institution of the kind in the kingdom. It was opened upon speculation by a Mr. Beaver, in which he acquired fame and fortune. This is principally appropriated to the sale of hunters, light carriage horses, famous trotters, sporting-like hacknies, and others of every description; from which universality of accommodation (notwithstanding the great extent of the premises) there is but very seldom a single stall to spare. The sales at Langhorn's principally consist of stage-coach, waggon and cart horses, hacks, and occasionally government horses of the dismounted cavalry.

These repositories are conducted upon principles of the most unsullied integrity by the present proprietors; and under fixed regulations, which admit of no opening for cavil or discontent. Horses sent in for SALE are immediately BOOKED, with the instructions of the owner; whether he is to be sold to the best bidder, or a specific sum mentioned, at less than which he is not to be disposed of. The expences are as follow; a certain price per day and night, as long as he is continued there. If brought out, and put up at the hammer, and not sold, half a crown. If sold, the commission for selling is five per cent. in addition to the auction duty of ten-pence in every POUND; but if sold by private contract, either before or after the PUBLIC AUCTION, no duty to government is payable whatever.

Other rules attach invariably to each establishment. Horses may be sold with or without a WARRANTY, at the option of the owner. If sold bona fide to the BEST BIDDER, and no declaration made, or questions asked, respecting SOUNDNESS, he is then said to be sold with all his faults; which the purchaser must abide by, and has no plea for return, however he may repent the purchase he has made. On the contrary, when the horse is sold at the hammer, and warranted sound, under the authority of, and by commission from, the owner, although the purchase-money is deposited when the horse is taken away, yet the purchaser has that and the following clear day to ascertain the perfect, sound and healthy state of the horse so purchased, when during which time so allotted him, if he returns the horse or mare, with proper and indisputable proof of palpable lameness or defect, the purchase-money is of course returned, and such horse or mare again becomes the property of the former owner: and for the regular support of this equitable and necessary part of the establishment, no person selling such horse at either of the repositories, can demand the money in payment till two clear days from the day of sale. Instances sometimes arise, where the owner of a horse sold with a WARRANTY, has refused to accede to the return of the purchase-money, upon a plea of justification, that such horse or mare was positively SOUND when sold. In cases of this kind, the proprietor of the repository retains the money in hand; an action is commenced against him by the purchaser of the horse returned, (for the money so paid, and which he cannot get back,) upon being indemnified by the original owner; he becomes the NOMINAL DEFENDANT, and the case goes before a JURY, to be decided by the glorious uncertainty of the law; as in all HORSE CAUSES, the witnesses are so critically conscientious, that there are generally as many OATHS on one side as the other.

RESTIVE

.—A horse is said to be RESTIVE, not merely because he is obstinate and untractable, but because there is a tendency to vice; or he is constitutionally inclined to add mischief to ill-temper. Horses of this disposition are sometimes incorrigible, and are never broken of so dangerous and (frequently) destructive a quality. When young horses first begin to display appearances of RESTIVENESS, in not passing particular objects or places, turning round, running back, or rearing an end, lenient means, and gentle patient methods, are certainly the best and most proper expedients, by which alone many are brought to immediate subjection. On the contrary, a too hasty, violent and imprudent proceeding, has often made that a lasting and invincible, which would only have proved a trifling and temporary inconvenience. Should all gentle and persuasive means fail of the desired effect, and no signs of obedience be produced, more powerful measures should be had recourse to, till the point of victory can be obtained; but they should on no consideration whatever, be tinctured with CRUELTY or INHUMANITY, for they are almost invariably productive of an inveterate spirit of opposition to restraint, which can never be subdued.

RETAIN

—is a term applicable only to the act of propagation between a HORSE and MARE: when the mare is stinted, and will receive the horse no more, she is then said to retain, (the masculine semen,) and considered safe in respect to conception, and the future production of a foal.

RHEUMATISM

.—That horses are afflicted with pains similar to those of the human species, is long since established beyond all power of controversy and contradiction. Dr. Darwin fixes its seat in the tendinous coats of the muscles, and attributes the pain to inspissated mucus left upon their surface; acting in the motion of the limbs as some extraneous substance, exciting extreme irritability and symptomatic inflammation. Horses are not only constantly liable to, but frequently attacked with, this disorder, which is more or less violent in different subjects, according to the state they happen to be in at the time of attack; and in some degree the cause by which it was occasioned. Professional judgment, deliberate examination, and nice discrimination, are all truly necessary to distinguish and decide upon this disorder. It is no uncommon thing for hasty and rash practitioners to look at such cases superficially, to embrocate, blister, and even fire, horses for a LAMENESS, when the cause of such defect has originated in the local pain described. Some horses are so much and so severely affected, as to be almost or quite unable to move, unless forced from their position; others, after standing in their stalls for two or three days, will suddenly fall, as if totally exhausted, and lay in extreme pain, with their legs extended to the utmost, take their food as they lay, and never attempt to rise, till compelled so to do by force and powerful assistance; in which state some horses remain for a month or six weeks before they are perfectly relieved, when they become repossessed of all their faculties, and are never known to experience a relapse. Repeated bleedings, strong spirituous stimulative embrocations, great and constant frictions, (after hot aromatic fomentations,) upon the parts affected, covering the extremities with flannel rollers, and giving cordial invigorants internally twice a day, are the only rational and scientific means of obtaining certain and expeditious alleviation and cure.

RIBS

.—The ribs of a horse are too well known to require description; it being only applicable to observe, that the conformation of the carcase in a material degree constitutes one feature of the complexion requisite to the standard of beauty. A horse should have a round barrel (or body) to be handsome; if he is flat in the ribs, he is then said to be flat carcased, is generally tucked up, high in the hip-bones, hollow in the flank, and commonly a bad feeder, particularly after a little hard work, which prevents his being held very high in estimation.

RIDGES

.—The transverse wrinkles (or bars) across the roof of a horse's mouth are so called. In all matters of emergency, accidents, or sudden indisposition, when a farrier cannot be expeditiously obtained, or a fleam procured, an incision across the fourth or fifth ridge with even a common penknife, will always prove a very convenient extemporaneous substitute for a more plentiful evacuation.

RIDING-SCHOOL

—is a convenient receptacle, with every accommodation for riding in the winter season, and where the young of both sexes are taught to ride by proper masters. Of these there are many in the Metropolis of much celebrity; among the most eminent are Captain Carter's, near Grosvernor Square; Mr. Cowling's, Moorfields; Mr. Jones's, Royal Circus; Mr. Astley's Amphitheatre, Westminster Bridge; Mr. Hall's, Piccadilly; and Mr. Davis's, in Edgware Road; at most of which horses are completely broke and bitted for purposes of every denomination.

RIG

.—A horse is so called upon whom the operation of CASTRATION has been ill performed; by leaving one of the TESTES, or so much of the EPIDIDYMIS, behind, as enables him to become exceedingly teazing and troublesome to mares, either in the field or stable. There have been instances of COLTS having been cut by ignorant and illiterate operators, who, by letting one of the testes recede during the process, it has remained, and the horse then retains the power of propagating; many such having been known to get FOALS.

RING-BONE

—is an ossified enlargement upon the pastern, originating in a ligamentary twist, and consequent protrusion, at the junction of the pastern with the coronary-bone; it forms a callous substance soon after the injury, and ossifies in a very short time. Some horses do moderate work without much seeming inconvenience; others become lame, and frequently continue so, in opposition to every endeavour at alleviation or cure. A ring-bone seldom submits to either the strongest REPELLENTS, SOLVENTS, or BLISTERING. The best method to avoid disappointment in waiting the effect of either, is to FIRE the part in the form of a star, so soon as the protrusion (or prominence) is at first perceived.

ROAN

.—A horse is called a roan in colour, when his coat seems to be formed of the mixed combination of sorrel and white hairs in nearly an equal proportion. Horses of this description are, in general, of no great attraction, although they may prove equal in execution with others of every colour: the prevalence of opinion, however, is, that they are weaker in constitution, less likely to work, and more subject to disease.

ROCKINGHAM

.—This horse, now in so much estimation as a STALLION, proved himself, by his performances, to be one of the best bred and best bottomed of any this kingdom ever produced. He was bred in the north, by Mr. Pratt, foaled in 1781; and got by Highflyer, out of Purity, who was got by Matchem, out of Mr. Pratt's old Squirt mare. In 1784, when three years old, he won a sweepstakes at Nottingham of 50 guineas each, 3 subscribers. In 1785, when Mr. Wentworth's, he won a match for 500 guineas over the Beacon Course at Newmarket. The same meeting he won the Jockey Club Plate, beating five others: he also beat his Royal Highness the Prince of Wales's Hardwicke, 9 stone each, over the Beacon, 300 guineas. He was then purchased by the Prince, and beat Clay-hall Marsk, a match, Beacon Course, for 500 guineas, giving him 5 lb. in weight. In 1786, he won a 50l. Plate at Newmarket, beating Delpini, Clay-hall, and George. He won the subscription of 50 guineas each, (6 subscribers,) at Ascot Heath, and a 50l. Plate. At the sale of his Royal Highness's stud he was bought by Mr. Bullock. He then won the King's Hundred at Litchfield; 70 guineas at Newmarket, and 60 guineas also; beating four others; as well as 70 guineas, beating the well known Drone, and several others. In 1787, he won 525 guineas, (the great subscription of 50 guineas each, half forfeit,) beating Fox, Delpini, Marplot, Drone, Oberon, and Pilot; receiving forfeit from Mr. O'Kelly's Dungannon, and six others. He also won a 50l. the King's two Plates; the renewed 140 guineas, 70 guineas, 60 guineas, and 70 guineas, all at Newmarket; the King's Plate at Guildford, the King's Plate at Winchester, the King's Plate at Nottingham, the King's Plate and the Town Plate at York.

In 1788, he was purchased of Mr. Bullock by Lord Barrymore for 2500 guineas; after which he won the King's Plate at Newmarket; the Jockey Club Plate; and a match against Sir G. Armytage's Stargazer, giving her 8 lb. Beacon Course, for 300 guineas, and beat her half a mile; rode by Lord Barrymore, which was the last time he started. He was then announced as a STALLION, to cover at Bennington, near Stevenage, Herts. at 10 guineas a mare, and 1 guinea the groom. So anxious were the SPORTING WORLD to try his PRODUCE, that, in 1792, Mr. Panton's Coddy Moddy, by Rockingham, out of Seagul's dam, and Mr. Fox's Filly, by Rockingham, out of Emily, each won 100 guineas at Newmarket, being then only two years old. In 1793 was brought to the post, Patriot, (Mr. Panton's,) who won 100 guineas, 100 guineas, and 105 guineas, at Newmarket. Portland, (Mr. Hammond's,) who won 100 guineas, and 100 guineas, at Newmarket, and 100 guineas at Doncaster; and Young Rockingham, (Mr. Denton's,) who won 50l. at Peterborough, 50l. at Reading, and 50l. at Egham. In 1794, Lord Grosvenor's Bay Colt, who won 1400 guineas at Newmarket. Bennington, (Mr. Wilson's,) who won 50 guineas, 100 guineas, 300 guineas, 600 guineas, and 100 guineas, at Newmarket. Brother Red Cap, (Mr. Bullock's,) 50l. at Chelmsford, and 100 guineas at Newmarket. Miss Pumpkin, 50 guineas at Newmarket. Mother Red Cap, 50l. at Winchester, 22 guineas at Cirencester, and 50l. at Worcester. Owen Tudor, the silver cup, and 20 guineas, at Bath, 50l. at Bridgnorth, and 50 guineas at Epsom. This year Patriot won seven Plates and sweepstakes, at Stamford, Grantham, Nottingham, Lincoln, and Doncaster.

In 1795 was produced of his get, Arabella, (Mr. Cosen's,) who won 50 guineas at Newmarket, and 50l. at Shrewsbury. Lord Grosvenor's Bay Colt of last year won 700 guineas at Newmarket, and 50l. at Huntingdon. Bennington won the second class of the Oatlands at Newmarket, 50 guineas each, 19 subscribers. Brother Red Cap, 40 guineas at Bath, and 50l. at Epsom. Euphrasia, 100 guineas at Bath, and 50l. at Newcastle. Patriot, two fifties at Newmarket, and 180 guineas at Nantwich. Portland, 50 guineas at Newmarket. Susannah, 50l. at Derby, and 50l. at Penrith. In 1796, Arabella won 100 guineas at Newmarket, and 50l. at Newcastle. Patriot, 100 guineas, and 100 guineas, at Chester, 50l. at Nottingham, and 50l. at Warwick. Susannah, the Queen's Plate of 100 guineas at Chelmsford, and two fifties at Reading. In 1797, Bennington won a 50l. and the first class of the July and October Oatlands, at Newmarket, beating Viret, Wrangler, Parrot, Hornpipe, Plumette, Rattle, William, Sober Robin, Cymbeline, Letitia, and Rosolio. Patriot won 50l. at Nottingham, 50l. at Warwick, and 50l. at Boroughbridge. In 1798, Bennington won 50 guineas, and 50 guineas, at Newmarket, 50l. at Brighton, and 50l. at Lewes. Patriot won 50l. at York. In 1799, Bellina (Lord Grosvenor's) won the Oaks Stakes of 50 guineas each at Epsom, 24 subscribers, and 50l. at Stockbridge. Logie O'Buchan (Mr. Lonsdale's) won 50l. and 80l. at Manchester, two fifties at Morpeth, and 50l. at Carlisle. In 1800, Mr. Bettison's Brown Colt won 50l. at Derby, and 50l. at Northampton. Kill Devil, (Mr. Hemming's,) only three years old, won ten prizes; 75 guineas at Bridgnorth, 50l. at Nantwich, 100 guineas, and two fifties, at Haverfordwest, two fifties at Hereford, 30 guineas and 50l. at Shrewsbury, and 50l. at Newmarket. Logie O'Buchan won the King's Plate at Edinburgh, two fifties at Montrose, and 50l. at Air. Statesman (now Sacripant) (Mr. White's) won 50l. at Newmarket, 50l. at Epsom, and 50l. at Worcester. In addition to which, there are many other good runners, who have won a considerable number of prizes.

ROUSE

,—a term in STAG HUNTING: when an out-lying deer is found by the hounds in covert, he is said to be ROUSED. When a deer is carted, and carried to any particular spot for sport, and there liberated, he is then said to be TURNED OUT. For instance, we draw the COVERTS, and ROUSE a deer. We try for and unkennel a FOX; or we take trail, and START A HARE.

ROWEL

.—The small circular star, with sharp points, moving upon a pivot at the heel of the spur, is so called, and which the horse, in breaking, is taught to obey.

ROWEL in a Horse

,—is a well-known operation, resorted to upon every possible occasion by common farriers, as "a salve for every SORE;" where they have neither judgment to guide or discretion to direct them. It is performed by making an incision through the skin, large enough to admit the point of a finger, which is then insinuated all round the orifice between the skin and the flesh, as far as the extent of the finger can conveniently reach. A thin round piece of leather being previously provided, about the size of a crown-piece, having a large hole in the middle, is covered over with a thin pledget of fine tow, nicely bound round the marginal part; but the hole in the centre is left open: it is then dipped into a melted composition of digestive ointment, and a moderate proportion of turpentine, and is insinuated into the wound. The operation being thus completed, the inflammation soon commences, and swelling ensues; this is followed at first by a discharge of yellowish serum or lymph, which in three or four days is converted into a thick substantial white matter, when the rowel is said to work.

Rowelling has ever been a favourite adoption with farriers of the old school, although very few have ever been known able to give a scientific and satisfactory explanation of its effects. It is said by them "to draw off the humours;" and others are so truly and obstinately illiterate, as to affirm, that "rowels draw off the corrupt and bad blood, leaving the good behind." In confirmation of which opinion, they introduce them in almost every case that can possibly occur, and with almost every horse, without exception. It was allowed by Bracken, "they might be proper in all aches and pains, cold phlegmatic swellings, and sometimes lameness and infirmities of the legs; that they might also give relief where there is a fulness and redundancy of humours, and in defluxions from the eyes." Immediately upon which he admits, what is most truly and scientifically the fact, "that the horse might as well, nay better, lose as much BLOOD every day, as he does matter by the ROWELL." This is so strictly consonant to truth, that it cannot be controverted: the discharge is equally blood, with what at the time flows in the veins; but it is diverted of its colour by the inflammation artificially excited, and its extravasation.

RULES in Buying

—will be found very largely explained under the head, Horse.

RUNNING HORSES

.—See Horse Racing, Newmarket, Jockey Club, King's Plate, and Racing.

RUNNING THRUSH

.—The defect so called, is a varicous state of the centrical cleft of the frog, from whence oozes a fœtid corrosive ichor, which continues to putrify and destroy the whole, in proportion to the length of time it is neglected. In many instances, where the frog seems hard and sound upon the surface, the confined acrid cause is corroding underneath, and frequently breaks out on either side; when which is the case, the hard and horny part must be superficially removed, so that the proper applications may come into immediate contact with the parts below: for so long as the diseased and disunited parts remain at top, so long is there harbour for the insinuation and retention of gravel, dirt, sand, or any other extraneous substance; and while this is permitted to continue, a regeneration of the parts destroyed cannot be expected. The leading steps to cure, are to keep the diseased frog remarkably clean, by washings with warm water and a sponge, after each time of the horse's being used, or taken to exercise. When dry, equal proportions of TINCTURE of MYRRH and FRIAR'S BALSAM (previously incorporated) should be poured upon the part, so as to admit of its reaching equally every remote interstice where the corroding cause may have penetrated; this will obtund the acrimonious property of the morbid ichor, and promote a speedy restoration of whatever may have been destroyed. Solutions of Roman vitriol, and other escharotics, are favourite applications with the lower orders; who either do not know, or will not give themselves time to consider, that their invariable effect is to contract the parts to such a degree of internal rigidity, and external horny hardness, that the frog is absolutely annihilated, the bars of the foot destroyed, the heel narrowed; the bottom of the hoof, when held up, has much the resemblance of a vacuum, of burnt appearance, as if the contents had been intentionally scooped out by gradational degrees of cauterization.

RUT

.—The DEER of both descriptions (red and fallow) are said to go to RUT, at the particular season of VENERY and COPULATION.

RUTTING TIME

—commences the latter end of August, and continues to the first and second week in October; during which both the STAG and BUCK assume a degree of courageous boldness in approaching man, that they never display at any other time of the year. At this season their necks swell; they range from one place to another incessantly, in seeming search of some object to attack; the voice of the stag is loud and alarming, to those who have not been accustomed to hear it. When opposed, they are so exceedingly strong and ferocious, that no common force can stand against them: they attack an individual in RUTTING TIME with a certainty of success. Some few years since, the LOCKSMITH who inspected the gate locks of Windsor Great Park weekly, was pursued by a stag, and when within a few yards of him, most luckily escaped by climbing a small tree, where he was kept in jeopardy near twenty-four hours, till the next day the stag made a retreat upon the accidental approach of the keepers. A short time after which, a girl, about fourteen years of age, passing through Hackwood Park, near Basingstoke, in Hampshire, (and having on a red cloak,) was attacked by one, the oldest inhabitant of the district, who literally not only perforated her body with his ANTLERS in almost every part, but extended his fury so much to her apparel, that the melancholy spot was covered with rags; and the corpse so maimed and disfigured, that it retained but little of the appearance of a human frame.

S.

SADDLE

—is the well-known mechanical construction formed for the mutual accommodation and safety of both the HORSE and the RIDER. Although historical records prove them to have been in use with the ancients, there is no demonstrative reason to believe they were established in England till the reign of Henry the Seventh, when they were adopted under a compulsory law, that the nobility should not ride without them. Saddles are of different sorts, according to the distinct services for which they are designed; and, in fact, are so universally known, not only in the aggregate, but in all their component parts, that any elucidation upon so common a subject; must be evidently superfluous and unnecessary.

SADDLE-BACKED

.—A horse is so termed, when the RUMP-BONE rises so high behind, in conformity with the WITHERS before, that a hollow (or rather a complete curve) is formed in the middle, as a natural receptacle for the Saddle. Horses of this description are mostly, in action, easy and pleasant to the rider; but they are invariably weaker in the loins than those of an opposite description.

SADDLE-GALLED

.—This is an injury frequently sustained by horses either in the FIELD with HOUNDS, or in JOURNIES upon the ROAD; and can only happen by the inattention, neglect, or penury, of the OWNER, in not affording occasional precaution and inspection to the state of the pad, as well as to the first and safe FITTING of the SADDLE. It cannot but be known to the most superficial observer, that the padding of every saddle becomes progressively harder, in proportion to the perspirative matter it absorbs; and, in direct proportion with the hardness it acquires, the greater is the chance of its being injurious to the parts with which it comes into constant contact, and with a burning heat, produced by a long and repeated friction. Injuries of this kind, although originating in the same cause, vary a little in their effects: with one but slightly affected, a WARBLE may be produced; this happens on the side, and if attended to upon its first appearance, is easily obliterated by applications of vinegar, or other mild repellents; but unattended to, and a frequent repetition of the cause being permitted to take place, they soon become SITFASTS, and can only be got rid of by instrumental extirpation. Where any part of the saddle-tree (in the centrical cleft between the saddle-pads) is inconsiderately suffered to come into contact with the wither, or vertebræ of the back, and so continues in friction and pressure, during a CHASE or JOURNEY, certain mischief inevitably ensues: in the first a swelling, formation of matter, and FISTULA, may be the consequence; in the latter, an excoriation, followed by a tedious wound, or ulcer, may take place. Circumstances which so constantly occur (and that so often, from an unthinking stupidity in those who ultimately suffer by trouble and vexation in the event) are only brought to recollection, for the interested inculcation of those, who, inexperienced at present, will be taught, by time and prudence, that PREVENTION is at all seasons preferable to CURE, as it will be the means of shielding the body from trouble, and the mind from repentance.

SALLENDERS

—are at the bend of the hock (or hough) behind, exactly what the MALLENDERS are at the back of the knee; for which the modes of treatment and means of cure are precisely the same. See Mallenders.

SALTRAM

,—the name of a horse who acquired considerable celebrity by his performances upon the TURF, since which he has stood as a STALLION in a proportional degree of estimation. He was foaled in 1780; got by Eclipse, dam (Virago) by Snap grand-dam by Regulus, out of a sister to Black and all Black. He was sire of his Royal Highness the Prince of Wales's St. David, the Duke of York's Laurustina, and the Duke of Bedford's Sprightly, Lord Grosvenor's Brown Filly (out of Sting,) who won five prizes in 1790, at two years old, amounting to 1100 guineas; Caroline, and Tiffany; Queen of Sheba, (who won 900 guineas, at Newmarket, in 1792;) Rose, Spankaway, Sweeper, and the Prince of Wales's Whiskey, who won in the same year 1000 guineas, 2000 guineas, the 1400 guineas, 100 guineas, and 100 guineas, at Newmarket, and 50l. at Bedford; Royalist, General, Henrietta, Clytus, Coal Merchant, Tear-Coat, Peeping Tom, Septem, Coiner, Whip, and Oscar; exclusive of many Colts and Fillies, who were winners at Newmarket, and elsewhere, but never were named.

SANDCRACK

—is a crack or cleft in the HOOF of a HORSE, which originates in a preternatural brittleness, brought on by standing too constantly upon hot dry litter, without stopping to the bottom, or a proper and occasional oiling of the hoof, to keep it in a healthy state. It generally runs in a straight line downwards; and when it extends from the junction of hair and hoof to the bottom, with the bloody lymph oozing from the membranous mass at the top, it then becomes a serious concern, affording no expectation of speedy consolation. There is, in fact, but one direct mode of cure, which is to reduce the projecting and ragged edges to a level, with the finest side of the rasp. Then with the fine edge of a small firing-iron, of moderate heat, run two lines parallel to each other on each side the crack longitudinally; this done, draw two in the same manner transversely above, and the same below the centrical part of the cleft, by which it will be enclosed in a small square of double lines, calculated to restore the union which has been destroyed. A little compound tincture of myrrh, or friar's balsam, should be poured into the crack so soon as it is observed, particularly if blood should be perceived to transude from the opening. In slight cases, horses may be continued in moderate use; but where they bear the complexion previously described, turning out to grass in a pasture moist, but not wet, and that for a length of time, is the only foundation upon which the expectation of permanent cure can be entertained.

SCAB

.—The disorder in horses so called, is the species of mange become inveterately dry and scabby by its long duration.

SCENT

—is the leading principle from which the great and inexpressible enjoyment of all FIELD SPORTS is derived. It is the sublime and inexplicable mystery upon which so many have contemplated, without being enabled to define. That every information may be collected upon a subject so rich, and so desirable of attainment to the SPORTING WORLD, a rotational but concise review shall be introduced from those who have given their thoughts in print to the public.

We are told by one, that "Scent is an effluvium continually arising from the corpuscles that issue out of all bodies; and being impregnated with the peculiar state and quality of the blood and juices of that particular animal from which they flow, occasions the vast variety of smells or scents cognizable by the olfactory nerves, or organs of smelling." This writer proceeds in confirmation thus: "Hence the reason why one person differs from another in scent, and why a dog will trace the footsteps of his master for a hundred miles together, following him into any house, church, or other building, though surrounded by ten thousand: and when the faithful animal has thus diligently sought out and recognized his master, he is seldom willing even to trust the evidence of his own eyes, until, with erected crest, he has taken a few cordial sniffs, to convince himself he is right. Hence also we perceive how a pack of hounds are enabled to pursue HARE, FOX, STAG, or any other animal they are trained to hunt, across the scent, and amidst the society of others of the same species, without being diverted from the pursuit of that self same animal they had first on foot; and hence too we discover how it is possible for birds and beasts of prey to be directed to their food at such vast distances; for these corpuscles issuing from putrid bodies, and floating in the air, are carried by the wind to different quarters; where striking the olfactory nerves of whatever animals they meet in their way, immediately conduct them to the spot: and it is by this means the small-pox, measles, putrid fevers, and all epidemic complaints, are communicated, and the plague and pestilence conveyed from one place to another.

"It matters not how much the effluvia may be gone off, so as enough remains to irritate the olfactory organ: for whether it be bird or beast, they try the scent in all directions, till at length they discover that which is stronger and stronger, in proportion as they proceed; and this Nature has taught them to know is the direct and obvious road to their prey, and prevents them from following a contrary course, which is naturally weaker and weaker, and what in hunting is called heel. This observation is confirmed by the encreasing eagerness we perceive in all animals, the nearer they approach the object of pursuit; as we see hounds and spaniels in HUNTING and SHOOTING, are the most earnest, in proportion as the scent is recent, and they draw nearer to the GAME. The same thing amongst quadrupeds, whether wild or domestic, directs the male to the female that is in season for love; and hence we see the DOG, the BOAR, the BULL, and the STALLION, when turned loose, apply their nostrils to the ambient air, and proceed accordingly. By the same medium the vermin which infest our dwellings know how to direct their operations; whether to undermine walls, eat through solid boards, cross rivers, or climb spouts; which shows how much stronger the faculty of smelling is possessed by the brute than the HUMAN species; wisely ordained by Nature, to enable them to seek their food, and propagate their species; but for which they would often perish, or have long since become extinct."

Somervile, seemingly anxious to explore this hidden source of instinct, conceives the SCENT (divested of the dignity of blank verse) to arise from the peculiar property of the blood; which, when the game is on foot, is so encreased in its circulation, that the "ferous particles" are propelled through the skin in perspiration, and

"Leaves a long-steaming trail behind; which, by

The cooler air condens'd, remains, unless
By some rude storm dispers'd, or rarefy'd
By the meridian sun's intenser heat:
To every shrub the warm effluvia cling,

Hang on the grass, impregnate earth and skies.

With nostrils opening wide, o'er hill, o'er dale,

The vig'rous hounds pursue, with ev'ry breath,

Inhale the grateful steam, quick pleasures sting

Their tingling nerves, while their thanks repay,

And in triumphant melody confess
The titillating joy. Thus on the air
Depends the hunter's hopes."

Mr. Beckford, equally energetic in his endeavours to discover and ascertain the origin and property of SCENT, very modestly confesses his state of uncertainty, in a few lines preparatory to his remarks made in a letter to his friend, where he observes, "As you ask me my opinion of SCENT, I think I had better give it you before we begin upon the subject of HUNTING. I must, at the same time, take the liberty of telling you, that you have puzzled me exceedingly; for scent is, I believe, what we SPORTSMEN know least about. Somervile, the only one I know of who has thrown any light upon the subject of HUNTING, says, I think, but little about scent; I send you his words: I shall afterwards add a few of my own." Adverting then to the conclusion of the above quotation, he most judiciously proceeds:

"I cannot agree with Mr. Somervile, in thinking that SCENT depends on the AIR only; it depends also on the soil. Without doubt, the best scent is that which is occasioned by the effluvia, as he calls it, or particles of scent, which are constantly perspiring from GAME as it runs, and are strongest and most favourable to the hound, when kept by the gravity of the air to the height of his breast: for then it neither is above his reach, nor is it necessary he should stoop for it. At such times scent is said to lie breast high. Experience tells us, that difference of soil occasions difference of SCENT; and on the richness and moderate moistness of the soil does it also depend, I think, as well as on the AIR. At the time leaves begin to fall, and before they are rotted, we know that the scent lies ill in covert. This alone would be a sufficient proof, that scent does not depend on the air only. A difference of scent is also occasioned by a difference of motion; the faster the game goes, the less scent it leaves. When game has been ridden after, and hurried on by imprudent sportsmen, the scent is less favourable to hounds; one reason of which may be, that the particles of scent are then more dissipated. But if the game should have been run by a dog not belonging to the pack, seldom will any scent remain.

"I believe it is very difficult to ascertain what SCENT exactly is: I have known it alter very often in the same day. I believe, however, that it depends chiefly on two things; the condition the ground is in, and the temperature of the air; both of which, I apprehend, should be moist, without being wet: when both are in this condition, the scent is then perfect; and vice versa, when the ground is hard, and the air dry, there seldom will be any scent. It scarce ever lies with a north or an east wind; a southerly wind, without rain, and a westerly wind, that is not rough, are the most favourable. Storms in the air are great enemies to scent, and seldom fail to take it entirely away. A fine sun-shiny day is not often a good hunting day; but what the French call jour des dames, warm without sun, is generally a perfect one: there are not many such in a whole season. In some fogs, I have known the scent lie high; in others, not at all; depending, I believe, on the quarter the WIND is then in. I have known it lie very high in a mist, when not too wet; but if the wet should hang on the boughs and bushes, it will fall upon the scent, and deaden it. When the dogs roll, the scent, I have frequently observed, seldom lies; for what reason, I know not; but, with permission, if they smell strong when first they come out of the kennel, the proverb is in their favour; and that smell is a prognostic of good luck.

"When cobwebs hang on the bushes, there is seldom much scent. During a white frost, the scent lies high; as it also does when the frost is quite gone: at the time of its going off, scent never lies: it is a critical minute for hounds, in which their game is frequently lost. In a great dew, the scent is the same. In heathy countries, where the game brushes as it goes along, scent seldom fails. Where the ground carries, the scent is bad, for a very evident reason, which hare-hunters, who pursue their game over greasy fallows, and through dirty roads, have great reason to complain of. A wet night frequently produces good chases, as then the game neither like to run the COVERT, nor the ROADS. It has been often remarked, that scent lies best in the richest soils; and countries which are favourable to horses, are seldom so to hounds. I have also observed, that in some particular places, let the temperature of the air be as it may, scent never lies."

Amidst the various opinions upon the origin and property of scent, the most opposite join issue upon the simple question of doubt; whether the particles of effluvia which constitute what is termed scent, and by which hounds are excited to follow the game, are proper identical parts of the animal's body emitted in exhalations of respiration from the lungs, or by the transpiration of perspirative matter through the skin. This, perhaps, is of too abstruse a depth for the utmost extent of human wisdom to explore with success. The opinion of Somervile seems founded upon the very basis of experimental observation, bettered by the sound judgment, and practical remarks, upon the promoting, or retarding, effects of both the atmosphere and soil; to which one circumstance alone seems to convey additional rays of elucidation. It must be recollected by every sportsman, who has occasionally taken the field with HARRIERS, that, although they have picked the trail for a mile, into the very stubble, fallow, or covert, where the hare is sitting in her form; although they are trying round her in every direction, and even within a very few yards; there is then no more palpable perceptible scent, than when they trailed at half a mile from her form; and when she lays close, it is evident the dog, or dogs, derive no additional advantage from being nearer to her, (in respect to finding,) unless by stealing away, or jumping up, she gets into motion, when the scent is then afloat, and continued as already described.

Whether this enquiry will ever be traced to the source of certainty, is almost immaterial; it is a large field for the speculation of philosophy, and well worthy investigation. From a contemplative review of the operations of nature, it is evidently demonstrated, that there is a secret instinctive principle infused into the whole race of animals, whereby they are impulsively propelled to the propagation of their species, the preservation of their offspring, or an implicit pursuit of their propensities; so that no one shall become too numerous and destructive for the existence of another upon whom they prey, or with which they live in a perpetual state of warfare. It is likewise to be remarked, that the greater likeness we discover in the form of the animal creation, the more we perceive their friendly disposition to each other; because the scent of their bodies afford a pleasing gratification to the sensitive faculty, without exciting the appetite; if it was not for which all-wise dispensation of a superior and invisible Power, the same species would devour each other, and the purposes of the creation would be annihilated by the operation of its own works.

SCHIRROUS

.—The substance or enlargement so called, is an accumulation of obstructed or extravasated lymph, becoming more and more indurated by its stagnant retention. All tumours of this description, either in MAN or beast, should be attended to in their infancy; when warm stimulants, and powerful repellents, may be expected to have a proper effect, previous to their having acquired induration; after which no hope of obliteration can be indulged, but by instrumental extirpation. From the reflection naturally arising upon which, will appear the prudent necessity of paying early attention to swellings and enlargements of every description; that nature may be assisted in her own efforts, and her indications promoted without delay. Those tumours which are hard, and seemingly insensible, not feeling pain upon pressure, are of the indurated and schirrous kind; all swellings, and enlargements, in which there is palpable heat, constant pain, and a shrinking from the touch, denote SUPPURATION, which should be promoted by means of FOMENTATIONS and POULTICES applicable to the purpose; for where there is a well encouraged formation of matter, and a good discharge, there is seldom any disappointment in the expectation of a speedy cure.

SCIATICA

—is a species of RHEUMATISM attacking a horse in one or both hind quarters, which is sometimes so severe, as to render him nearly or quite immoveable in his stall. It will be found enlarged on under the head Rheumatism, where the means of relief are properly pointed out.

SCOURING

.—A horse is said to have a scouring, when the body labours under a continued LOOSENESS, similar to a course of purgation, without any perceptible cause. Some, called fluey carcased horses, are liable to this disorder from a variety of trifling causes, explained more largely under the head Looseness, which see.

SCRATCHES

—are cracks in the heels of horses, which are originally produced by the changes of weather, and their being left with wet heels in the winter season. These, when long neglected, assume a degree of virulence, and, from small, and almost imperceptible cracks, become clefts with ragged edges, acquiring, by degrees, a kind of fungous callosity. From these a fœtid oily ichor is discharged, attended with an inflamed tension of the fetlock-joints, and so much constant pain, that the horse is unwilling to move in his stall, unless compelled so to do; and when a leg is lifted from the ground, he suspends it for some time, in a seeming state of misery, from the fear of putting it again to the ground. The cure consists solely in daily fomentations of warm, well-boiled, gelatinous gruel, with a sponge; followed by linseed poultices; dressings of digestive ointment; a few DIURETIC BALLS, given three days apart; and, lastly, a course of ALTERATIVE POWDERS, to obtund and correct the acrimony in the blood. If they have been permitted, by neglect and inattention, to reach their most inveterate state, displaying prominent fungous warts, or small tetters, mild escharotics, or instrumental scarifications, must be brought into use; without one or both of which, an early or certain cure will not be obtained.

SCUT

.—The tail of either HARE or RABBIT is so called.

SEAMS

—was a term formerly in use to signify the re-union of divided parts in the hoof of a horse, as a cured SANDCRACK; or the cleft at the junction of a FALSE QUARTER, with the uninjured part of the foot.

SEAT

,—the position on horseback. A person once mounted, and sitting at his ease, free from every seeming constraint, with his body pliably erect, his thighs and knees adhering closely to the skirts of the saddle, an easy freedom in his legs, and a personal motion corresponding with the action of the horse, is said to have a GOOD SEAT. Those who are always changing their position, throwing about their arms, swinging their legs, looking every way but the right, with stirrups too long, too short, or probably one shorter than the other, are horsemen of a very different description, having a very bad seat, or rather no seat at all.

SETONS

—are artificial drains (or minor kind of rowels) in horses, corresponding in effect with the issues inserted in the arms or thighs of the human species. They are generally made upon the cheek, or under the jaws of a horse, for some defect in, or inflammation of the eyes. A writer of much celebrity admits "their utility to be very great, because they facilitate the discharge of matter from abscesses, without the necessity of admitting much air; the influence of which upon an ulcer, produces pain and symptomatic fever." Another observes, that, "when tumours are taken in time, whether on the POLL, WITHERS, or BACK, not having been injudiciously retarded by common farriers, (whose management in this case is always worse than the DISEASE,) they may be carried off, and brought to heal by the discharge from SETONS, without any of the usual butchery, or cauterization, or the least blemish or loss of parts. Farriers (he continues) are always very much disposed to proceed with the knife, before the matter of the TUMOUR is fully concocted, by which error they treble the difficulty, protract the period of cure, and probably leave an indurated enlargement, which is never effaced."

The operation is in itself exceedingly simple, and is thus performed: the practitioner being provided with a seton needle, of a size and length proper for the tumour to be discussed, and having armed it with a sufficient number of cotton threads, in proportion to the effect required, and dipped in digestive ointment warm, the needle is to be introduced (if possible) at the upper part of the swelling, and the point conducted through the whole, and brought out at the bottom, as a depending orifice is of considerable advantage in assisting the discharge. The seton having been passed through the ABSCESS or TUMOUR, is then separated from the needle, and the two ends tied together: or if the length will not admit of that, a knot may be formed, or a wooden button may be affixed to each end, by which it may be occasionally pulled up or down, as when the two ends are tied together, it may be moved in a circle. When the swelling is perfectly reduced, and the offending matter entirely run off, the seton may be withdrawn, and the orifice will soon unite, and form a cicatrix, without any farther application.

SETTING DOG

—is perhaps, in respect to natural formation and effect, the most beautiful and attracting of the canine species: there is an elegance of figure, an uniformity of shape, make, and speed; a pleasing variegation in colour, (being generally yellow, or brown pied;) an inexpressibly anxious solicitation of notice, and an aspect of affability and anticipating gratitude, beyond the power of the PENCIL to depict, or the PEN to describe. The sporting business of the SETTING-DOG (commonly called the English setter) is precisely the same with the POINTER, but with this difference, that, admitting their olfactory sensations to be equally exquisite, and that ONE can discover and receive the particles of SCENT (alias the effluvia of the game) as readily, and at an equal distance, with the OTHER, the difference of the sport, in which they are separately engaged, renders it necessary that one should do upon his legs, what the other does by prostration upon the ground; and they are neither more or less than the effect of education; for as in the sport of SHOOTING (with the pointer) the GAME is expected to rise, so in drawing (with a setting-dog and net) the BIRDS are required to lie.

Naturalists seem to have assumed a greater degree of latitude in respect to the CANINE SPECIES, than in any other part of the creation, where they have been less at a loss. Great musical teachers inculcate strongly, one forcible precept upon the minds and memories of their PUPILS, which is, "when they happen to err in execution, never to stop; because it will inevitably serve to convince the auditors, such are inadequate to the task they have undertaken; when by keeping on, not one in fifty may know an accidental mis-movement has taken place." Just so it seems to have been with speculative delineators of the CANINE RACE; where the pedigree could not be ascertained, the peculiar kind of any distinct class appears to have been accidentally forgotten. It does not seem that the origin of the POINTER is any where described, or by any writer attempted; but by the most respected authority we have, from whence information, instruction, and entertainment, can and may be derived, we are told, "the HOUND, the SETTING-DOG, and the TERRIER, are only one and the same race of DOGS; for it has been remarked, that the same birth has produced setting-dogs, terriers, and hounds, though the hound bitch has only had access to one of the three dogs." The true state of the case is precisely this, that although Nature, in her outlines, has furnished the canine race with powerful instinctive properties, by which their propensities, their pleasures, their dislikes, and attachments, may be disclosed; and notwithstanding it must be admitted, their olfactory sensations are refined in an extreme degree beyond the human species; yet much depends upon the means, mode and manner of education. This has been demonstrated a few years since beyond all manner of controversy, when a gamekeeper absolutely brought a full-grown PIG to hunt and point to the BIRDS; and procured a considerable emolument from displaying repeated proofs of his ingenuity, patience, and perseverance.

SETTER

,—in the game of HAZARD, is the person who sets the CASTER; or, in other words, the player, who makes stakes with the person holding the box and dice, who, if he THROWS IN, draws the money; on the contrary, if he throws out, the setter is the winner.

SETTER-TO

—is a term in cocking. The setter-to is the person who in a cock-pit receives the cock (going to fight) from the feeder, and hands him upon the SOD during the battle, according to the laws of the pit, and the conditions of the match. See Cocking, Cock-pit, and Main of Cocks.

SHANK-BONE

,—in a horse, is the bone extending from the knee to the fetlock-joint. This bone should be uniform, firm and compact, well proportioned to the length of the fore-arm above, and the pastern below; if too long for either, or both, the symmetry is totally lost; and hence a general objection to horses whose legs are too long for the CARCASE, which is a defect readily observed; and indifferent judges are always prepared to say, such a horse has "too much day-light under him."

SHAPE and MAKE

.—The "shape and make" of horses offered for sale, is such an eternal echo, whether at the public hammer, or by private contract, from one end of the kingdom to the other, that it is natural to conceive, no sporting subject can be more completely understood; but as there are eternally younger branches coming forward, and monied noviciates paying for practical experience in the art of DEALING, such extensive rules are introduced, to inculcate the absolute necessity for circumspection in BUYING, under the head Horse, that not a single line of utility can be added upon the subject.

SHARK

—was the most capital horse of his time; bred by Mr. Pigott, foaled in 1771, got by Marsk, dam by Snap, out of the dam of Warwickshire Wag. This horse was proved, next to Childers and Eclipse, to have been possessed of more speed than any horse ever bred or produced in the kingdom. He beat all his cotemporaries at every distance, (long or short,) clearly demonstrating his superiority, whether they run for speed, or run for bottom. His distinct winnings are too remote from the present time to enumerate individually, but they amounted in the aggregate to a GOLD CUP value 123 guineas, eleven hogsheads of claret, and the astonishing sum of 20,000 guineas, in plates, matches, sweepstakes, forfeits, and bets. When no horse in England could be found to start against him, he was taken to America as a STALLION, although it was publicly affirmed, 10,000 guineas were offered for him before his departure; admitting which to be the fact, it could have been done with no other motive than to render him a private STALLION for the mares of those only who subscribed to the aggregate.

SHOEING of HORSES

,—which for time immemorial remained in its almost original state, has for the last fourteen years become an object of importance and general investigation. What for a century before was never thought worthy a moment's consideration, but by those whose professional province it was to FORM the SHOES, and set them on, is at length found worthy the fashionable and condescending inspection of NOBLEMEN, GENTLEMEN, the polished groom, and the illiterate stable-boy. This change is well known to have originated in the publication of "Taplin's Stable Directory" 1789; which, from its unprecedented popularity, passed through TWELVE editions in the short space of four years. To the appearance of this work, upon a subject so long neglected, are the public indebted for the much-wanted veterinarian improvement which has since taken place; as well as for the constantly increasing influx of veterinary writers, who, speculating upon the success of the original reformer, have obtruded upon the world such an infinity of imitations, and such a profusion of what they have thought improvements, that the discerning part of the public (plainly perceiving the deceptive imbecility of such attempts) rendered them abortive; a multiplicity of books having been announced upon veterinary subjects within the last seven years, which have been immediately buried in oblivion, without a sale sufficient to pay even for the paper upon which the works were printed.

The rage for an improvement in the system of farriery which Taplin's books had induced, extended to almost every part of the kingdom, and necessitous adventurers became vulcanian speculators in every direction. Various new, important and infallible plans of SHOEING were hypothetically introduced amongst the infant crop of newly-sown veterinarians; one avowed himself an advocate for long shoes; another, for short shoes; a third, for high shoes; a fourth, for low shoes, and thin heels; a fifth, for half shoes; and a still more sagacious groupe of THEORETICIANS, for no shoes at all!!! To the great credit of the nation, and the strenuous endeavours of investigating individuals, this fashionable thirst of folly, this infatuating furor, seems now in a great degree to have subsided, and affords reason to believe, as well as to hope, the veterinary mania has (at least in this respect) attained its CRISIS; and that the only rational, safe, and judicious mode now in general use, will be no more attacked by the wild and chimerical speculations of those, whose want of professional skill and scientific information must ever render their schemes abortive.

That gentlemen will dedicate part of their time to examine the internal structure of the foot, the anatomical formation and junction of the bones, muscles, tendons, ligaments, cartilages, and membranes, is not to be expected; but that they will, upon the principle of self-defence, be careful to understand enough of the EXTERIOR, to check occasionally the rude hand of the injudicious or inconsiderate operator, is readily to be believed. The operative act of shoeing, in its general sense, as appertaining to the making of the shoe, the insertion of the nails, and the external finish of the foot, are too well known, and publicly performed, to require the most trifling description. Although one general data, or fixed rule, is laid down, by which all good and sound-footed horses should be shod without an exception, (proportioning the form, size, substance and weight of the shoe to the use of the horse,) yet there are occasional deviations, which cannot consistently be avoided, but must be prudently submitted to, when diseases of the foot, or injuries to the hoof, render them truly necessary. Hoofs, it is well known, are not all alike, nor are the same hoofs always in the same state; some are preserved so by unremitting care, and strict attention; others are permitted to get into decay, and to become diseased by a want of both. The OPERATIVE FARRIER has his different distinctions and denominations for the various kinds of hoof which come under his hand; as the sound, strong, firm, black hoof, which is generally perfect, and seldom either defective or diseased; the rough and brittle hoof, which is mostly wide and weak, requiring nightly stopping at the bottom, and oiling round the top; the long, flat and shelly hoof, which runs all to toe, and leaves nothing at the heel; the crooked or rather horny hoof, which, from a defect in radical moisture, grows into a wrinkled rigidity, that almost sets both the RASP and BUTTERIS at defiance. There are also others so thin, wide, and expanded above, and the outer sole so prominent on each side the frog below, that such are called fleshy-footed, and require a shoe of peculiar formation, as well as much extra care in setting it on. Some hoofs are so contracted with heat, and narrowed at the heel, (particularly if the frogs are wasted by thrush and corrosion,) that when turned, the vacuum bears the appearance of intentional excavation.

Under this accumulation of considerations, some conditional variations must be admitted, from the fixed and proper rules to be laid down, although the fundamental principle should still be the same; and, notwithstanding the superfluous and destructive freedom of the drawing-knife and butteris, are frequently, and with great justice, condemned; yet they must sometimes be brought into moderate use: but those who render them subservient to the purposes required, should invariably retain it in memory, that more may be injudiciously destroyed in five minutes, than can possibly be restored in TEN months. The entire ART of SHOEING may be reduced to a very concise description, and consists in paring the foot (when it is necessary) with judgment, tenderness, and safety; to form the shoe with good, substantial, sound, Swedish iron, of a shape and make hereafter to be described; in selecting nails of a proper size, length, or strength, equally adapted to the shape of the foot, and the weight of the shoe; and, lastly, to the very critical task of driving them properly, clinching them firmly, and finishing the foot neatly.

The act itself being thus publicly seen in practice, and generally comprehended, it becomes only necessary (amidst the variety of speculative opinions lately obtruded upon public notice) to introduce such comparative reasoning, and practical proof, of the superior excellence and rational propriety of the execution, as may enable every reader to take an impartial survey of the different modes recommended, in doing which, he is then at liberty to adopt which ever he may be induced to think approaches the nearest to perfection.

Amidst the great variety of attracting novelties which issued from the press, after the publication of Taplin's Pattern Shoes, was "a concave shoe," most zealously recommended by the PROFESSOR of a public institution, since deceased; who, had he lived only a few weeks longer, would have received the most unequivocal proofs of the fallacy of the theory, when put into competition with the UNERRING criterion of PRACTICE: but happily for him, and luckily for his great and opulent friends, (who were daily and shamefully forsaking him,) he died just in time to save his reputation. Suffice it, therefore, in delicacy to his error, as well as to his memory, only to observe, that the SHOE passing under that denomination (having a smooth or flat inside to cover the foot, and a concave surface, to come in contact with the ground or pavement) was the very reverse of what it should be, and only calculated to render tender, if not cripple, any horse, if obstinately persevered in; as will be candidly admitted by every reader of rationality, when the representation of the FOOT, the form of the SHOE, and the setting on of that shoe, are taken into distinct and separate consideration.

To face Page 265. Vol. 2ᵈ. DEMONSTRATIVE SHOEING.

That this may be done with a more comprehensive and general effect, divested of SCIENTIFIC disquisition, or ANATOMICAL ambiguity, a Plate is annexed; which, with very little explanatory matter, will afford the most perfect and satisfactory elucidation. A is the representation of a sound, firm, well-formed HOOF, in a slate of unembellished nature: here is evidently no devastation required—no paring off at the heel—no slicing off from the sole—no cutting-knife at the toe; nor does it, with an eye of the strictest judgment and circumspection, seem to claim or solicit from the art of man, any other assistance, than protection against the injury it must inevitably sustain from harder bodies, when brought into use by constant collision. That this fair and candid investigation may be the less liable to miscontruction, and that cynical misrepresentation, or envious opposition, may not (even in the weakest minds) warp the effect of truth, let it be observed, that the circular line marked 1 is the line of articulation, or, in other words, the distinct line of separation; around which is the wall or crust of the HOOF, (in itself insensible,) where the bearing only should be, and where the figure 5 of E will be found accurately formed for its reception.

That part of the foot extending from the line of separation on one side, to the corresponding line of separation on the other, having the FROG in the center, and marked 2 on each side, is called the outer sole, covering a membranous mass, or substance, called the inner sole, which is of exquisite sensibility, requiring PROTECTION without pressure upon the external part; which it will be seen (by referring to the Plate) is sufficiently afforded by the concave formation at Fig. 6 of letter E, which, upon the accurate inspection of the best informed and most experienced investigators, must be admitted a shoe of the first perfection for the promotion of every good, and the prevention of every ill.

Having thus produced both foot and shoe, as unsullied representations of NATURE and ART, and adapted the make of one to the formation of the other, with a consistency no man of common comprehension will presume to dispute, we proceed to an impartial examination of the letter B, which represents the mode of SHOEING adopted, and some time persevered in, at a place of veterinary celebrity, upon the discontinuance of the very short-lived concave shoe.

As it is a remark of long standing, that the exterior strikes first, so we shall find here, that, upon a superficial survey of the letter B, there is a neatness in the execution, that seems to excite attention, and command respect; but when it is critically examined with the eye of precision, and its deficiencies pointed out, it then loses all power of permanent attraction, and will advance no well-founded claim to approbation or imitation. Admitting (as it is presumed no opposition whatever arises to the fact) that the wall of the FOOT represented by Fig. 1, should have its bearing upon the properly-adapted part of the shoe, ascertained by referring to Fig. 5 of E, and continued home to the extreme point of the heel accurately terminated by the Fig. 7 of C; let us see what would be the inevitable consequence of having the shoes an inch and a half too short at each heel, as represented by Fig. 3 of B, where NATURE, REASON, OBSERVATION, and EXPERIENCE, concentrate their whole force to demonstrate the consistency, the safety, in fact, the indispensible necessity, of its being continued to Fig. 4 of B, as is already explained by previous reference to Fig. 7 of C.

Convinced, therefore, beyond the shadow of doubt, (as every reader may by another reference to No. 1,) that the wall of the HOOF holds forth its own proof, that the shoe should be continued home to the extreme point of the heel, or that it requires no shoe at all; and this alternative being first understood, and then acceded to, by every comprehension, it will be equally clear, that as much as art falls short in the support which NATURE requires, proportional must the injury be, by the inevitable indentation; invariably productive of bruises, and tenderness upon the edge of the sole, thereby laying the foundation of preternatural stricture, corns, callosities, and other ills, which would be more perfectly understood by an examination of any such subject, after a shoe one third too short had been eight or ten days in constant wear.

By way of concluding observations upon the Plate, and its purpose, it becomes only necessary to remark, that the letter C is the hoof of a large saddle or carriage horse, well covered for the pavement of the METROPOLIS, or travelling upon the turnpike-road. That the letter B is a perfect model of good shoeing for HUNTER or HACKNEY, provided the heel of the shoe was continued to Fig. 4, instead of terminating at 3. That Fig. 8 is called the web of the SHOE, which is, in fact, no more than the whole breadth of the iron, and may be widened, or narrowed, entirely by the judgment of the SMITH, or the discretion of the OWNER. That Fig. 9 is the cavity called the groove, or fullering, to receive the heads of the nails, above which (in SHOEING of EXCELLENCE, and superiority) they should never constitute a prominence; and that the letter D is no more than a back view of the short shoe, for some time so powerfully recommended, which has already most deservedly fallen into disrepute.

Having considered it necessary to introduce such minute references as will sufficiently demonstrate the difference between good shoeing and bad, it remains only to add a single deficiency of SHOEING SMITHS in general, who, from indolence, inattention, or inability, entirely lose sight of, or never form at all, the proper line of distinction between the bearing of Fig. 5 for the crust (or wall) Fig. 1; and the protection afforded the outer sole, Fig. 2, by the internal concave example in Fig. 6. Considering this remissness in the operator, and shoeing too short at the heels, to constitute the prevalent and principal errors requiring rectification, it is anxiously to be hoped, that those whose minds are open to conviction, will contribute their assistance to inculcate the necessity of adopting one invariable standard as a leading step to general reformation.

SHOEING SMITH

.—The shoeing smith, more frequently known by the denomination of BLACKSMITH or FARRIER, is, unluckily for those who profess it, a business of much greater bodily labour than professional emolument; hence it is, that few, except the very lowest classes of society, can ever be prevailed upon to engage in it. Here then has always been the deficiency so much complained of, and so universally known, with all the practitioners of the old school, acting as SMITHS and FARRIERS, whether in town or country; and it is much to be regretted, that their original want of education, the means of instruction, and their total ignorance of the properties of MEDICINE, should have hitherto secluded them from every chance of mental improvement, and personal emulation. If we advert to their manners, we find them in direct uniformity with their intellectual capacity: rude by nature, they become cunning by art; unfortunately untaught, it is their greatest pride to become proportionally untractable, and know so little themselves, they confidently affect to believe but little is known by others: shielded by which ideal sagacity, they obstinately persist in an opinion of their own, in opposition to every other, or individually determine to abide by no rational opinion at all.

When a candid comparison is made between their dangerous and laborious employment and their disproportioned emoluments, it must be admitted by every mind of liberality, they are the worst paid for their drudgery of any set of men in the universe. Hence arises that sterile apathy in the business, which is so much the subject of general indignation and universal contempt; and is the only well-founded reason, why there are so few men of education, or intellectual ability, to be found amidst the daily increasing number who profess the practice. Custom, too, has excluded them from any respectable weight in the scale of society; thereby rendering the obstacles to worldly elevation too numerous, and too uncertain, for even the most laudable and spirited emulation to encounter, with even a distant probability of success. These considerations readily reconcile it to reason, why (upon the most moderate calculation, taking the kingdom in general from one extremity to another) there are not more than one in every hundred, who exists by the practice of SHOEING and FARRIERY, that can speak with precision upon the property of the MEDICINE he prescribes; or elucidate, with propriety, the probable process, or ultimate effect, of the OPERATION he recommends.

In such predicament, probably anxious to do good, without the personal power to EFFECT it, they may be impartially considered "men more sinned against than sinning;" and, in many instances, much more entitled to the commiseration of the enlightened, than the contemptuous indifference they so frequently receive. Happily, however, for the vocation itself, much more happily for the community at large, improvement in the PRACTICE of FARRIERY has at length become an object of national consideration; and the institution has been repeatedly honored with PARLIAMENTARY CONTRIBUTIONS; under which predictive ray of reformation, part of the present generation may probably not only derive future advantage, but live to see the former system rescued from the ignorance and barbarity by which it has been for so many centuries disgraced. The great hazard arising from the practice of the injudicious or ill informed, is their possessing an unrestrained power of plunging into a bold and inconsiderate use of the most dangerous medicines, the present operation and ultimate effect of which they so little understand, and are so absolutely unable to explain.

It is no uncommon thing to hear of bleeding, rowelling, purging, glystering, and blistering, nearly all taking place (with the same subject) within the space of twenty-four hours; and could a thousandth part of the poor unfortunate animals so rashly annihilated, but rise, and recite, the load of medical combustibles and contrarieties by which they were destined to their long and last sleep, what a complicated history of the MATERIA MEDICA would be brought to light, and what a scene of professional knowledge displayed, to form the basis of REFORMATION, with that long list of sublime disquisitionists, who, waving the disgraceful appellations of smith and farrier, are becoming VETERINARY SURGEONS in almost every remote corner of the kingdom! One great and almost invincible error amongst the veterinarian fraternity (of whom there are many juveniles now to be seen) is their superficial survey, and hasty decision, in cases of the utmost magnitude; anticipating the prognostics, without even descending to examine the predominant symptoms of DISEASE. Passionately fond of affecting infallibility, they rashly promise more than they find themselves able to perform; and thus by their own weakness, voluntarily exposed, are frequently compelled to retract to-morrow, what they have most inconsiderately asserted to-day; thereby overwhelming themselves with a load of professional disgrace, from which there seems no sanguine prospect of speedy extrication.

Smiths and FARRIERS in general, being unfortunately ignorant in the peculiar property of each particular medicine, is not a greater misfortune, than their being absolute strangers to the medicines themselves, thereby becoming the standing dupes of adulteration. The warehouses and shops of inferior druggists, it is well known by men of experience, are by no means remarkable for professional purity; in some obscure corner of which is generally a reservoir of rubbish, admirably adapted to the prise and practice of FARRIERS, with whom a custom so laudable has been established for time immemorial, and from the palpable pecuniary effects upon both parties is not likely to be abolished.

SHOOTING

—is become a sport of so much pleasure and universality, that the legislature has found it expedient to extract an annual contribution of THREE GUINEAS from every individual who enjoys it. In fact, it is so perfectly congenial to the dispositions of the people, and so truly conducive to the greatest blessing in life, HEALTH, that it should seem its votaries have annually increased in proportion to the conditional restraints of parliamentary prohibition. Shooting, in its most extensive signification, may be supposed to imply the act of shooting with a fowling-piece, at any object in general, without a specific determination; but, narrowed into a less diffuse, and more expressive compass, it is then reduced to the more particular points thus defined. Pheasant shooting, PARTRIDGE shooting, GROUSE shooting, COCK shooting, RABBIT shooting, SNIPE shooting, DUCK, WILD FOWL, &c. These are pleasures varying a little in the difference of pursuit and enjoyment, but have, according to the season, their various degrees of attraction. Pheasant shooting begins (under certain penalties and restrictions, if killed before or after the days mentioned) on the first of October in every year, and ends on the first of February following. Partridge shooting begins on the first of September, and extends to the first of February next ensuing. The season (under similar restrictions, but heavier penalties) for killing HEATH-FOWL, or black game, commences on the 20th of August, and terminates on the 10th of December; and for grouse, or red game, on the 12th of August, and ends on the 10th of December. Woodcocks and Snipes being birds of passage, and not included in any act for the preservation of game, the time for killing is unlimited; being entirely dependent upon the season, the country they appear in, and the flights as they arrive.

Pheasant shooting may be considered the most laborious, and least entertaining, of the whole, unless in Norfolk, Suffolk, Essex, Hampshire, and some other counties, where the large tracts of lofty woodlands, and corresponding underwood, contribute so materially to their annual increase and preservation. This sport is mostly pursued with the small springing spaniel, whose eager tongue, the moment he touches scent of the foot, or winds the bird, gives "early note of earnest preparation." Pointers of great strength, and high courage, hunted with a bell, are frequently instrumental to good sport, and great success; but they must be fast goers, and once knowing their business, not readily disposed to stop, or draw slowly; if so, the bird will frequently rise in the highest part of the covert, or at such a distance, that an open shot will but seldom be obtained, particularly in a country thin of game. Those who wish to preserve well-bred and well-broke pointers in a state of unsullied excellence, will not accustom them to covert hunting, but invariably use their spaniels in one of the sports for which they were so evidently intended.

Partridge shooting is, to a contemplative mind, of a much more entertaining description; for the objects of pursuit being found in the open fields, every part of the sport is seen and enjoyed. Partridges are not in equal abundance every year, but depend in a great degree upon the state of the weather during the time of laying the eggs, as well as the time of HATCHING; which is almost invariably between the middle and the end of June. When the months of May and June are dry, birds are in general exceedingly numerous, and proportionally strong upon wing by the commencement of the SHOOTING SEASON; but when heavy and dreadful rains fall, as they frequently do during the HAY HARVEST, the destruction is incredible. Such continued rains not only chill the eggs during incubation, but drown numbers of the young almost so soon as they are out of their shells. Wet seasons also are destructive to ANTS, upon which, and their eggs, young partridges and pheasants principally subsist. Partridges so soon as the corn is cut down, and they are in a great degree deprived of the shelter and protection under which they were bred, display a most wonderful timidity and dread of danger; to which the whole covey are induced by the unceasing anxiety of the HEN for the safety of her young.

Thus incessantly alive to perpetual fear, they change their situation repeatedly in the course of the day; as well to insure security from all probable danger, as to supply the calls of nature. In the first part of the shooting season, while the stubbles of WHEAT and BARLEY are fresh, and not rendered too bare, or too much beaten by cattle, they are to be found in either one or the other, both late at night, and early in the morning: after feeding in which, (if not disturbed by the approach of those in pursuit of them,) by a signal from the hen, they rise gently, as it were, in a cluster, and glide or skim along with as little flutter as possible to the nearest turnips, standing clover, rushy moors, or grassy low coverts, in some of which, during the middle of the day, they are always to be found; and not unfrequently near a watry ditch, or running stream; as it is at this time, and only once a day, they take this part of their sustenance: but as there are many hilly countries in which water is but rarely to be found, it is natural to conclude, their wants in this respect may be amply supplied by the morning dewdrops with which vegetation so plentifully abounds.

The dogs peculiarly appropriate to and used in this sport, are principally POINTERS, at least with those who rank as SPORTSMEN, and have too high a respect for its character to degrade the order; and it is never pursued with greater consistency, or enjoyed with greater ecstasy, (or more success,) than when too many guns, or too many dogs, are not seen in the field together. Any number above two of the former, and two brace of the latter, in one company, evidently denote much more of poaching rapacity, and an intentional annihilation of GAME, than of SPORTING equity. Double-barrelled guns partake a little of the same impression, being admirably calculated to promote the very scarcity so much and so constantly complained of. The art of SHOOTING FLYING, in which numbers are so exceedingly expert, and which, in fact, may be so easily attained, is not, in general, acquired with that facility by young sportsmen, which might naturally be expected. This is entirely owing to the timidity, volatility, anxiety, and impatience, of the mind, at the very critical moment when all should be quiet and calm within; but at the impressive crisis, when the point takes place, and the animal is fixed seemingly immoveable, under an instinctive impulse, which instantaneously excites in the human frame a most aweful sensation, (the heart palpitating with HOPE, FEAR, and SUSPENSE,) the birds rise, and with so much noisy rapidity, that the mind and body being equally agitated, no particular bird is singled for the AIM, at the instant of pulling the trigger, and the whole escape.

There is no pursuit, game, or amusement, in which a proficiency is to be obtained, can require a nicer eye, a steadier hand, a cooler head, or a more philosophic patience, than the SPORT before us. Sportsmen of experience waste neither their time nor their labour; they well know, according to the description not long since given, where to find the game, according to the time of the day; and are seldom seen hunting their dogs in unlikely places. They cover the ground slowly and deliberately, that none should remain unbeaten, or birds be left behind: when a dog stands (or makes his point) the master should for a moment stand still also; the general stillness settles the dog more firmly to his point, and the birds are more likely to lie. If the gunner hurries up, (as many frequently do,) it hurries the dog also, and not only makes him impatient, but the game probably gets up out of shot; or, what is equally productive of mortification, he himself gets up to the point so flurried, and out of breath, that he finds it impracticable to take regular aim; and when he fancies he does, the bodily tremor he is in renders the shot ineffectual. To become a steady and good shot, some few short rules are unavoidably necessary, the principal of which is cool deliberation: those of too warm, hasty and impetuous a disposition, should retain in memory a single line from the immortal bard;

"Wisely and slow; they STUMBLE who run fast."

When the dog has enjoyed his point sufficiently, whether the birds are walked up, or rise spontaneously, the gun should never be raised to the shoulder till the whole covey are patiently surveyed, and the very bird fixed upon, at which the aim is intended to be taken; this once done, and the eye not removed from the devoted victim till the instrument of death is brought to bear, the sight once caught, and the motion with the trigger made in the critical and corresponding twinkling, success in most instances must eventually ensue. It may not be inapplicable to remark, that the progress to perfection is greatly retarded, amongst the juvenile branches of SPORTING SOCIETY (when shooting in company) by invariably and emulatively (but very inconsiderately and imprudently) endeavouring to obtain the FIRST shot: the error being mutual, so is the disappointment; probably both, or all, miss; to which nothing ensues but a vacant stare of mortification, not to add disgrace: but if a bird happens to fall, it is productive of clamour, and general jealousy: it is claimed by all: and personal acidities, from such trifling circumstances, have sometimes arisen about a paltry partridge, that have continued during the lives of the parties. The prudent and patient who shoot in company, will be circumspect in every motion; they will not take aim at the first bird which happens to rise, (to be confused by those who are rising,) or fix upon a bird on the left hand when a companion is on that side, and the bird going off directly across him. The right hand man and the left should take invariably birds on their own distinct sides; but when they go off in a direct line, circumstances and proceedings must be regulated accordingly.

Grouse shooting differs but little from the preceding, excepting its being more laborious, and taking place in the hotter months, and in the more hilly or mountainous countries. This species of game is not universally dispersed, like the partridge, over the face of the kingdom, but a native inhabitant of some particular district in wild, remote, or peculiar situations. They were some few years since to be plentifully seen in many parts of Wales, and in the New Forest of Hampshire; but they are now very much reduced, and rarely to be found; at least not in sufficient numbers to render it a sport worth pursuing. In the northern counties bordering upon the Tweed, and in various parts of Scotland, they are so numerous, that many of the most opulent and eager sportsmen make very long and expensive journies, to satiate themselves, and weary their dogs, with an unrestrained and unlimited profusion of sport. The grouse is larger than the partridge, and, when full grown, weighs from twenty to two-and-twenty ounces. The plumage is variegated, and beautifully composed of black, red, and white; the tail being similar to that of the partridge, but a little larger when extended in flight.

The GROUSE perseveringly adhere to those mountains and moors which are covered with heath, seldom or ever descending into the lower grounds. They fly in packs, consisting of four or five brace; and indulge upon intervening tracts of soft mossy ground, particularly in the hotter months of the year. The cackling noise of the cock may be heard at a considerable distance; and when once the dog makes his point, he is commonly the first bird upon wing. Upon the POINTER'S being first observed to stand, it is instantly necessary to keep the eye forward; for if the birds are perceived to erect their heads, and run, it is considered an infallible sign they will not lie well during that day; in which case there is no alternative, but to head the dog, and, if possible, keep pace with them, so as to be within shot when they rise; if which advantage is not taken, many a long and laborious day may be undertaken without the consolation of a single bird. As the time for this sport commences in the sultry season, and generally in parts of the country remote from expeditious means of conveyance, they do not very frequently reach the Metropolis; at least in such a recent state as to be perfectly attracting: they are (particularly if not killed remarkably clean) very soon disposed to putridity; and if required or intended to be sent to any great distance, they should be drawn as soon as convenient after they are shot, and the vacuum filled up with fine heath or herbage for the journey.

Cock (or Woodcock) SHOOTING is of a different and most entertaining description, when and wherever a plenty for the sport can be found. The woodcock is a bird of passage, and found frequently in a greater or less degree about the second, third, or last week of October. Their annual arrival in this country is more or less protracted by the uncertainty of the wind and weather at that particular season; the east and north-east winds (with a foggy heavy atmosphere) bring them over in the greatest plenty. Upon their first arrival, they have the appearance of being nearly exhausted, and drop under the nearest offered protection to the sea-shore; high trees, hedge-rows, small copses, heath, tufts of bushes and brambles, are equally acceptable. After rest, and such refreshment as the situations where they fall afford, they separate, and almost singly explore their way into the country more in-land, and fall in such woods, coverts, copses, or shaws, as are most applicably attracting or convenient to the length of their flight; varying the situation in future according to the accommodation they find, or the country they are in. No one part of the coast is more remarkable for their arrival in immense flights than another; Wales, Sussex, Norfolk, and to the extreme points of the north of Scotland, are, at different periods, supplied with equal plenty: in all or either of which, eight or ten brace (immediately after a flight arrives) have been killed out of one covert in a morning by a single gun.

The dogs used for this sport are the small COCKING SPANIEL; though they are frequently found by pointers, who make their point upon winding the bird, but not quite so staunch as to the more confirmed species; of which game the cock in a certain degree seems to partake. The woodcock, when flushed, rises heavily from the ground; and in an open glade, is so easily brought down, that even a moderate shot must be ashamed to miss; but when sprung in a lofty oaken or beechen wood, he is obliged to tower almost perpendicular above their tops, before he can attain sufficient height to take his flight in a horizontal direction; and this kind of vermicular flight he makes with such rapidity, (turning and twisting to avoid the trees,) that it is almost impossible to seize a moment for shooting with any tolerable prospect of success. As partridge shooting requires an almost systematic silence for the production of sport, so cock shooting admits of the reverse: for the greater the noise, the greater probability of success. Well-bred spaniels immediately quest so soon as they come upon haunt, as well as the moment a cock unexpectedly springs; this is the distinguishing trait of their utility, as it gives timely notice to every one of the party, and each individual has sufficient opportunity to be upon the watch.

Those who enter into the true spirit of this sport, and where cocks are likely to be found, seldom set out for a complete day's adventure, without being previously provided with a MARKER excellently qualified for the purpose in which he is engaged. And an assistant of this description becomes the more necessary, as a cock will very frequently suffer himself to be found, and shot at, four or five times in the same covert; and when absolutely driven out, will sink beyond the outer fence, and gliding a short distance almost close to the ground, will drop in some adjoining ditch.

Woodcocks are seen in this country till about the first, and sometimes the second, week in March: this, however, depends entirely upon the openness or severity of the season: if the winter has been accompanied with long and sharp frosts, they suddenly disappear within a few hours, (as by a kind of magical mystery,) and none to be found, with occasionally (and that but seldom) an exception of a disconsolate individual at or near some warm or sheltered SPRING which has not frozen. They are fullest of flesh during the months of December and January to the middle of February, from which time, as the spring sun gets warmer, they decline in weight to the time of their departure.

Snipe shooting is a sport the best calculated to try the persevering fag and bottom of a SPORTSMAN of any yet recounted; if he is not possessed of all the fortitude, patience, and indefatigable exertion of a WATER SPANIEL, he had better never be induced to make the embarkation, at least with any sanguine expectation of success. To wet, dirt, and difficulty, he must be habitually inured: in body he must be invulnerable; with a constitution impregnable to the united attacks of morbidity, and a mind most perfectly at ease. Thus armed at all points for land or water, moor or mire, swamps or bogs, SNIPE SHOOTING (where they are to be found in plenty) is a most excellent diversion; and some spots, particularly in a heath country, intersected by moors, swamps, and bogs, (as a celebrated scope called Eel Moor, near Hartford Bridge, upon the western road,) the sport is so incessant, that those who visit the place in open hazy weather, may shoot so often in succession, as to have frequent occasions in the same day to wait till the barrel cools. Snipes are of two kinds, one being full double the size of the other, and is called a WHOLE SNIPE; the smaller is called a jack, and of course somewhat more difficult to kill. Both sorts are found upon the same ground, and sometimes close to each other. They are birds of passage, and vary but little with the flights of WOODCOCKS in the time of their arrival, which is generally about the first plentiful rains in Autumn. They are said to breed mostly in the low and swampiest parts of Germany and Switzerland; although it is certain numbers do not return with the greater bodies in the spring, but remain here during the summer, and breed in the marshes and fens, where their nests are often found in the month of June with four and five eggs in each. Pointers only are made use of in this sport; and it is rather remarkable, that, notwithstanding this species of bird is so diminutive in proportion to the game that a dog is constantly accustomed to, he stands equally staunch to even the jack, (the least of the two) as to either PHEASANT, HARE, or PARTRIDGE. Snipes, the moment they are upon wing, fly against the wind, encountering which, they go off in such a twisting and twirling direction, that they are then a very difficult object to aim at; but by waiting with patience till they take their intended line, the shot may be made with a much greater probability of success. They cannot be said to be in season before November, or after February; for killed at any other time of the year, they mostly appear with a branny scurf upon their bodies, as if diseased, or in a state of emaciation.

These are the different kinds of shooting only which comprize the pleasure of the gentleman sportsman, and in which the better kind of sporting dogs (POINTERS, SPANIELS, and SETTERS) are used. Shooting of wild-fowl, rabbits, &c. are principally the amusement of those who are not particular in their objects of pursuit; but equally prepared for whatever may come in their way, from a PHEASANT to a tom-tit, or from a SOLAN GOOSE to a dab-chick. The scientific and systematic rules of shooting in the field are so generally known, and universally comprehended, in respect to the length of the gun, the mode of charging, the distance for firing, and some other trifling minutia, dependent upon contingencies, that a single line must be unnecessary in elucidation; except a salutary hint to the young and inexperienced, never to let others do for them with the gun, what they can do for themselves. It should be the particular province of the person who shoots, to charge his own gun, and to be punctually precise in drawing the charge at his return: a retrospective survey of the most melancholy and shocking accidents which the last few years have produced, will demonstrate to any humane and reflecting mind, the danger of letting either GUN or PISTOL remain loaded in a dwelling-house, where, by the single inadvertency alone, any individual of the family is perpetually liable to instantaneous destruction.

SHOULDER-LAMENESS

,—in a horse, is a defect in the scapularian muscles, or at the ligamentary junction of the fore thigh-bone with the concave point of the shoulder blade, upon which many, and some opposite opinions have been obstinately maintained: and there are not wanting at the present moment, those who affect to believe, and presume to affirm, "there is no such thing as a shoulder lameness in any horse." The absurdity of this ridiculous and contemptible assertion, can only be equalled by the unparalleled ignorance and illiteracy of those who make it: strangers to the anatomical structure of parts, they are inadequate to the comprehension of their uses, and the purposes to which they become intentionally appropriate. In direct confutation of such futile opinion, it is most indisputably ascertained, that injuries are frequently sustained in the shoulders, from which incurable lameness often ensues. Such accidents and misfortunes happen to horses in different ways: some by unforeseen circumstances, which no human prudence can prevent; others (equal, if not superior in number) by carelessness, inhumanity, inattention, or neglect. Lameness in the shoulder may be occasioned by the horse's being too suddenly stopped and turned upon uneven ground; sliding, stumbling, or flipping down, in a distorted position of either fore leg; turning too rapidly in a narrow stall, or too quick, sudden and short into a stable. That all which may be the better understood, by those who are anxious for information, and open to conviction, it is necessary, for the accommodation of every comprehension, to observe, that the blade or shoulder-bone not being fixed to the body by articulation, but by apposition adhering to the ribs, and firmly fastened thereto by corresponding muscles above and below, the animal, in undergoing any of the casualties before recited, sustains the injury described; in which the tendons or coats of those muscles are strained and relaxed; and as the extension has been more or less violent, so will the case be more or less dangerous and perplexing.

Cases constantly occur, where, by a slip, a cavity in the road or pavement, a rolling-stone, or any other cause, the leg of a horse is unavoidably thrown into a distorted and unnatural position, from whence ills ensue; the ligamentary junction, and muscular support, may be singly or conjunctively injured, in proportion to the magnitude of the cause by which the accident was sustained. In most occurrences of this description, some difficulty arises in the endeavour to discover the precise seat of injury, which is not, by the most judicious and observant investigator, always to be decisively ascertained: amidst such doubts, strict examination should be made to discriminate with certainty between a LAMENESS in the SHOULDER, and a defect in the foot; and this investigation is the more indispensibly necessary to be made, because, in strict verification of the ancient adage, "Doctors differ," instances are numerous, where one practitioner vehemently affirms the lameness to be in one part, and his veterinarian opponent as violently pronounces it to be in another. There is, however, one kind of clue, if properly attended to, which will generally lead to a ready distinction between a lameness in the foot and an injury in the shoulder; by getting twenty yards before the horse, so as to face him, and having him brought forward with increased action, fixing the eye at the foot, and bringing it gradually up to the chest, the imbecile effort at the point of the SHOULDER attended with pain, and the consequent bow or drop of the head, (as if going to fall,) will evidently demonstrate whether the seat of injury is there. On the contrary, in most lamenesses of the FOOT, the subject makes an attempt rather to hop, or to touch the earth lightly with the joint affected, than to give it equal support with the rest upon the ground: a horse lame in the foot, displays it most, the more he is ridden or driven; but a horse who has received an injury in the shoulder, demonstrates it less and less, the more he gets into a perspiration.

SIDE-SADDLE

.—The saddle upon which women ride is so called. The injuries horses sustain by the use of these saddles, when not properly attended to, exceed conception. It is well known by those who are much in public, and make their occasional observations as they ride, that most of the women about the Metropolis (who, it may be presumed, are taught in the schools) ride exceedingly ill, and to a spectator, most mortifyingly ungraceful; or, in words more expressive and explanatory, they bear near their whole weight upon the swivel-clog stirrup of the SADDLE, and little or none upon the back of the horse. The evident effect of this is, that the saddle, which should preserve a due and consistent equilibrium, compulsively preponderates with the weight of the injudicious RIDER, and has a constant bearing friction upon the WITHER on the off side, from whence originates inflammation, bruise, tumor, formation of matter, and not infrequently FISTULA, as a finishing consolation to the concern. When a comparison is made between the equestrian ability of the FINE LADIES in the environs of London, and the bounce-about self-taught damsels of the country, the former sink extremely in comparative estimation. The best and most certain means of insuring safety with a saddle of this description, is to have a hollow on the inside the pad which comes in contact with the off side the wither, so formed, as to admit of no bearing on that side at all. This is readily accomplished, by ordering a vacuum of the size of an inverted tea-cup, with elastic quilting to surround the edge, which taking a regular, equal and circular bearing, so completely protects the wither, that it is impossible an injury can be sustained.

SIGNS of DISEASE

—are various in horses, as influenced by the different sensations originating in the peculiar disorder of which they are the prognostics. One leading sign of internal pain or disquietude in a horse is, the refusal of his FOOD, a drooping of the head, a dulness of the eyes, a general bodily lassitude, and a seeming dislike to action. These are evident signs of indisposition, and should always prove an immediate stimulus to necessary examination, which cannot be made too soon, as many horses are totally lost for want of proper attention at the commencement of disease. Those just mentioned, are not considered symptoms of severity, or such as hold forth indications of SPEEDY DANGER; but they are of consequence to justify such early counteraction, as the nature of each particular case may render a matter of prudence and precaution. Much information may be collected from the state of the pulse, the warmth or coldness of the ears, the parching heat, clammy viscidity, or fleshy smell of the mouth, the heaving of the flank, the white or inflamed state of the eye-lids, and the glassy appearance of the eyes themselves; all which appertain to cold, fever, pleurisy, inflammation of the lungs, or affections of the liver. A horse's being in excruciating pain, looking back to his flank incessantly on either one side or the other, laying, or rather dropping, down suddenly, extending his extremities to the utmost, groaning at the same time, then raising his head as he lays, and pointing the nose to his flank, rolling over in his stall, and hastily rising, are all symptoms of cholic, and of that kind termed inflammatory, occasioned by indurated excrements in the intestinal canal, which, if not properly and expeditiously removed, produce MORTIFICATION, and, of course, death.

If the body is greatly distended, having the same symptoms, it is then called the flatulent cholic, and proceeds from the confined collection and retention of wind; to the immediate relief of which, flank and belly rubbing by two good strong men (one on each side) will greatly contribute. Constantly striding, and endeavouring to stale without success, denotes defect in the sphincter or neck of the bladder: discharging the urine by dribblings, in small quantities, and often, may be considered some injury sustained in the KIDNIES, particularly if the urine is in any degree tinged with blood. Glandular tumefactions under the jaws, with a soreness of the throat, if the horse is young, may be supposed an attack of the strangles; if an aged horse, who is known to have had that disorder, GLANDERS may probably ensue. A dry parched tongue, wrinkled at the sides with constant heat, is a palpable proof of fever; a raw and fleshy smell from the same, confirms it: a putrid fœtid smell from the nostrils, attended with a slimy discharge, equally glutinous and offensive, denotes a consumption of the lungs. A horse constantly dejected, with a gradually declining appetite, and inattention to those about him, bearing his head constantly to his right side, may be suspected of an inflammation of, or a tumefaction in, the LIVER, affording an additional and strongly corroborating symptom, if there is a palpable yellowness upon the original white of the eyes. This latter is also a distinguishing trait of jaundice.

Horses, when first attacked with fever, or an inflammation of the lungs, are observed to have alternate fits of shivering for the first two or three hours. Although a horse's coat may be rough and hollow from a cold stable, neglect, and ill looking after, it is sometimes a proof that all is not right within. If a horse is observed to strike his foot petulantly, and repeatedly, against his belly, threatenings of CHOLIC may be apprehended: but if at the same time he frisks his tail, and draws it in close to his quarters, irritation in the rectum is the cause; and the pain in the body, and itching at the anus, are produced by WORMS. In addition to the signs of disease, a few words may be applicable upon the signs of health; and although the horse's VIGOUR, STRENGTH, and SPIRITS, will, upon nearly all occasions, unerringly demonstrate this, yet some few shades of instruction and precaution may be acquired from a little attention to the secretions of, and discharges from, the body.

A HORSE or MARE in high health, seldom varies much in the colors or quantities of what are termed the excrementitious discharges from the body; as they are in general a tolerable criterion of the real state it is in. The dung from a horse in good condition for work, free from a viscid or diseased affection of the blood, and the various disorders and humours dependent thereupon, will be mostly observed of a pale yellow, moderately united in firm bright globules, rather brittle than adhesive, with a shining slippery surface, but perfectly free from a glutinous viscid slime. If the dung is hard, black, and offensive, when it falls, the body is overloaded, the habit is costive, and it has been too long retained; if covered with the gluey slime before described, it is a sufficient proof of internal foulness, and most probably of impending disease. When a horse is labouring under a dangerous disease, some occasional assisting information may be derived from the URINE as it falls, and much more if caught, and set by to subside. If it comes away limpid and colourless, remaining in that state after being set by, it is not considered a symptom of a very favourable complexion; but if it comes away red, or of a turbid yellow, with an oily skin upon its surface, and afterwards deposits a kind of brickdust sediment, with a kind of strong or terebinthinate effluvia, it may be considered a good sign, and is very frequently the harbinger of a speedy recovery.

If, during the progress and various changes of disease, it should assume different appearances, first of the healthy, and then the opposite aspect, the case is doubtful, and danger may be apprehended; as it affords sufficient demonstration, there is a powerful struggle in the system, and the morbid miasma is not subdued. The best state of a horse's urine, when in HEALTH and CONDITION, is of a yellowish tinge, moderate consistence, a strong smell, rather grateful than offensive, and a penetrating property: these, in the aggregate, may be concluded indications of spirits, strength, and vigour; the reverse, (in any serious degree,) slight symptoms of disquietude, or impending disease. After all the inculcations that can possibly be introduced under this head, the most judicious and experienced practitioner will sometimes find it extremely difficult to distinguish, with certainty, between one internal disease and another; having nothing to assist him in the discovery but his own judgment, and the most predominant symptoms at the moment, many of which are common to other diseases. Notwithstanding these uncertainties, and the doubts which may arise between one and the other, it is the duty of every Veterinarian to acquire as perfect a knowledge as possible of DIAGNOSTICS; for although his incessant inquiries may not render him an infallible guide in every case without exception, it will afford him the gratification of a distinguished superiority over those who have neglected to avail themselves of the same advantages.

SINEWS

—is the fashionable and common term for the tendinous coat of the muscles extending from the back of a horse's knee to the fetlock joint, when which is in any degree elongated by strain, twist, or any other accident, the horse is then said to be broken down in the BACK SINEWS. The sinews or tendons are liable at all times to violent spasmodic contractions (see Cramp) not only in any one of the extremities, but throughout the whole body; the immediate and remote causes of which are hitherto undiscovered, and will most probably remain so, in respect to certainty; although there are not wanting speculators of mental fertility, who attribute them to various causes, without having, perhaps, in the whole number, fixed upon the right. One class of these suppose, convulsive contractions of the tendons are occasioned by surfeits, or the want of proper evacuation; another, from too plentiful and repeated bleedings, too violent purgings, or too hard labour; assigning for a reason, "that these fill the hollowness of the SINEWS with cold windy vapours, which are the only great causes of convulsions." Where they occur from accidental causes, and casual injuries, as in wounds, perforations, or instrumental incisions, the origin is obvious, and in a certain degree points out the immediate road to local relief. When a tendon has been in part divided, or only punctured, a succession of painful and most alarming symptoms invariably ensue, and relief can only be obtained by early application to the best opinion, and most experienced judgment, that can be produced; with the very slender and mortifying consolation, that not one in twenty (if severely injured) ever after proves of any permanent utility.

SIR PETER TEAZLE

,—the name of the most celebrated STALLION at present in the kingdom; his blood, performances, and progeny, being reckoned inferior to none, and superior to most of those who have ever appeared upon the turf. He was foaled in 1784; bred by the Earl of Derby, got by Highflyer, dam (Papillon) by Snap, grand-dam by Regulus, who was got by the Godolphin Arabian. At three and four years old he was the best of his time, beating every opponent, and winning stakes to a great amount. The second day of the Craven Meeting at Newmarket in 1789, when four years old, he won a subscription of 50 guineas each; beating Meteor, Pegasus, and Gunpowder; and received forfeit from Bustler, Rockingham, Poker, Patrick, Schoolboy, Harlot, and three others. In the first October meeting of the same year, he broke down, when running against Cardock, Driver, Schoolboy, and Gunpowder, with the odds in his favour; immediately after which he was announced as a stallion for the ensuing year at 10 guineas a mare, and half a guinea the groom. In 1794 his get began to appear. A bay filly of Mr. Clifton's won 120 guineas at Catterick, and 140 guineas at Knutsford. Another of Mr. Tarleton's won 100 guineas at Preston, and 40l. 10s. at Nottingham; and the afterwards celebrated Hermione won 80 guineas at Newmarket, the Oaks stakes of 50 guineas each (31 subscribers) at Epsom, 50l. at Lewes, and 50l. at Reading.

In 1795, nine winners appeared, amongst whom Hermione (then Mr. Durand's) won 100 guineas at Epsom; the gold cup, 40 guineas, and 100 guineas at Oxford; 45 guineas at Egham, and the Queen's 100 guineas at Chelmsford.

In 1796 twelve winners started. Ambrosio (three years old) won 150 guineas, and 50l. at York; 275 guineas at the same place; and the St. Leger stakes of 25 guineas each (15 subscribers) at Doncaster. Brass won 300 guineas, and 50 guineas, at Newmarket. A brown colt of Sir F. Standish's won 200 guineas, and the Prince's stakes of 500 guineas, at the same. Hermione won the two King's plates at Newmarket, and 50l. at Guildford. Parisot won the Oaks stakes at Epsom, 50 guineas each, 42 subscribers.

In 1797 his reputation as a stallion continued increasing; eleven of his produce obtained 33 stakes, plates, &c. Ambrosio won the first class of the Oatland stakes of 50 guineas each, (12 subscribers,) beating Stickler, Gabriel, Play or Pay, Frederick, Trumpeter, Parrot, and Cannons; 100 guineas, and 200 guineas, at Newmarket. Hermione won the third class of the Oatlands, 50 guineas each, (12 subscribers,) beating five others; and the King's plate at Newmarket, and 50l. at Epsom; the King's plate, and 60 guineas, at Lewes; and the King's 100 guineas at Canterbury and at Warwick. Honest John, 100 guineas at York, and 100 guineas at Richmond. Petrina won three fifties at Newcastle, Knutsford, and Northampton. Shepherd, two fifties at Durham. Stamford (3 years old) 200 guineas, and 150 guineas, at Newmarket, 200 guineas at Epsom, 280 guineas at Stamford, and the gold cup at Doncaster. Welshman won 100 guineas at Chester, 50l. and 50 guineas, at Knutsford, and a sweepstakes at Tarporley.

In 1798, Ambrosio won eight stakes and plates, amounting to 1625 guineas. Black George won 180 guineas, and 150 guineas, at Chester, 45 guineas at Newcastle, and 50l. at Knutsford. Demon, 100 guineas at Chester, and 60 guineas at Tarporley. Honest John, 200 guineas at York, and 134l. at Richmond. Pentacrue, 50l. at Dumfries, and 50l. at Ayr. Petrina, the gold cup at Chesterfield, and the King's 100 guineas at Lincoln. Sir Harry (three years old) the Derby stakes at Epsom, 50 guineas each, 37 subscribers. Stamford, 233l. 15s. and the Ladies' Plate at York; the gold cup, and 100l. at Doncaster.

In 1799 seventeen started, who were the winners of 37 subscriptions, sweepstakes, and plates. Ambrosio won 50l. at Newmarket, 225l. at York, and 200 guineas at Doncaster. Archduke (three years old) won 400 guineas at Newmarket, and the Derby stakes, 50 guineas each, 33 subscribers, at Epsom. Black George, 50 guineas at Newcastle, and 70 guineas at Litchfield. Expectation (three years old) 100 guineas and a handicap plate at Newmarket. Fanny, 140 guineas at Doncaster. Knowsley, 60 guineas at Catterick; 120 guineas, and the stand plate, at York. Lady Jane, 25 guineas at Preston, two fifties at Cardiff, 50l. at Hereford, and 50l. at Abingdon. Parisot, 800 guineas at Newmarket. Petrina, 50l. at Warwick, and 50l. at Shrewsbury. Polyphemus, 50l. at Shawbury, and 50l. at Northampton. Princess, 50l. at Epsom, 50l. at Brighton, and 50l. at Reading. Push-forward, 50l. at Penrith, and 50l. at Carlisle. Roxana, 100 guineas at Catterick, 300 guineas, and 100 guineas, at York, and 80 guineas at Beverley. Sir Harry, the Claret stakes of 1100 guineas at Newmarket. Stamford, the King's 100 guineas and the Ladies' Plate at York.

His constantly increasing reputation as a stallion produced an annual increase of winners. In 1800 fifteen of his get started, and were the winners of thirty-nine sweepstakes, subscriptions, matches, and plates; the principal of which were, Agonistes, (three years old) 140 guineas at York, 220 guineas at Newcastle, the produce stakes of 100 guineas each at Preston, and 160 guineas at Malton. Expectation (then four years old) won ten prizes, 150 guineas, 35 guineas, 32½ guineas, and 25 guineas, at Newmarket; 50 guineas, and the Jockey Club Plate, at the same; the Pavilion stakes of 25 guineas each (6 subscribers) at Brighton; 200 guineas, and 60 guineas, at Lewes, and the Gold Cup at Oxford. Fanny, the great produce sweepstakes of 100 guineas each at York, (22 subscribers;) seven she beat, and fourteen paid half forfeit, so that she won 1400 guineas in less than eight minutes. Knowsley (the Prince of Wales's) won the King's 100 guineas at Guildford, Winchester, Lewes, and Litchfield, with 80 guineas also at Lewes. Robin Red-breast, 50l. at Bridgenorth, 50l. at Newcastle, 50l. at Nantwich, the King's 100 guineas at Warwick, and 50l. at Litchfield. Sir Harry, 200 guineas, and 550 guineas. Sir Solomon made a very conspicuous figure, as will be seen under that distinct head.

In 1801 and 1802 he seems to have attained, in his progeny, the very summit of all possible celebrity: during the former there appeared fifteen of his produce, who were the winners of 44 sweepstakes, subscriptions, and plates, of which the most eminent were Agonistes, who won 100 guineas at Newcastle, the King's Plate, 216l. 5s. and the Ladies Plate, at York; the Gold Cup, of 170 guineas value, at Richmond; 120 guineas at Malton, and the King's 100 guineas at Carlisle. Haphazard, 90 guineas at Catterick, 50l. at Preston, 60l. at Knutsford, 50l. at Pontefract, 100l. at Doncaster, and 50l. at Carlisle. Lancaster, 50 guineas at York, two fifties and 100 guineas at Morpeth. Lucan, 100 guineas at Newmarket. Sir Harry, 400 guineas, and 50 guineas, at Newmarket, 235 guineas at Ascot, and the King's Plate at Winchester. Telegraph, 100 guineas, and 50l. at Newmarket, and 45 guineas at Bibury.

In the last year, 1802, sixteen of his get were the winners of 41 prizes; of which Agonistes won 1000 guineas at Newcastle. Attainment, 50l. at Newcastle, and 45l. at Nantwich. Duxbury, 250 guineas, and 100 guineas, at Newmarket. Haphazard, 50 guineas at Catterick, 250 guineas, and 268l. 15s. at York, 92l. at Richmond, the Doncaster stakes of 10 guineas each (13 subscribers) with 20 guineas added by the Corporation of Doncaster, and the King's Plate of 100 guineas at Carlisle. Lancaster, 50l. at Middleham, 50l. at Manchester, 150 guineas at York, 50l. and 50 guineas at Preston. Lethe, 1000 guineas, and 50l. at York, 1000 guineas at Edinburgh, and 100l. at Montrose. Lucan, 50l. at Newmarket, 130 guineas at Bibury, 50l. at Oxford, 50l. at Bedford, and 50l. at Newmarket. Pipylin, 150 guineas at Newmarket, and 65l. 15s. at Nottingham. Ransom, 50l. at Stamford, and 50l. at Canterbury. Robin Red-Breast, 100 guineas at Newmarket. Sir Simon, 50 guineas, and 25 guineas, at Goodwood: and Wilkes, 50 guineas at Newmarket.

Thus the united blood of Herod, Blank, Snap, and Regulus, are proved equal, if not superior, to every other junction or cross ever introduced. Sir Peter Teazle is now only nine years old, in high health, and just announced to cover the present season (1803) forty-five mares at Knowsley, near Prescot, Lancashire, at FIFTEEN GUINEAS each mare, and fifteen shillings the groom.

SIR SOLOMON

,—the name of a horse of much recent racing reputation: he was got by Sir Peter Teazle, dam (Matron) by Florizel, who was got by Herod. Sir Solomon was bred by Earl Fitzwilliam, foaled in 1796, and started for six different three year old stakes, (in the name of Tankersley,) always running in a capital form, and in a good place, but without winning once in that year. He was then purchased by Mr. Johnson, and started 1800 for the King's Plate at Nottingham (with his new name) which he won easy, beating Welter, Honeycomb, and Coniac; and the next day a 50l. plate. At York he won the King's hundred, beating Applegarth, and Honeycomb. In 1801, he won five times out of the six stakes and plates he started for. He won the Stand Plate at York, beating those famous horses Chance, Cockboat, and Timothy; the King's Plate at Newcastle, with the gold cup and 130 guineas at the same; the gold cup at Nottingham, and 500 guineas at Doncaster. In 1802 he won the gold cup, value 100 guineas, and 60 guineas in specie, at Newcastle. A subscription of 25 guineas each, nine subscribers, and 268l. 15s. at York, (beating the famous Cockfighter,) 50l. and 70 guineas, at Lincoln. He was since purchased by Mr. Lumley Saville, and is announced to cover the present season, 1803, (10 guineas a mare, and 10s. 6d. the groom,) at Rufford, in Nottinghamshire.

SITFAST

.—A sitfast is an eschar upon the side of a horse, which having been originally a warble, from the pressure and friction of the girth-buckle, (indiscreetly permitted to come upon, or near to, the edge of the pad,) is, by a repetition of the injury, converted into a sitfast; or, in terms of easier comprehension, a circular or oblong space of the integument, so completely cauterized by the repeated heat and friction, that it bears all the appearance of a piece of burnt leather inserted upon the spot. When, by carelessness and neglect, it has acquired the state now described, there is but one mode of cure, which is instrumental extirpation. The edge being raised so as to admit of being taken hold of by either FORCEPS, or common PINCERS, it may be separated from the substance to which it adheres, by any common operator, and healed in a few days, almost as soon, and with as little difficulty, as the most trifling and superficial laceration.

SKITTISH

.—A horse is said to be SKITTISH, who is considerably above himself both in spirit and condition; displaying much more of pleasure in exercise, and the enjoyment of air and conditional freedom, (from the narrow confines of a stable,) than the least tendency to habitual vice. A skittish horse will jump two or three feet at the flight of a sparrow, or dance a saraband upon the rumbling approach of a carriage: he is (unless weary with work) always alive with gaiety and motion, without the least intentional injury to those who ride or drive him. There are those who confound the terms, and consider a SKITTISH and a STARTING horse one and the same thing; but they are in the eye of accuracy by no means synonymous.

SKYSCRAPER

,—the name of a horse of much present celebrity: he was bred by the late Duke of Bedford, and got by Highflyer out of Everlasting. In the Craven Meeting, at Newmarket, 1789, when two years old, he received forfeit from three for a sweepstakes of 200 guineas each across the flat. The same Meeting he beat Mr. Fox's Maid of all Work across the flat for 500 guineas. The second Spring Meeting (then three years old) he won the Prince's Stakes of 100 guineas each, eight subscribers; the Derby Stakes at Epsom, 50 guineas each, thirty subscribers. At the same place he received 70 guineas compromise from the Earl of Egremont's Tag. In the first October Meeting he received 250 guineas forfeit from Mr. Ladbroke's Magpie, two middle miles of Beacon Course, for 500 guineas, half forfeit. In the second October Meeting he won a sweepstakes of 100 guineas each, from the Ditch-in, nine subscribers. The next day he won the 50l. Plate for three year olds, beating nine others. The same week he received 122½ guineas forfeit in a Post Match with Lord Derby. In the Houghton Meeting he received 130 guineas compromise from Mr. Fox's Sister to Lethe, 300 guineas, half forfeit. The same week he received 130 guineas compromise from Mr. Fox's Braggadocio, across the flat, for 300 guineas, half forfeit.

In 1790, at the first Spring Meeting, he won the Jockey Stakes of 100 guineas each, (half forfeit,) fourteen subscribers, of which nine paid forfeit. In the same week for the Claret Stakes of 200 guineas each, half forfeit, he received from his Royal Highness the Prince of Wales's Sujah ul Dowlah, his Royal Highness the Prince's Deir Sing, Duke of Orleans's Jericho, Lord Egremont's Calomel, and Sir C. Bunbury's Glaucus. In the first October Meeting he received 100 guineas forfeit from Montezuma. In the same Meeting he won half a subscription of 30 guineas each, (seven subscribers,) beating the famous Escape, then the property of his Royal Highness the Prince of Wales.

In the first Spring Meeting of 1791, he won the renewed 1400 guineas, a subscription of 200 guineas each, half forfeit; beating Pipator; fourteen having paid forfeit. In the second Spring Meeting he received 150 guineas forfeit of four, for a sweepstakes of 300 guineas each, over the Beacon. The first Spring Meeting, 1792, he won the King's Plate at Newmarket, beating those famous horses Coriander, Gustavus, and Toby, with the odds ten to one against him at starting. At Stockbridge he won 50l. beating Thalia. He won the King's Plate at Winchester; walked over for a sweepstakes of 10 guineas each, five subscribers, at Bedford; won the King's Hundred in the first October Meeting at Newmarket, beating Skylark; and in the second a subscription of 60 guineas, beating Skylark and Espersykes, with the odds against him at starting. In 1793 he started but twice, and was beat each time by the celebrated Coriander. In 1794, on the first day of the first Spring Meeting at Newmarket, he won a 50l. plate, beating Serpent and No Pretender; about which time the Duke of Bedford beginning to reduce his racing establishment, Skyscraper appeared no more on the turf. He has hitherto covered at Woburn Abbey, in Bedfordshire; but is now announced for the ensuing season, 1803, at Tytherton, near Chippenham, Wilts, at TEN GUINEAS a mare, and half a guinea the groom.

SLOT

.—The impression of a deer's foot upon the earth, so as to be perceptible, is then called a slot; and when, in consequence of storms, rain, sleet, or extreme drought, the hounds cannot carry on the scent, the huntsman and his assistants have no alternative, but to avail themselves of every possible clue and information from the SLOT, to prevent the disgrace of the HOUNDS being beat, and the deer lost.

SMITHFIELD

—is the name of a most celebrated spot in the Metropolis, from which a SPORTSMAN is not likely to derive either pleasure or emolument; unless it is in the purchase of diseased or emaciated subjects for his HOUNDS. To those in remote parts of the kingdom, it may not be inapplicable to be informed, that Smithfield is the great CATTLE MARKET for the consumption of the infinite body of inhabitants in the cities of London, Westminster, their suburbs, and the environs for some miles round. The principal days are Monday and Friday in every week; on which some hundreds of OXEN, in a state of perfection for slaughter, and thousands of SHEEP and LAMBS, are constantly transferred to supply the immense demand. The afternoons of those days are principally appropriated to the purchase and sale of aged, crippled, and worn-out horses; the greater part of whom are only fit to receive sentence from the INSPECTOR, previous to their being delivered to the nacker, (or slaughterman,) unless it is some few, with still remaining strength enough to drag the carts of the industrious about the inferior streets, with a supply of vegetables in the summer, and potatoes in the winter, for the accommodation of the lower classes of society.

SNAFFLE

.—The simplest and plainest BRIDLE-BIT is so called: it consists of only a single mouthpiece, having a joint in the middle, with a cheek of different lengths at each extremity, and an eye annexed to receive the reins; when which are added, it is then called a SNAFFLE (or single-reined) BRIDLE. When snaffle-bits are made very large in the mouth for breaking colts or fillies, they are then called MOUTHING-BITS.

SNAP

,—the name of a horse, as a STALLION, formerly held in high estimation: he was bred by the late Earl of Sandwich; foaled in 1750; got by Snip; dam by Fox, grand-dam by Bay Bolton; from which the blood of both sire and dam may be traced to most of the Barbs and Turks ever brought to this country. There were also three others of this name, distinguished by different appellations; as Lord Chedworth's Snap; Wildman's Snap; and Latham's Snap. The first was got by Old Snap; his dam by Dormouse, grand-dam by Mixbury. The second by Old Snap; dam by Regulus, grand-dam by Bartlet's Childers; going on both sides directly into Arabian blood. The third by Snap, dam by Cade, grand-dam by Old Partner.

SNIPES

—are well known to the sporting world in winter shooting, and are of two sorts; one nearly as large again as the other, though precisely the same in shape, make, feather, and formation. They frequent the same places, subsist on the same food, and are frequently found near to each other. The larger is called a whole snipe; the smaller, a Jack; the latter of which is not very easily killed, at least by an indifferent shot; of which some proof was recently given by a gentleman of Easthampstead, in Windsor Forest, who very warmly entertained his friend with a description of "a Jack snipe he had found upon the heath, which had afforded him sport for six weeks; and he did not at all doubt but he would serve him for sport during the season, if he was not taken off by a frost; and what was still more convenient, he always knew where to find him within a hundred yards of the same place." They are birds of passage, supposed to breed principally in the lower lands of Switzerland and Germany, though some (particularly the Jacks) remain and breed in the fens and marshy swamps of this country, where their nests with eggs and young are frequently found. They arrive here sooner or later in the Autumn, regulated in respect to time by the wind and weather, but never appear till after the first rains; and leave this country in the spring, so soon as the warmer sun begins to absorb or exhale the moisture from the earth, and denote the approach of Summer.—See Shooting.

SNORTING

.—is a cartilaginous propulsion of sound from the nostrils of a horse, which he avails himself of at different times, to signify sensations seemingly opposite to each other. Upon being led from the light, through a gloomy passage, to a still more gloomy stable, he is frequently observed to SNORT either from fear or surprize; meeting or coming suddenly upon a new, strange or unnatural object, he snorts from absolute dread of injury; taken into a stable or out-house smelling musty, from foul dung and confined air, he snorts with dislike, and enters with reluctance: but snorting in the field at exercise, or in the CHASE with HOUNDS, may each be considered a proof of pleasurable gratification.

SOILING

,—in the more confined signification, applies merely to the supplying a horse with grass, clover, tares, lucern, fain-foin, or rye, cut green, and brought to the stable for his daily consumption; but in a more general acceptation it extends to the act of turning him out in a plentiful pasture, and in the genial season, when and where he may enjoy all the advantages of which the frame is susceptible. It cannot but be known, that liberty, so dear to us, and to every part of the creation, must be equally so to the horse: to have his limbs free from restraint, to expand his frame, and roll upon the earth, to snort and snuff the ambient air, and to have his coat cleansed and purified by the dew of heaven, is to the horse a state of nature, and a life of luxury. Thus free and uncontrouled, although they are equally subject to, yet they are seldom known to be afflicted with pain or disease, in any degree equal to those who are confined within the limits of a small and offensive stable.

To constitute occasional revulsion, to correct acrimony in the blood, to purify the juices, to invigorate the frame, and reanimate the system, it is absolutely necessary the horse should have his annual run of six weeks or two months in a luxuriant pasture, and at a proper season of the year, if either his frame or health is thought worthy protection. In the Metropolis, and in large towns, where the environs are entirely appropriated to HAY FARMERS and COW-KEEPERS, no such convenience can probably be obtained for any pecuniary consideration whatever; in which predicament the only alternative to be adopted, is to supply them with green food daily, and this is termed SOILING in the STABLE. Even this process, simple as it is, requires some previous precaution. The article with which the Metropolis, and other cities and large towns, are supplied, are mostly tares, (in some countries called vetches;) though clover is at some-times, and in some places, to be procured; but whether one, or the other, it is absolutely necessary the supplies should be fresh, and, if possible, never more than thirty or six-and-thirty hours off the scythe; from which time (particularly if laid in a heap) they begin to heat exceedingly fast; and when once the juices are exhaled, become tough, turn black, and rapidly approach putrefaction.

This, however, must be admitted a very inferior substitute for natural pasture; as repeated experiments, and constant observation, hesitate not to pronounce the NATIVE (in its nutritive and exhilarating property) superior to every artificial grass hitherto introduced. The quantities of the latter grown in various parts of the kingdom (and in some it cannot be avoided) is immense; but no doubt need be entertained of the nutritious superiority of the native meadow grass, whether green or dry, if it is cleanly cultivated, and well got in. It is very much the custom in and about London, to send horses to what are called the SALT MARSHES in Essex, from whence some arrive in tolerable condition; but where, from their contiguity to town, or other causes, the land is overstocked, and the summer dry, they come up in a state of wretched emaciation, as if passing in mournful procession to some neighbouring dog kennel. Those marshes, at a proper distance from town, where they are free from offensive filth, and the pasture plentiful, are remarkable for their peculiar property of attenuation, in altering the property of the blood, promoting the secretions, purifying the system, and invigorating the frame. They are well known to act as perfectly as the most powerful antimonial or mercurial alterative, in obliterating the remains of cutaneous disease; and this is readily accounted for by their first effects, which is for many days equal to a state of medical purgation; to which, however, the subject soon becomes superior in health, strength, and an accumulation of flesh; demonstrating the process to have been a very salutary interposition.

Those who wish their horses to avail themselves of every advantage to be derived from SOILING, will certainly retain it in memory, that TWO months in the prime and early part of the season, will be preferable to THREE at the latter end: a dry summer, short pasture, and the infinity of flies, and other insects, constitute a very sensible drawback upon the privilege of liberty, as well as upon the restoration of FLESH, and the renovation of STRENGTH. Horses in a plethoric state, with a cough, full of blood, or the relics of disease about them, will most likely come up in a much worse state than when turned out. Horses of this description should undergo bleeding, and proper evacuations, previous to their being set at liberty; as the nocturnal collapsion of the porous system might probably repel the perspirative matter upon the overloaded vessels, and thereby render the remedy (in turning out) worse than the disease.

What is termed a winter's run, although attended with promised advantages in some respects, is not without the chance of loss, anxiety, vexation, and expence, in others: frozen limbs, and an empty carcase, are not calculated much for the promotion of flesh, strength, or purity of condition. A horse, by such, is in possession of his shivering liberty, perhaps in some contracted spot, wretchedly despondent over the effluvia of his own excrements, 'tis true; but how far that may compensate for the want of shelter, food, care, and attention, in the most severe, dreadful and dreary season of the year, must be left entirely to the decision of those whose pecuniary sensations may prompt them to make the experiment.

SOLE

.—The external part of a horse's foot so called is at the bottom, and situate between the frog in the center, and the wall or bearing which totally surrounds the outside. This will be the more perfectly understood by referring to Fig. 2. of the letter A in the Plate of "Demonstrative Shoeing," where the SOLE, the WALL, and the FROG, being accurately represented, will collaterally explain themselves in the following description. The outer sole (as it is called in contra-distinction to the inner, which is its membranous lining) is a sound and horny substance; but not so very firm and impenetrable in its texture, as the hoof, by which it is surrounded, and is evidently intended as a protection to the inferior structure of the foot. The sole, to assist generally in constituting what is considered a well-formed and substantial foot, should be thick, strong, and inclining much more to a hollow, than the least appearance of prominence; for when a shoe is well set, no bearing whatever should be sustained by the sole, but the whole must positively rest upon the crust or wall of the hoof, which may be seen in the line of articulation accurately represented upon the Plate; where, on the inside of the circle, will be observed the sole, Fig. 2. on the outer, the wall or crust, Fig. 1. When the bottom of the foot has what is termed a crowned sole, with a prominence similar to the convex side of an oyster shell, and the sole projecting above the circular wall of the hoof, the horse is tender, sometimes halts, and is tardy in progress: such horses are said to be fleshy-footed, and require great care and attention in shoeing; and unless the shoe is properly arched or hollowed within, to take off every chance of pressure from the prominent sole, pain and subsequent lameness must inevitably ensue.

SORREL

—is the colour by which certain horses are distinguished, and might, without any degree of inconsistency, be termed a red chesnut: they are a colour nearly between a bright bay and a yellow chesnut, giving and taking a tinge or shade either way, having invariably manes and tails red or white. When tolerably well bred, of handsome shape, make, and symmetry, with full silver mane and tail, they are majestic, commanding figures, and are, in general, secured as cavalry chargers for field officers, when they are to be obtained of size and strength for the purpose.

SOUNDNESS

,—in a horse, is of such extensive meaning, and infinite importance to the sporting world, to dealers in horses, and to individual purchasers, that it is exceedingly necessary some criterion should be fixed by which its present undefined meaning should be more properly and more equitably understood; for want of which, more litigation is carried into the Courts at Westminster for the emolument and amusement of the Gentlemen of the Long-robe, than any other subject whatever, the constantly increasing evil of crim. con. excepted. The general custom between BUYER and SELLER is precisely this; the horse is sold with or without certain conditions in respect to SOUNDNESS, and this is done by what is called a WARRANTY on the part of the seller thus: "He is warranted perfectly sound, free from vice or blemish, and quiet to ride, or draw," as either or both the latter may happen to be. A horse sold without a warranty, and taken as he is, is then purchased (and the purchase abided by) with all faults, and cannot be returned under any plea whatever, unless he can be proved to have been glandered at the time of purchase, in which state no horse can be legally sold.

In the strict and equitable sense of the word, a horse, to be perfectly sound, should be completely perfect: he should have no obstruction to sight, no impediment to action, but be in an acknowledged slate of natural purity; neither diseased, lame, blind, or broken-winded: he should not only be free from impediment at the time of sale, but bona fide never known to have been otherwise. Some there are who support a different opinion, and conceive (or pretend so to do) that a horse may be sold warranted perfectly sound, after he has recovered from a palpable lameness: those should recollect, that such horse is always liable to a relapse, or repetition of the injury; and whoever becomes so obstinate as to defend an action brought under such circumstance, will certainly feel the mortification of having a VERDICT pronounced against him, so soon as sufficient evidence has proved such horse to have been lame at any time whatever previous to the purchase.

Some years since, a late Lord Chief Justice of the Court of King's Bench laid it down as a rule, and promulgated the opinion, from the bench during a trial then pending, that TWENTY POUNDS was a good and sufficient price for a SOUND HORSE; and whether a warranty was or was not given, was totally immaterial: that sum implied a warranty, not only for the horse's soundness at the time of his being then sold, but that he should continue so for at least three months afterwards; a declaration so truly ridiculous in itself, and so void of every principle of equity, that any man, to make it now, would lay indisputable claim to the appellation of FOOL or MADMAN.

SPANIEL

—is the name of a dog of which there are different kinds; and even these have been so repeatedly crossed, that, unless it is in the possession of sportsmen who have been careful in preserving the purity of the breed perfectly free from casual contamination, the well-bred genuine cocking Spaniel is difficult to obtain. There are four distinct kinds of dog passing under this denomination; the large water Spaniel, and a smaller of the same sort. Of land Spaniels there are two kinds also; the one larger than the other, much stronger in the bone, but with curly waves in the hair; and the small yellow pied springing Spaniel, (used in pheasant and cock shooting,) whose hair is rather long, soft, and delicately pliable, with ears of the same description, reaching, when extended, beyond the point of the nose. The two kinds first mentioned are chiefly confined to the purposes of wild fowl shooting, in moors, marshes, and the neighbourhood of rivers; where ducks, wigeons, teal, coots, moor-hens, dab-chicks, and snipes, are to be found; to all which they are particularly appropriate; not more for their indefatigable industry in finding the game, than for their surmounting every obstacle to recover it, and bring it to hand when killed. They are also of most wonderful sagacity, fidelity, and observation; their olfactory sensations almost exceed belief, by which alone they are taught the most incredible performances. Sticks, gloves, handkerchiefs, coin, or any other article left some miles behind by the owner upon the road, or any remote spot, (totally unknown to them,) they will retrace to any distance upon a signal being given with the hand, and never relinquish the search till they bring it safe to their master.

The large springing Spaniel, and small Cocker, although they vary in size, differ but little in their qualifications, except that the former is rather slower in action; neither catching the scent of the game so suddenly as the latter, or seeming to enjoy it with the same extatic enthusiasm when found. The small cocking Spaniel has also the advantage of getting through the low bushy covert with much less difficulty than the larger Spaniel, and does not tire so soon, whatever may have been the length and labour of the day. Spaniels of each description are frequently used as finders in COURSING with GREYHOUNDS, and are indefatigable in their exertions: from the time they are thrown off in pursuit of game, the tail is in a perpetual motion, (called feathering,) by the increasing vibration of which, an experienced sportsman well knows when he gets nearer the object of attraction. The nearer he approaches it, the more violent he becomes in his endeavours to succeed; tremulative whimpers escape him as a matter of doubt; but the moment that doubt's dispelled, his clamorous raptures break forth in full confirmation of the gratification he receives. And this proclamation may be so firmly relied on, (though in the midst of the thickest covert,) that the happy owner may exultingly boast he is in the possession of one faithful domestic who never tells a lie.

As it is the impulsive principle of this animal to give the most outrageous proof of joy upon finding, or coming upon the foot or haunt of game, so it is his determined disposition never to relax in his perseverance till he brings it to view. It is therefore necessary for all young and inexperienced sportsmen, who take the field with Spaniels, not to be too tardy in their own motions, but to let their agility keep pace with the incessant activity of their canine companions, without which they may expect to cover many a weary mile without a successful shot. Spaniels, when broke for the field, should never be taken out more than one young dog at a time, and that in company with one or more old and seasoned dogs, to whom they will mostly attend in every action, and the sooner acquire the necessary knowledge of the business they are engaged in. If young dogs are taken out alone, and in too great number, their great eagerness, and emulative opposition, frequently occasions them (particularly in covert, where they are safe from correction) to hunt or chase one thing for want of finding another; and in the event of not being corrected when necessary, to become uncertain babblers, and never to be relied upon. The judicious and experienced sportsman will never be seen to hunt Spaniels with Pointers either in or out of covert; for, although it can do little or no injury to the former, it may very materially warp the integrity, if not totally destroy the principles of the latter.

SPARRING

—is a ceremony practised with game cocks during the time they are in feeding (alias training) to fight in any MAIN or MATCH, for which they stand engaged. When COCKS are brought up from their walks, and placed in their pens, some are, of course, too full in flesh; others, as much deficient: in the judgment of equalizing these different degrees, (by reducing the weight of one, and increasing the substance of the other,) does the art of cock-feeding entirely depend. On every second or third day, during the time they are preparing for the match, each cock has a sparring with an opponent of nearly equal weight with himself; and this sham fight continues a longer or shorter time, according to the flesh, weight, and wind, of each cock so exercised, in proportion to the superflux of substance he is required to lose. For the occasion, and that they may not injure each other, they are equally shielded with mufflers upon the parts where their spurs have been sawed off; and that they may be the better inured to labour, and prepared for difficulty, the ceremony takes place upon a truss or two of straw loosely scattered, that, having no firm hold for their feet, they have less power to oppose each other. Cocks too full of flesh, and foggy, that require a great deal of sweating to bring them down to their proper match weight, are sometimes permitted to continue the controversy till nearly exhausted.

SPAVIN-BLOOD

—is a preternatural distension of the vein which runs down the inside of a horse's hock, forming a soft and elastic (or puffy) enlargement, commonly occasioning weakness, if not lameness, of the joint. They are in general produced by sudden twists or strains, in short turns with loads, either in riding or drawing; and not unfrequently by too rapid turning in narrow stalls. The cure is frequently attempted by strong spirituous saturnine repellents, or powerful restringents, with a compress and bandage firmly fixed upon the part: these methods, however, seldom afford more than temporary relief. The former mode of operating, by incision, and instrumental extirpation, is in present practice entirely laid aside; a repetition BLISTER, or slightly FIRING, being the only means relied on to ensure certain obliteration.

SPAVIN-BONE

.—The defect so called, is an enlargement on the outside of the hock, originating in a gristly or cartilaginous protrusion, which increases gradually to a callosity, and ultimately to a perfect ossification as hard as the bone itself. In its early state, but little limping or impediment to action is observed; but as it advances in progress, the lameness becomes proportionally perceptible. A bone-spavin is never known to submit to liquid applications, or solvents of any description; repeated BLISTERINGS, and substantial FIRING, seem the only means by which the enlargement and its painful irritability can be reduced.

SPAYED BITCH

,—is a bitch upon whom an operation has been performed, by which she is deprived the power of generating a farther progeny. An incision being made in the flank, midway between the hip-bone and the belly, the ovaries are extracted through the orifice, and separated from the parts to which they were united: these being returned, the wound is stitched up, and heals in a few days, (if performed by a judicious practitioner,) without farther trouble or inconvenience.

SPEED

—is sportingly applicable to HORSE, HOUND, or GREYHOUND; and upon this depends (in a great degree) the estimation in which they are held. It is customary to say, such a horse has great action, or he is in possession of the gift of going. This is, however, considered applicable only to excellent TROTTERS and hacknies upon the road. Speed is always used in a superior sense, and intended to convey an idea of the greatest rapidity of which the animal is capable, and which enhances his value in proportion to his qualifications. In the art of TRAINING for the TURF, there are ambiguities of such magnitude, that it is averred by those who have made the practical part their study, that one training-groom (from judgment, experience, and observation) shall bring a horse to the post full half a distance better than another, although their speed was considered equal when placed under the racing management of their different superintendants. This is admitted so much, and so truly, an incontrovertible fact, that TRAINING-GROOMS have their lights and shades of reputation and celebrity, in an equal degree with the most eminent artists in the universe. Jockies also are admitted to possess their different degrees of excellence, and to so very great and discriminating a nicety, that when MATCHES are lost by some lengths, and for large sums, offers are frequently made to run the match over again for the same money, or to double the STAKES, provided the WINNING JOCKEY is permitted to ride the losing horse. Thus speed is not always the same, but is evidently dependent upon contingencies, which the utmost human circumspection cannot always either foresee or prevent. The increase of speed with RACE HORSES in this country, is very readily admitted to have been great during the last fifty years; and this is impartially attributed to the introduction of, and judicious crosses from, the Arabian blood with the best bred mares of our own: although the effect of these experiments were held in great doubt for some years, but are now universally acknowledged to have exceeded the utmost expectation, and cannot be supposed to extend much farther.

There are two modes of trial for SPEED, according to the present reformed mode of English racing: the one is to run a mile, which is termed running for SPEED; the other, of going off at SCORE, and absolutely racing the whole four miles, which is called running for speed and bottom. Flying Childers, whose speed was almost proverbial, went one third of a mile in twenty seconds. Firetail and Pumpkin ran a mile in a few seconds more than a minute and a half. Childers ran the distance of four miles in six minutes and forty-eight seconds, carrying nine stone, two pounds; he made a leap of thirty feet upon level ground; and he covered a space of twenty-five feet at every stroke when racing. It was formerly known that any horse who could run four miles in eight minutes, would prove a WINNER of PLATES: this is, however, very materially refined, by judicious crosses in blood, or improvements in training; as Bay Malton ran four miles over York in seven minutes, forty-three seconds and a half. Eclipse ran the same distance over York in eight minutes with twelve stone, though going only at his rate, without any inducement to speed.

The means by which the wonderful velocity of the greyhound can be ascertained are but few: there are, however, well authenticated instances upon record; and as they are again quoted in Mr. Daniels "Rural Sports," are entitled to credibility. In February, 1800, a hare was darted before a brace of greyhounds in Lincolnshire, and upon the distance being measured from her form to where she was killed, it proved upwards of four miles in a direct line; but there having been several turns, as well as some oblique running, during the course, it must have increased the length considerably: this ground was run over in the space of twelve minutes; and the hare fell dead before the greyhounds touched her; which serves to demonstrate the speed and strength of the former. It is known that horses are more distrest (if they keep up) in a moderate COURSE than in a long CHASE; of which an instance lately occurred in the neighbourhood of Bottisham, in Cambridgeshire, from whence the hare being started, took away for the Six Mile Bottom; and although two-and-twenty horses went off with the greyhounds, only one could make a gallop at the conclusion of the course. The hare (who had reached within fifty yards of the covert) dropped dead before the greyhounds; and they were so exhausted, that it was found necessary to bleed them to promote their recovery.

A few years since a hare was suddenly started at Finchingfield, in Essex, when the brace of greyhounds running at her came into contact with so much velocity, that both were killed on the spot. At Offham, in Sussex, a brace of greyhounds coursed a hare over the edge of a chalk-pit, and following themselves, were all found dead at the bottom. The high spirit, persevering speed, and invincible ardour, of the greyhound, not being universally known, (at least to those who have either few or no opportunities to partake of the sport,) it may not be inapplicable to introduce a singular circumstance which occurred in 1792. As Lord Egremont's game-keeper was leading a brace of greyhounds coupled together, a hare accidentally crossing the road, the dogs instantly broke from their conductor, and gave chase, fastened as they were to each other: the pursuit afforded an uncommon and no less entertaining sight to several spectators. When the hare was turned, she had a manifest advantage, and embarrassed the dogs exceedingly in changing their direction; notwithstanding which, she was at length killed at Pikeless Gate, after a course of between three and four miles. In 1796 a similar occurrence took place in Scotland, where a brace of greyhounds, in couples, killed a hare after a course of a mile with intervening obstructions.

Endeavours having been made to acquire some degree of information upon the subject of comparative speed between a greyhound and a RACE-HORSE of superior powers and celebrity, it was at length brought to a decision by absolute matter of chance. It having been previously submitted to the opinion of an experienced sportsman, which would prove to possess the greater portion of speed for a mile, or for a longer or shorter distance, he returned for answer, that, upon a flat, he had no doubt but a first rate horse would prove superior to the greyhound; unless in a hilly country, where he conceived a good greyhound would have the advantage. The information not to be acquired by any direct mode, was brought to trial by an incident which occurred upon the Course of Doncaster in 1800, and was precisely thus.

A match was to have been run between a horse and a mare for one hundred guineas. At the time appointed, the former not appearing, the mare started alone, to insure the STAKES; when, after having ran little more than a mile, a greyhound bitch (to the great admiration and entertainment of the company) took to her from the side of the Course, and continued racing with her the other three miles, keeping her regular line nearly head and head, which produced a most excellent match; for when they reached the DISTANCE POST, five to four was betted upon the greyhound; when they came abreast of the stand, it was even betting; and the mare won by only a head.

The speed of the fleetest and highest bred FOX HOUNDS, was brought to public proof in the well-known match made between Mr. Meynell and Mr. Barry, for 500 guineas a side, and decided over Newmarket in the month of September of the year in which it was run. The hounds of Mr. Barry's (called Bluecap and Wanton) were put in training on the first of August with the famous Will. Crane. Their food consisted only of oatmeal, milk, and sheep's trotters. The ground was fixed on at the time of making the match; and upon the thirtieth of September the drag was taken from the Rubbing-house at Newmarket Town end, to the Rubbing-house at the starting-post of the Beacon Course: the four hounds were then laid on the scent: at the conclusion, Mr. Barry's Bluecap came in first; Wanton (very close to Bluecap) second. Mr. Meynell's Richmond was beat more than a hundred yards; and the bitch never ran in at all. The length of the drag was between eight and ten miles; the time it was crossed in was some seconds over eight minutes. Some tolerable idea, in this instance, may be formed of the SPEED, when there were SIXTY horses started fairly with the hounds, and only twelve were up. Cooper, Mr. Barry's huntsman, was the first; but the mare that carried him was rode blind in the exertion. Will. Crane, who rode Rib, (a King's Plate horse,) was the last of the twelve who came up. The current odds at starting were seven to four in favour of Mr. Meynell, whose hounds were reported to have been fed upon legs of mutton during the time they were in training.

Merkin, a famous bitch, bred by Colonel Thornton, was considered far superior in speed to any fox-hound of her time: she was challenged to run any hound of her year five miles over Newmarket, giving 220 yards, for 10,000 guineas; or to give Madcap 100 yards, and run the same distance for 5000. She ran a trial of four miles, and crossed the ground in seven minutes and half a second. Merkin was sold, in 1795, for four hogsheads of claret, and the seller to have two couple of her whelps.

Madcap, at two years old, challenged all England for 500 guineas. Lounger, brother to Madcap, did the same at four years old: the challenge was accepted, and a bet made to run Mr. Meynell's Pillager for 200 guineas. The parties were also allowed by Colonel Thornton to start any other hound of Mr. Meynell's, and Lounger was to beat both; but, upon his being seen at Tattersal's by many of the best judges, his bone, shape, and make, were thought so superior to any opponent that could be brought against him, Colonel Thornton consented to accept a pair of gold dog-couples as a forfeit to the bet.

SPLENT

—is the term given to an ossified prominence when it appears upon the shank-bone of a horse's fore-leg: they are frequently seen upon the legs of young horses, and are sometimes known to disappear without any application whatever. If they do not make their appearance during the fourth or fifth year, they are seldom seen after that time, unless occasioned by blow, bruise, or accident. They are very rarely productive of lameness or inconvenience, unless they curve towards the back sinews, and vibrate in action. Various are the means too hastily and too rashly brought into use for their extirpation, and many times without the least necessity; for when they are not attended with pain or inconvenience, it must be more prudent to let them remain in a state of dormant inactivity, than rouse them into painful action. If some mode must be inevitably adopted, a spirituous saturnine solvent is the most safe and efficacious application.

SPORTSMAN

—is the appellation, for time immemorial, annexed to any man whose partiality to the SPORTS of the FIELD are universally known: they are evidently marked out for him by the dispensing and benign hand of Providence, for the promotion of health, and the gratification of pleasure, of which, enjoyed with moderation and rationality, he is never ashamed. The name of SPORTSMAN has ever been considered concisely characteristic of strict honour, true courage, unbounded hospitality, and the most unsullied integrity. However the character may have been broken in upon by time, or mutilated by the innovations of fashion, caprice, or folly, the original stock was derived solely from the blood of the true old English country Esquire; who, uncontaminated by the curse of insatiate ambition, is only happy himself in the happiness of his domestic dependents, the corresponding smiles of his tenants who surround his mansion, and an hospitable association with his numerous friends.

His HOUNDS are kept from an instinctive attachment to the sport itself, as well as to perpetuate the respectable and exhilarating establishment of his ancestors, (hitherto transmitted to their posterity without a stain,) and not from the least desire of having his name blazoned through every part of the county in which he resides, for keeping what he has neither PROPERTY to SUPPORT, or spirit to enjoy. Personally frugal, (amidst the most spirited hospitality,) he never suffers his mind to be disquieted by the pecuniary applications of people in trade: having a soul superior to the idea of living beyond his income, and running in debt, it is an invariable maxim, never to let his tradesmen be a single quarter in arrear. The guardian of his own honour, he never affords a chance of its becoming degraded by the officious and unprincipled pride of a subordinate, under the appellation of STEWARD; or to be disgraced, or prostituted, by the barefaced, unqualified denial of a menial bedaubed with lace and variegated finery, under the denomination of a footman.

Innately philanthropic, the true, well-bred, liberal-minded SPORTSMAN is always equally easy of access to friends, neighbours, tenants, and even to necessitous parochial solicitants; and never countenances false consequence amongst his domestics in one department, or impertinent pride in another: by a persevering adherence to which system, his rustic mansion seems the summit of all worldly happiness and earthly gratification: not a dependent but eyes him with the warmest sensations of gratitude; not a servant within, or a labourer without, but looks awefully up to him as their best friend. The pleasures of the field he extensively and judiciously engages in with all the fervency of a well-informed and experienced sportsman; but by no means with all the unqualified enthusiasm, and fashionable furor, of an indiscreet and determined devotee. Capable of distinguishing between the use and abuse of what is so evidently and benignantly placed before him, as an excitement to exhilarating action, bodily invigoration, and general health; he enters into all its spirit, avails himself of all its import; not more as a personal gratification (in respect to sport) than a mental perusal of one of Nature's many instructive volumes, displaying to the ruminative and expansive comprehension, the applicable and coinciding speed of the HORSE; the instinctive impulse, invincible ardour, and corresponding perseverance of the HOUND; the various shifts and evasions of the GAME; and lastly, the firm and manly fortitude of those who join and surround him in the CHASE. These are the distinguishing traits by which the true and generous sportsman may be known: and it must be freely admitted, that so congenial are the feelings, so sympathetic the liberality, and so uniform the hospitality of SPORTSMEN in the scale of universality, that no friendships are better founded, none more disinterested, few more permanent, and none more sincere.

SPRAIN or STRAIN

,—is a preternatural extension, and forcible elongation, of the tendons, beyond the power of immediately recovering their previous elasticity; or a sudden twist of some particular joint, by which the ligamentary junction sustains an injury, and produces lameness. Whenever they happen in the hip, stifle, round-bone, or shoulder, they then become serious considerations; the injured parts being seated too deep for the effect of external applications. In such cases it is seldom of use to lose time, and encounter disappointment, by persevering stimulants; time and rest constitute the best foundation for permanent relief. Horses having encountered such accidents, should be turned out in a still and quiet pasture, where they may be free from alarm and disturbance; and this should be adopted before any stiffness is brought upon the joint, by too long standing in one position; which they mostly do, when confined in a stable as invalids. When at unrestrained liberty, it is natural to conclude, he adapts the gentleness of his motion to the state of his case, and exerts himself no more than a proper respect to his own safety may render secure. It is a self-evident fact, that a restoration of elasticity or strength of the part, is more likely to be obtained by rest, and the efforts of nature, than any superficial or topical applications that can be made.

Strains (or LAMENESS) in the shoulder require nice investigation to discriminate between such as arise from accident, rheumatic affection, or chest-foundering. It is remarked, that when a horse has sustained a severe injury in the shoulder, by wrench, slip, twist, short turn, or any other accident, the pain prevents him from bringing the leg on that side forward, in a parallel line, or in an equal degree with the other; which being sound, is much more firmly set to the ground, with an evident intent to save from pain the side that is lame. When a horse in this situation stands still, the leg of the lame shoulder is almost invariably placed before the other; and if he is trotted in hand, he generally brings forward the leg of the shoulder affected with a kind of circular sweep, and not in a direct line: if any attempt is made to turn him short on the lame side, he instantly dreads it, and becomes almost repugnant to the exertion: when compelled to make it, he will almost sink on the lame side, to support himself entirely on the sound one.

Bleeding should in such accidents immediately precede every other consideration; it unloads the vessels, prevents local stagnation, and sometimes a general stiffness of the quarter in which the injury has been sustained. Where either the season of the year prevents, or an opportunity to turn out cannot be obtained, the only alternative, hot fomentations, and stimulative embrocations, must be adopted. In strains of the hip, the horse in general draws his leg after him with a painful reluctance; and if impelled to a trot, is observed to drop upon his heel. If the injury is in the stifle, by treading on the toe, his motion is a kind of hop with the side affected. Strains of the hock are easily discovered, by a sort of limping twist in that joint at every motion of the leg. Lamenesses of the hip, stifle, and hock, are more likely to be assisted by external applications, judiciously prescribed, than those which are more deeply seated.

The ligamentary junction of the pastern joints are sometimes greatly weakened by incessant work and little rest; in unerring proof of which, they frequently make sudden drops, as if falling to the ground. The knees of many are affected in the same way, and overhang the shank-bone and fetlock-joint; the moment a tendency to which is perceived, any horse should be turned out to enjoy the rest he is so individually entitled to, for want of which salutary and humane attention, very many good and useful horses have been completely ruined and destroyed. There is no part of a horse more liable to strains, than the back sinews of the forelegs; they are materially concerned in every description of labour, and are always in proportional danger. Whenever these happen, there is no difficulty in making the discovery; there is an evident enlargement, with inflammatory tension; and if one leg only is affected, it is generally placed before the other, and rather upon the toe. In slight cases of this kind, fomentations of hot vinegar, and strengthening embrocations, assisted by rest, may produce a restoration; but, in general practice, without blistering, firing, or both, a permanent cure is seldom obtained.

SPUR

—is the well-known weapon with which the heel of the horseman is armed to enforce his authority; and which the well-broke horse will always instantly obey.

STABLE

.—Stables are the receptacles for horses in general, and are of very different descriptions; not only in respect to the various sorts of horses for which they are intended, but the improved mode of construction, and the numerous conveniencies they are now made to contain. As horses were never in such high estimation, or of such intrinsic worth, as at the present moment, so never was so much money expended upon their preservation. There can be no doubt, but the health and condition of valuable horses, may depend much upon the situation and structure of the stable; and although every person will appropriate the size of the stable, and the number of stalls, to their own wants, yet there are certain judicious rules, and desirable conveniencies, which should admit of no deviation. Whether a stable consists of two stalls, four, or six, it may be rendered equally uniform, and confidently replete with every thing that can possibly be required.

It is an established opinion, that a building of BRICK (lined or not lined with deal) is preferable to STONE for the purpose; the former being dry, and always in the same state: the latter is influenced, or acted upon, by the changes of weather; and in a hazy atmosphere, generally damp; and in constant (or continued) rains, the walls are frequently streaming with water. This, however, depends much upon the aspect to which they are erected; a circumstance not always sufficiently attended to, till it is found too late to repent. Stables are paved with bricks, clinkers, flints, pebbles, or stone, as may best correspond with the conveniences of the country in which they are erected, and where, perhaps, some of those articles are difficult to obtain. Stalls should never be less than six feet wide; nor the stable less than nine feet high: eight feet in the clear should be allowed from the heels of the horse to the wall behind him; and iron hay-racks are preferable to wood, as the latter (wherever spirited horses stand) are always in want of repair. No stables can be called good, unless they have proper rooms annexed for the reception of SADDLES, BRIDLES, HORSE CLOTHS, and every article necessary to the proper support of such an establishment; each of those become more perishable amidst the nocturnal steam of the horses than by daily use.

Experience has demonstrated the advantages of general cleanliness, temperate air, (according to the season,) and regular exercise: to the want of these, in part, or all, may be attributed the ills at INNS and LIVERY STABLES, as well as the fashionable increase of Veterinarians. Upon entering the stables of these public receptacles, (particularly if the door has been a few minutes closed,) the olfactory sensations are instantly assailed by such a profusion of volatile effluvia, as to extract moisture from the eyes, in opposition to every endeavour made to restrain it. Here stand rows of poor patient animals, absolutely fumigated with the perspirative transpiration of their own bodies, broiling with heat, and panting with thirst, in a degree beyond the temperature of a common hot-house, in the severity of the winter season. Each horse is observed to stand upon a load of litter (clean at top, and rotten underneath) very little inferior to a common cucumber-bed in heigth, with all the advantages of equal warmth from the dung below!

In this unexaggerated state stand hundreds within the environs of the Metropolis; their owners the complete dupes of ignorance, indiscretion, and imposition; the animals themselves in a constant state of languid perspiration, and bodily debility: deprived the comforts of pure air, and regular exercise, they become dull, sluggish, and stupid, as if conscious of, and depressed with, their almost perpetual imprisonment. All this erroneous mode of treatment instantly affects the eye of experimental observation. The carcase seems an incongruous accumulation, evidently full, and unnaturally overloaded, for want of gentle motion, and general friction; the legs become swelled, stiff, and tumefied; and, sooner or later, terminates in cracks, scratches, grease, or some more vexatious disorder. The hoofs, by being constantly fixed in a certain degree of heat, begin to contrast, and get narrow at the heels, holding forth the pleasing promise of hoof-bound lameness. The eyes, from a constant watry discharge, give proof of habitual weakness; the lassitude of the body, the heat of the mouth, the general gloom, and every corresponding circumstance, seems to display a frame the reverse of those whose health is preserved, and condition promoted, by a system of discipline opposite in practice, and different in effect. See Groom.

STAG, or RED DEER.

—The STAG and HIND are the male and female of this tribe, as the BUCK and DOE are of the fallow deer. The latter are mostly the natives of parks, and bred for domestic purposes, producing venison for the table; the former are the majestic inhabitants of those extensive and sequestered tracts called FORESTS and CHACES, where they are preserved as more peculiarly appropriated to the pleasures of the chase, in which even his Majesty, with his hunting retinue, condescends to engage. The STAG, individually surveyed, is one of the grandest and most stately figures in the animal creation; his very appearance instantly exciting attention and admiration. Naturally disposed to solitude, he never obtrudes upon the haunt of man, but revels in the remote and obscure shades of abstrusity. When caught sight of amidst the umbrageous stillness of his abode, the grandeur, lofty look, and commanding aspect, of his first survey, cannot be encountered without the most aweful and impressive sensations. With ample power to oppose, he has pliability to submit, and, after a few moments interview, deliberately retires to his protecting covert, seemingly more surprized than alarmed at the sight of the HUMAN SPECIES.

In the dignity of his deportment he stands unrivalled, and may, with allegorical propriety, be considered the hereditary MONARCH of the WOODS, as every other animal is observed to give way upon his approach. In his peaceable and undisturbed retirement, he is perfectly tranquil and inoffensive, displaying no antipathy or opposition to those who come not in hostility to him. His form is the most sublime and beautiful that can possibly be conceived; the elegance of his figure, the commanding effect of his stature, the flexibility of his frame, the elasticity of his limbs, the velocity of his motion, and the proportional immensity of his strength, in addition to the impression made upon the mind by the magnific grandeur of the antlers, branching from his brow, all seem uniformly calculated to render him an object of the most serious and pleasing attraction.

The RED DEER, formerly so plentiful to be found in different remote parts of England, the Highlands of Scotland, and the Lake of Killarney, in Ireland, are greatly reduced, and but very rarely to be found in a wild and unpreserved state in either. This must of course be attributed to the more advantageous distribution and cultivation of land, and the improved state of every country. Stags, or HINDS, were then found singly, and hunted or pursued by those who happened to find them; but now in the Forest of Windsor, and the New Forest in Hampshire, where they are bred and protected for the ROYAL CHASE, they assemble together; and upon Ascot Heath, near Swinley Lodge, (the official residence of the Master of his Majesty's Stag Hounds,) may be seen the largest herd in the King's dominions.

The colour of both STAG and HIND is a dingy red, with darker tints about the eyes and mouth: down the upper part of the neck, and over the points of the shoulders, is a shade of dark brown, bordering upon black: the countenance is commandingly expressive; the eye beautifully brilliant, even to poetic celebrity; and his senses of smelling and hearing equal to any animal of this country. When in the least alarmed, his position is the most majestic; he raises his head to the highest pitch, erects his ears, swells his neck, extends his nostrils, and snuffs the air, as if in curious and impatient investigation of the cause by which it was occasioned. Let this be what it may, he never takes to sudden flight, without first measuring, by his eye and ear, the magnitude of the danger, and proceeds accordingly. If dogs are not of the party, men, cattle, or carriages, seem to give him little or no concern; for, after turning twice or thrice, to take a repeated survey with a kind of confused admiration, he moves off very deliberately, without any alarming sensation.

The season for copulation with the deer tribe (see "Rutting Time") begins at the latter end of August and beginning of September, and terminates in the beginning or middle of October; depending, in that respect, a little upon the state of the season, and the ages of the different head of deer; those of two and three years old being backwarder, of course extending the time beyond those who are older. From the moment of conception with the hind, to the time of parturition, is nearly nine lunar months; as they produce in the last week in May, or one of the two first in June. Immediately after impregnation, she separates herself from the STAG; no intercourse takes place; even common association ceases; and nothing during the period of gestation ensues, but mutual and marked indifference. The hind is seldom or ever known to produce more than one, (which is called a CALF:) this she deposits in the most remote, sequestered, and best sheltered spot to be procured, for the purpose of secretion from its numerous enemies, amongst whom there is none more determined or malicious than the masculine occasion of its existence, even the sire himself. Mysterious as this may appear, it is an unexaggerated fact; and the dam, perfectly conscious of the stag's unnatural propensity, is more industrious to conceal the calf's retreat from him, than the aggregate of its other enemies.

The CALF, when once it is of strength sufficient to accompany its dam, never leaves her side during the first summer; and the ensuing winter, none but the HINDS, and males under a year old, remain together; the annual separation between the STAGS and HINDS invariably taking place as before described. During the months of infancy, the courage of the dam, in defence of her offspring, is equal to any maternal affection of our own species; she opposes every force, encounters every enemy, exposes herself to every danger, and hazards her own life to insure the safety of her young. The hind has but little protection upon the score of self-preservation, nature having left her without horns, those useful and ornamental weapons with which the stag is so powerfully armed. The first year the male has no horns; the second they are straight, and single; the third, they shew two branches; the fourth, three; the fifth, four; and the sixth, five; when the stag is reckoned complete, and at his full growth: notwithstanding this, the antlers continue to increase till there are six or seven on each side; and though the age of the deer is mostly ascertained by the number, yet it is not always certain, but is more nicely to be depended on from the thickness and size of the trunk or body by which they are sustained.

These horns, enormous as they appear, are shed annually, which happens in the latter end of February, or during the month of March; of which there is a most perfect regeneration before the commencement of the RUTTING TIME, when they fight for the hind with the most determined and incredible ferocity. After the season of rutting, the stags having been found too weak to stand long before the hounds, the operation of castration was adopted; and the stag thus deprived of the means of propagation, (by the loss of the testes,) feeling no stimulative propensity to copulate, is never debilitated, but always ready for the field, and affords runs of great duration. Thus operated upon, they are then called HEAVIERS; and it is a remarkable fact, that if a stag is castrated while his horns (alias antlers) are in a state of perfection, they will never exfoliate: on the contrary, if the operation is performed when the head is bare, the horns will never return.

STAG

,—the sporting term for a young GAME COCK during his second year. For the whole of the first year, he is called a chicken; from which time to the completion of the second, he is a STAG; and from thence forward, a COCK. In regular matches and mains for considerable sums of money, very few are brought to Pit before they are of that age; unless it is made, and so agreed on both sides, in which case it is called a stag main, or main of stags. See Cocking, Game Cock, and Cock-pit Royal.

STAG-EVIL

—is a disorder of the most distressing kind, to which horses of the draught kind are more particularly subject: it partakes of the paralytic stroke and spasmodic affection, coming on suddenly, without the least previous indication of approaching disease. The muscles become so instantaneously contracted, that the head is raised to its utmost heigth, the jaws are fixed, the neck stiff and immoveable, the eyes are turned upwards, leaving only the whites to be seen; the palpitations of the heart are exceedingly violent, and the laborious heavings of the flank incessant. This disorder, difficult as it is in its cause to define, is always more or less dangerous, in proportion to the mildness or severity of the attack. If it proceeds from a profuse flux of blood to the BRAIN, in consequence of too great and powerful exertions, plentiful bleeding, and nervous stimulants, will be the most expeditious and likely means to relieve.

When its symptoms are so exceedingly severe and alarming, that the jaws are locked, and no medicines can be administered by the MOUTH, recourse must be had to collateral aids. Strong hot fomentations, with a decoction from the most fragrant aromatic garden herbs, under the jaws, behind the ears, and both sides the throat, followed by fumigations from myrrh, ammoniacum, and assafœtida, grossly powdered, and sprinkled upon a hot iron, or fire-shovel, held below the nostrils; glysters of gruel, in which valerian root has been boiled, and assafœtida dissolved, with an addition of liquid laudanum and olive oil to each, and repeatedly frequently; are the only means, properly persevered in, that can afford any hope or expectation of success. These exertions are in general too much trouble for the lower order of the Veterinary tribe, who fly to their favourite and contemptible introduction of a ROWEL, many hours before which can become productive in its effect, death closes the scene, and relieves the subject from its accumulated misery.

STAGGERS

.—This is likewise a disorder of the head, to which horses of the same description are constantly liable, bearing in many respects no distant affinity to the former; for although it cannot be deemed the very same disease, yet, as it is known to derive its origin from the same cause, it is evidently entitled to rank in the same class. Bracken, who speaks of it with more scientific and professional precision than any writer before or since, assimilates it to the apoplexy and epilepsy of the human frame, and enters into an anatomical disquisition of many pages to justify his opinion. He most judiciously attributes it to its proper and only cause, a plethoric state of the body; and that by the preternatural distension of all the vessels, the blood is more forcibly propelled upon the brain, from whence inflammation (in a greater or less degree) consequently ensues; making the following remark, to which every experienced practitioner will yield his unqualified approbation.

"That where one creature dies of a distempered brain from the loss of too much blood, there are twenty lives lost for want of taking away a sufficient quantity." In direct conformity with the opinion of Bracken upon the subject of REPLETION, may be quoted a plain and true, but less scientific remark of Captain Burdon, in his Pocket Farrier; who, for want of more polished terms, and technical phraseology, thus expresses himself: "Don't let your horse stand too long without exercise; it fills his belly too full of meat, and his veins too full of blood; and from hence the staggers, and many other distempers, proceed."

Admitting the affinity between the DISEASES, as lethargy, or sleeping-evil, falling-evil, or convulsions, frenzy and madness, stag-evil, or staggers, all practitioners consider them individually a species of APOPLEXY, originating in nearly the same cause, and to be relieved only by the same means. Under which conjunctive authority, plentiful bleedings, repeated stimulative glysters, and internally, assafœtida, camphor, valerian, castor, and such other ingredients as powerfully act upon the nervous system, constitute the whole that can with consistency be introduced in all cases of a similar description.

STAG-HUNTING

—is one of the most rapturous and enchanting pursuits within the privilege or power of the human frame and mind to enjoy. As HUNTING, in its general sense, is known to comprise an imaginary view of different kinds under that concise term, so various remarks will be found upon each, under the heads of Chase, Fox-Hunting, Harriers, and Hunting; rendering unnecessary the introduction of new, or repetition of former matter, more than what may strictly appertain to the distinct sport now before us.

Opposite opinions have always been entertained by the advocates for each particular kind of chase, as may have proved most applicable and convenient to their situation, occasions, residence, and time of life. That every description of HUNTING has its proportional attraction to its distinct and different votaries is well known; but the constant struggle for superiority in vindication of their respective sports, has ever been between those who hunt FOX and those who hunt STAG; each being equally violent in defence of the cause his private or personal reasons prompt him to espouse. Mr. Daniel, in his "Rural Sports," when animadverting upon the STAG, makes the following remarks: "At the present day, as an object of chase to the sportsman, the stag requires but cursory mention: those, indeed, who are fond of pomp and parade in hunting, will not accede to this opinion; but the only mode in which this chase can recommend itself to the real sportsman, is, when the deer is looked for, and found, like other game which hounds pursue. At present very few hounds, except those of the royal establishment, are kept exclusively for this amusement; and were the King once to see a fox well found, and killed handsomely, he would, in all, probability, give a decided preference in favour of fox-hounds; for what a marked difference is there between conveying, in a covered cart, an animal, nearly as big as the horse that draws it, to a particular spot, where he is liberated, and cheerly riding to the covert side with all the ecstacy of hope and expectation!"

After quoting a few lines of beautiful imagery from the poetic sublime of Somervile, descriptive of throwing off, the drag, the unkenneling, and breaking covert with fox-hounds, he proceeds thus: "The most impassioned stag-hunter must confess, that no part of his chase admits of such description. The only variety he can fairly expect, depends upon the wind and the temper of the deer, who, by being either sulky, or not in condition to maintain a contest with the hounds, (to whom he leaves a burning scent, that gives them no trouble in the pursuit,) shortens or extends his gallop; but there is none of the enthusiasm of hunting, which the sportsman feels, when he is following an animal, upon whose own exertions of speed and craftiness his life is staked; and where no stoppages, but the checks arising from the two sources above mentioned, intervene."

Without the most distant intent of endeavouring to depreciate the noble, exhilarating, delightful, and universally admitted excellence of FOX-HUNTING, (of which, by the bye, no adequate description can issue from the pen,) such few remarks may be made, as will display the sport of STAG-HUNTING in a different point of view to that in which the writer just mentioned has been pleased to place the picture; and probably rescue it from any little stigma of disgrace, or inferiority, which his promulgated opinion may have stamped upon the canvass. There is positively no instance in which the philosophic decision of Sir Roger de Coverley ("much may be said on both sides") could have been more strictly applicable, or more truly verified, than upon the present occasion. The candid, judicious and experienced sportsman will readily admit, that each retains its attractions too powerful to resist, as well as some inconveniencies impossible to remove: these, however, are reconcileable to the modification of those whose motives induce them to engage in either.

Previous to the recital of a chase with the STAG-HOUNDS, a few preparatory and comparative remarks are due to the observations already quoted from the justly popular work of Mr. Daniel. That there are but "few establishments" of the kind is certainly true, and for a most substantial reason; if they were numerous, the question would instantly present itself, from whence are they to be supplied with GAME? The idea of "the King's giving the preference to FOX-HUNTING, if he had once seen a fox well found, and killed handsomely," is an entire new thought; and affords immediate mental reference to the degradation of MAJESTIC DIGNITY, should it ever be found making its dreary way through the bushy brambles of a BEECHEN WOOD two or three miles in length, following the chase by the reverberating sounds of distant holloas! but without the sight or sound of a single hound. This is a constantly occurring trait in FOX-HUNTING, constituting no small drawback on its boasted perfection.

Whichever kind of chase is pursued, the ultimatum of enjoyment is much the same; horses, hounds, air, exercise, health, society, and exhilaration, constitute the aggregate: and TIME, which, to the opulent and independent, seems of trifling value, is to the scientific inquisitant, or professional practitioner, neither more nor less than a LIFE ESTATE, no part of which should be wasted or squandered away. The former class, in general, are industriously engaged in killing time: the latter, who know and feel its worth, are as constantly employed in its preservation. The loss of time in the enjoyment of the two chases, is nearly or full half between the one and the other: this is a circumstance, however, not likely to attract the serious attention of the gentleman who has thus attacked the "pomp and parade" of hunting the STAG; for as a clerical character, he had, of course, all the week upon his hands, being particularly engaged only on A SUNDAY. To one of this description, who has most of his time to kill, and very little to employ, a long and dreary day through the gloomy coverts of a dirty country, without a single challenge, or one consolatory chop of drag, must prove a scene of the most enchanting enjoyment; and in the very zenith of exultation, it must be acknowledged by professed and energetic FOX-HUNTERS, that riding thirty or forty miles in wet and dirt, (replete with alternate hope, suspense, and expectation,) to enjoy the supreme happiness of repeated disappointments, terminating with a blank day, is equal, if not superior, to a STAG HUNT of even the first description.

Stag hounds are very rarely kept, and the sport but little known in many parts of the kingdom: those of the most celebrity are the Royal Establishment upon Ascot Heath, in Windsor Forest, (see "King's Hounds;") the Earl of Derby's, near the Downs, in Surrey; and the Subscription Pack near Enfield Chace. The greatest inducement to hunt with either of which, is, the invariable certainty of sport, that first object of desirable attainment, not to be insured with hounds of a different description; the great gratification of going away with the pack, and covering a scope of country, without perpetual interruption from frequent intervening coverts, where checks, faults, delays, and a repetition of wood riding, so often ensue. Stag-hunting, indifferently as it is spoken of by some, is too severe and arduous for others to pursue: laborious as it is to the HORSE, it is in many cases not less so to the RIDER: difficulties occur which require great exertions in one, and fortitude in the other, to surmount, and none but those can lay at all by the side of the hounds.

Rapturously transporting as is the moment of meeting and throwing off with fox hounds, no less so is the awefully impressive prelude to turning out the deer. The scene is affectingly grand, far beyond the descriptive power of the pen, and can only be seen, to be perfectly understood. Unless an outlying deer is drawn for, and found in the neighbouring woods, as is sometimes the case, a STAG, HIND, or HEAVIER, is carted from the paddocks of his Majesty at Swinley Lodge, (where they are previously and properly fed for the chase,) and brought at a certain hour, (ten o'clock in the morning,) to the place appointed, of which the surrounding neighbourhood have been sufficiently informed. At the distance of a quarter or half a mile from the covered convenience containing the deer, are the hounds, surrounded by the Huntsman and his assistants, (called Yeoman-Prickers,) in scarlet and gold; a part of these having French horns, and upon which they must be good performers.

In a very short time after the expiration of the hour agreed on, his Majesty is seen to approach, attended by the Master of the Horse, and Equerries in waiting; it being the official duty of the Master of the Stag-Hounds to be with them, and ready to receive his Majesty when he arrives. So soon as his Majesty resigns his hack, and is remounted for the chase, the Huntsman receives an injunctive signal from the Master of the Hounds to liberate the deer. The moment which is obeyed, the usual law, amounting to ten minutes, (more or less,) is allowed for his going way: during this interval the sonorous strains of the HORNS, the musical melodious echo of the HOUNDS, the mutual gratulations of so distinguished an assemblage, and the condescending kindness and affability of the Sovereign to the loyal subjects who love and surround him, is a repast too rich, a treat too luxurious, for the side of a fox-hunting covert to be brought into the least successful similitude.

The anxious crisis thus arrived, and every bosom glowing with emulative inspiration, a single aspiration of acquiescence, and a removal of the horse who heads the leading hound, give a loose to the body of the PACK; and superlatively happy he who can lay the nearest to them. Upon the DEER'S going off from the cart, two of the YEOMAN-PRICKERS start likewise, in such parallel directions to the right and left, as not to lose sight of the line he takes so long as they can keep him in view; by which means they get five or six miles forward to assist in stopping the hounds at any particular point where they happen to run up to them: and if it was not for this prudent and necessary precaution, half or two thirds of the horsemen would never see the hounds again in the course of the day.

The joyous burst, and determined velocity of every hound, followed by upwards of a hundred horsemen, all in action at a single view; the spot embellished, or rather variegated, with carriages containing ladies, who come to enjoy the ceremony of turning out; and the emulative exertions of HORSES, HOUNDS, and MEN; afford a blaze of sporting brilliancy beyond the power of the utmost mental fertility to describe. At this moment of rapturous exultation only it is, that the kind of horse indispensibly necessary for this particular chase can be ascertained; for out of a hundred and twenty, thirty, forty, or a hundred and fifty horsemen, seven or eight only shall lay any where near, or within a hundred yards of the hounds; for the longer the burst, the more the slow-going horses tail; so that when the hounds are stopt upon the heath, or in an open country, by the few who are up, lines of horsemen are seen behind, more than a mile in length, getting forward in a variety of directions, bearing no inapplicable affinity to various teams of wild ducks crossing from one country to another. These horses, to whom it is all labour, are so distrest even with the first burst, that if the hounds break away, and the deer crosses the country, they are seldom to be seen at the end of a second. This is a most palpable and incontrovertible demonstration, that any horse may follow, but none, except THOROUGHBRED horses, can go with the hounds.

During the time the chase is suspended, and the hounds are at bay, (which is till the King gets up,) the exhilarating sound of the horns before them, and the clamorous impatience of the hounds to proceed, constitute a scene so truly rich and ecstatic, that the tear of excessive joy and grateful sensibility may be frequently observed in almost every eye. After this relief of a few minutes to both HOUNDS and HORSES, in which they collect their wind, and become proportionally refreshed, the hounds are permitted to break away, which they do with a redoubled ardour, as if it had absolutely increased by their recent restraint. The same scene of racing and tailing continues during every burst to the termination of the chase, the longer which is, the more the field of horsemen become reduced; while the blood horses only move in perfect unison, and, at their common rating stroke, lay with ease by the side of the HOUNDS; and this is the reason why, in long runs, so many are completely thrown out, and left to explore their way in different parts of the country through which the chase has passed. One material difference is known to exist between this kind of sport and every other; the utmost fortitude and indefatigable exertions are here made to save: in all the rest, the summit of happiness, the sole gratification of local ambition, is to kill: so that, at any rate, STAG-HUNTING has the plea of HUMANITY in its favor; in proof of which, the hounds are never known to run from chase to view, but every individual is feelingly alive to the danger of the DEER, who have so largely and laboriously contributed to the completion of his own most ardent happiness: a secret inspiration operates upon every latent spring of human sensibility; and no difficulty at the moment seems too great to surmount, for the preservation of a life in which every spectator feels himself most impressively concerned. This final burst of a chase is most dreadfully severe, particularly if the last mile or two is run in view; when which is the case, the deer exerts all his utmost and remaining power to take the soil, if water is within his reach: this he sometimes does with the hounds so close to his haunches, that it is impossible to prevent their plunging with him into the stream. In such predicament, if it is found impracticable to draw off the body of the hounds, to insure his safety, the Yeoman Prickers, and others, are frequently seen above their middles in water, (uncertain of its depth,) to preserve the life of the DEER, at the hazard of their own. This may be considered, by the recluse and callous Cynic, a degree of valour beyond discretion; but the debt of humanity, like the Hibernian Major's word in the Comedy, is "a DEBT of HONOUR, and must be paid."

The most moderate chases with the stag extend from an hour and a half to two hours; though from three to four hours is by no means uncommon in the course of the season. Horses too deficient in speed, too heavy in formation, too full in flesh, or foul in condition, frequently fall martyrs to a want of judgment or prudence in their RIDERS during the chase: every man ought to know when his horse is dangerously distressed, and of course should bow implicit obedience to the occasion: there are times when self-denial would add lustre to the brow of a MONARCH; and it never can be displayed with a more humane effect, than when in the defence and preservation of so useful an animal; who, being deprived the privilege of free agency, is not possessed of the power to protect himself: under the influence of which consideration, there is not a SPORTSMAN of EXPERIENCE or HUMANITY existing, who would not philosophically retire with patience from the field, to save the life of a faithful persevering companion, than to see him sink (never more to rise) a victim to inadvertency, folly, or indiscretion. In a severe chase of more than four hours, recited in the former part of the Work, (where the stag was taken at Tilehurst, near Reading, in Berkshire,) one horse dropped dead in the field, another died before he could reach a stable, and seven more in the course of a week. The concluding ceremony of the chase is the preservation of the deer, the baying of the hounds, and the melodious concert of the horns; after which the former are drawn off, and the stag, hind, or heavier, is deposited in a place of safety, from whence he is taken the following day, in a convenient vehicle constructed for the purpose.

The regular hunting days with the STAG hounds of his Majesty, are Tuesdays and Saturdays, from Holyrood Day (Sept. 25) to the first Saturday in May; except in Christmas and Easter Weeks, in each of which they hunt three times. The two grand or most public days, are Holyrood Day and Easter Monday, when the field is uncommonly numerous; particularly if the weather favourably corresponds with the occasion.

STALING

—is the evacuation of urine by either horse or mare, which is at some times partially obstructed, and at others totally suppressed. The secretion of urine may be retarded from a variety of causes; such as injuries sustained in the spine, particularly in the LOINS, near which the kidnies are seated; and these, from their irritability, are also easily susceptible of disease, by which the discharge may be affected. The urine, with a horse or mare in a healthy state, should flow in a moderate stream, of a transparent colour, midway between a brown and red; not inclining to a milky, foul consistence, or tending to a tinge of blood. The evacuation should take place with ease, perfectly free from laborious groanings, and equally so from partial dribblings, or periodical trifling stoppings, which always denote a something imperfect in the secretion, or some obstruction in the urinary passages.

Staling, when the urine is strongly impregnated with appearance of blood, should be early attended to, as it is mostly occasioned by some serious injury to the kidnies, or elsewhere. It is very frequently brought on by hard, long and immoderate riding, or drawing; and may be the effect of a rupture of some blood-vessel, the seat of which it may be impossible to ascertain: if it should be a discharge of nearly pure blood, and that in any considerable quantity, great danger may be apprehended. Bleeding (to constitute revulsion) is a preliminary step to every degree of hope, followed by small quantities of nitre in powder, blended with equal parts of gum Arabic in the same state. Gelatinous fluids, as oatmeal gruel, or malt sweet-wort, with nursing, rest, and small doses of LIQUID LAUDANUM, are the only means to be pursued.

STALL

.—The partitions into which a stable is divided are denominated STALLS; and the space allotted to each horse is called a stall. These, in stables constructed with judgment, and erected with a necessary respect to health and convenience, should never be less than nine or ten feet high, and six feet wide: the heighth will contribute much to the equal temperature of the air; and the width will contribute to the comfort of the horse in an occasional extension of his extremities, as well as prevent many of those injuries sustained in too suddenly turning in narrow and confined stalls, particularly in the common livery stables of the Metropolis. In many large equestrian and hunting establishments there are single stalls (called loose boxes) of such dimensions as are adapted to the accommodation of horses either sick or lame, where they are then at liberty to expand at full length, and enabled to roll at their ease: these are of great utility, and few sportsmen continue long without them.

STALLION

—is the appellation given to a perfect horse, not mutilated by the operation of castration, but preserved in a state of nature, for the purpose of propagation. Stallions should be of great strength, according to the distinct breed they are intended to promote, of correct shape, uniform make, and corresponding symmetry; free from every kind of hereditary taint; good eyes, long forehand, short back, round barrel, wide chest, straight legs, free from splents before, and spavins behind. Although it is a difficult task to obtain perfection, some little circumspection may be necessary, in coming as near to it as circumstances and situation will permit. Experimental observation has produced demonstration, that stallions really blind, or with eyes defective, have produced colts of similar description; such defects not appearing in their first two or three years, nor, indeed, till they have been worked, and the powers brought into action. Instances are never wanting of the great number annually disposed to breed, who as annually repent for want of these prudent precautions. Not only the above points, but the temper and disposition of a stallion should be also attended to: vicious and restive horses should be equally avoided; those imperfections are very frequently transmitted from sire to son, and continued to posterity.

Stallions of the racing kind were never known to have covered at so high a price as in the memory of the present generation. Marsk, after the appearance of that prodigy Eclipse, covered a certain number of mares at 100 guineas each; and none now of the first celebrity, cover at less than ten, fifteen, or twenty. Those in the highest sporting estimation, and announced for the present season, 1803, are Alexander, at 10 guineas; Ambrosio, 10 guineas; Beningbrough, 10 guineas; Buzzard, 10 guineas; Coriander, 10 guineas; Dungannon, 10 guineas; and Sir Harry, at five. Hambletonian, 10 guineas; and Patriot, at five. Volunteer, at 10 guineas; and Shuttle, at five. Pegasus, Precipitate, and Sir Solomon, at 10 guineas each. Stamford, Idris, Meteor, and Mr. Teazle, at five. Sir Peter Teazle, 15 guineas; Young Eclipse, 20 guineas; Whisky, Worthy, and Waxy, at 10 guineas; Trumpator, eight guineas; Oscar, at six. Grouse, Gouty, Fidget, Totteridge, Don Quixote, and Old Tat, at five guineas; and Petworth, Stickler, Warter, Gamenut, Moorcock, (brother to Grouse,) and Zachariah, at three.

The following famous stallions died at or about the dates annexed to their names. Old Fox, in 1738, aged 23 years. Old Partner, 1747, aged 29. The Godolphin Arabian, 1753, 29. Old Cade, 1756. The Bolton Starling, 1757. Snip, the same year. Young Cade, 1764. Old Marsk, July 1779. King Herod, May 12, 1780. Matchem, February 21, 1781. Imperator, 1786. Morwick Ball, January 4, 1787, aged 25 years. Eclipse, February 26, 1789, in his 26th year. Goldfinder, in 1789. Fortitude, the same year. Conductor, in 1790. Phlegon, the same year. Faggergill, 1791; and Florizel, the same year. Fortunio, Jupiter, and Soldier, all died in 1802.

STANDARD

—is the name of an instrument by which the exact heighth of a horse is taken (to the eighth of an inch) when engaged to carry weight for inches, or entered to run for a GIVE and TAKE PLATE. The standard is about six feet six inches high, and so constructed with a line and pendulum, in the centre of a circle, that no mismeasurement, by fraud or imposition, can take place. The standard is one straight square piece of oak or mahogany, and divided, from the top to the bottom, in figured spaces of four inches each; every space of which is termed a HAND; so that a horse of fifteen hands is precisely five feet high. From the standard branches horizontally a projecting arm, of about twenty inches, or two feet in length, which sliding upwards or downwards, is raised higher, or sunk lower, with the hand, till it rests easily upon the extreme point of the wither; when, by looking at the proper suspension of the pendulum and the figures at the same time, the heighth of the horse is instantly ascertained.

STAR

—is the white centrical spot in the forehead of a horse, directly between, and rather above, the eyes. These are considered great natural ornaments in bays, chestnuts, browns, and blacks; inducing DEALERS to remedy the deficiencies of nature by the obtrusion of art. This is effected by scraping off the hair carefully with a razor, from the part where the intended star is to appear, when, by wetting the surface with oil of vitriol, an eschar will soon appear, when which exfoliates, it is followed by a growth of hair of the colour required.

STARING of the COAT

.—This external appearance in a horse, so strikingly denotes him out of condition, or diseased, that it never escapes the eye of the most superficial observer. It is originally occasioned by a sudden collapsion of the porous system, from an exposure to cold chilling rains, after having been previously heated; a change from a warm stable to one less comfortable, and a consequent viscidity of the blood; or from a low, impoverished, and acrimonious state of the circulation. See Hidebound, Surfeit, and Mange.

STARTING

,—in horses, is an imperfection, if it becomes habitual, that is of the most dangerous description. It is exceedingly different from a horse skittish, wanton, and playful only, for which the rider is always prepared; and if a good horseman, it is generally as pleasing to one as to the other. But when a horse is eternally in fear, and alarmed at every object unlike himself, he not only sometimes snorts and stops suddenly in the midst of a rapid career of either trot or gallop, but, by an instantaneous spring of five or six feet, brings the rider over his head, or dismounts him on one side or the other. It is not at all matter of surprise, that most of the young horses brought from the country, should at first be alarmed at the infinite variety and velocity of carriages, as well as with other strange and unaccountable objects, to which they must have been entirely unaccustomed before they reached the environs of the Metropolis. Horses of this description, (good-tempered, and not viciously inclined,) are never known to be long so disposed, provided they are treated tenderly, and encouraged mildly to pass the object by which they have been so suddenly, accidentally, and perhaps unnecessarily, alarmed; but when the fools who ride them permit passion and inhumanity to predominate over reason, obstinacy on one side often begets opposition on the other, and accident or death frequently ensues; in confirmation of which, the following fact may be applicably introduced, as a check to the impetuosity of those heroes on horseback, with which every road, and every country, so plentifully abound.

Some few years since, a medical practitioner, of much celebrity in the town of Putney, not many miles from London, being suddenly called from home upon a professional occasion, happened to meet a broad wheel waggon upon the turnpike road, at which the horse being greatly terrified, immediately started, and sprung to a considerable distance, producing, in fact, no small degree of alarm and passionate mortification in the rider; who most inconsiderately adopted the usual mode of attempting to obtain by violence, what might have been probably acquired in an equal space of time with patience and philosophy. Not affording time to recollect that the horse had his sensations of joy, fear, surprise, and dread of danger, in an equal degree with himself, he immediately proceeded to the use of whip and spur, till the horse approached the waggon, which the poor complying animal no sooner did, in obedience to his master, than a sudden gust of wind passing under the tilt, raised it in such a manner just in the face of the horse, that so strange and aweful a renewal of the first alarm repeated the start, and with such violence, that the rider was dismounted, and the wheels going over his body, he lost his life upon the spot. A retention of this transaction in the memory of every juvenile or inexperienced reader, may, perhaps, prove an applicable preventive to unmanly passion at the very moment of its intentional exertion.

STERN

.—The tail of the HOUND, or GREYHOUND, is sportingly so called.

STEW

—is a small reservoir of water, to which fish are brought from larger receptacles where they are bred or caught, and there deposited for the daily use of the family, the supply being constantly kept up in proportion to the domestic consumption.

STIFLE

.—The part of a horse called the stifle, is the projecting point of the hind-quarter, which comes forward under the flank towards the belly, forming an angular joint from the round bone above to the hock below. Injuries are not often sustained at this junction; and when they are, it is much oftener by neglect, a blow, or inadvertence, than by unavoidable accident. Lameness in this part can receive no assistance from bandage; fomentation, embrocation, and rest, are the only means that can be adopted to obtain relief; for when a lameness in the stifle is severe, or of long standing, a perfect cure is seldom obtained.

STIRRUP

—is the well-known polished iron convenience suspended from each side of the saddle; of a proper shape, make, and size, to receive and support the foot, for the joint promotion of ease and safety. Upon the length of the leather strap (called stirrup-leather) entirely depends the graceful position of the rider, and his command of the horse; if which is too short, he is in danger, upon any start or sudden exertion of the horse, of being thrown over his head: if they are too long, he is in an equally aukward predicament; for having then no assisting support, but the internal part of the knees, they must, if the horse is a rough goer, be soon in a state of laceration. The proper length of the stirrup-leathers, for either field or road, is so as to be able, when sitting firm upon the saddle, to disengage the foot from the stirrup with one action of drawing back, and to receive it again with the reverse. In racing, the stirrups are required a degree shorter; as it is by the joint and corresponding support of the knees, and the strength of the arms and shoulders, that the horse is held to his stroke.

STONE

.—This is a sporting term upon the TURF, and used in matches, plates, and sweepstakes, to denote or imply what weight each horse is to carry; that is, so many STONE, so many POUNDS. Every stone is fourteen pounds, and this is called "horseman's weight," in contra-distinction to a common stone, of eight pounds, by which meat, and other articles in trade, are sold.

STOAT

.—The stoat is a most mischievous little animal, very much resembling the weasel, and at a small distance, when running, not to be readily distinguished from each other. They abound near large farms surrounded with corn-ricks and faggot-piles, under each of which they ensure to a certainty never-failing protection. This diminutive pest, though but from two to three inches in heighth, (ten inches long, the tail half the length of its body, disgustingly hairy, and pointed with black, the edges of the ears and the toes both of a cream-coloured white,) is a most indefatigable, determined, and destructive enemy to GAME in all its forms, and POULTRY in all its branches.

STRAIN

.—See Sprain.

STRANGLES

—is a disorder to which young horses in general are always liable, and few or none escape, any more than children escape the small-pox, hooping-cough, or measles. It first displays itself in a heaviness of the head, a dulness of the eyes, a reluctance to action, a heat in the mouth, and a gradually declining appetite: this is followed by a swelling in the concavity beneath the under jaw, which being centrical, is sometimes surrounded by two or three tumefactions of smaller formation. These, in their progress to maturation, are frequently slow, and require patient perseverance in external application; for in all cases of suppuration, NATURE may be led, but will never be driven. During the time the matter is forming, and progressively getting into a state of concoction, an internal soreness of the throat correspondingly comes on, and is followed by an almost or total refusal of food. When it is ascertained that STRANGLES is the true face of the disorder, care must be taken to avoid bleeding, and every kind of medical evacuants, which would tend to embarrass Nature in her own efforts, and protract the crisis of disease; upon which the very safety of the horse, and his expeditious cure, entirely depend.

The strangles is a disorder standing in much greater need of nursing, and constant stable attendance, than the least medical interposition: the system requires to be kept up by art, and every nutritious attention in proportion as the appetite has been observed to decline. In its earliest stage, no attempt whatever should be made at repulsion, (by external astringents, or any spirituous application whatever;) on the contrary, hot emollient fomentations to the part, (with two sponges dipt in the decoction alternately for a quarter of an hour daily,) followed directly with stimulative poultices of a proper heat, repeated and patient offers of gruel and sweet-wort, mixed a little warm in a pail perfectly clean, and free from grease. Small quantities of mash (prepared of ground malt and bran, equal parts) should, at proper intervals, be placed in the manger: these and the gruel being constantly refused, the case will then require the additional adoption of a pectoral cordial ball, to be dissolved in a pint of gruel, and mildly insinuated about a third part with the horn at each time, till the whole is got down; and this should be repeated three times in every twenty-four hours, till the tumor is broke, and the crisis arrives; when which is observed, if the aperture is too small, it may be a little enlarged with the point of any instrument, that the matter may the more easily run off. To promote this, the poultice, covering a pledget of digestive ointment, should be continued for two or three days, when a cure is soon effected. Two or three doses of physic, or a course of alteratives, is always necessary after this disease.

STRANGURY

—is a temporary suppression of urine in horses, brought on more by the indiscretion of their riders or drivers, than any morbid affection, or constitutional defect in the horse. It may proceed from a spasmodic stricture upon the sphincter, or the neck of the bladder, occasioned by a too long retention of urine; in continuing an immoderate length of time on the road, or in the field, during which the distrest animal has no opportunity to stale; as well as from a slight inflammation, or tendency to tumefaction, in the kidnies; likewise from calculous concretions in the bladder, jaggy particles of which may irritate, and painfully plug up the urinary passages. Some horses feel great pain when labouring under the suppression, which, when judiciously managed, seldom proves more than a temporary inconvenience. Instantaneous bleeding will sometimes, by unloading the vessels, take off the stricture, and produce instantaneous effect. If the horse is perpetually straining to stale, evacuating only a few drops, or partial dribblings, two or three cloves of a separated onion, or divided garlic, may be insinuated, and left within each side of the sheath; in addition to which, a large sponge, dipt in very warm water, and repeatedly applied to the neighbouring parts, will assist; those local applications proving salutary and expeditious substitutes for the more tedious process of medicine internally administered. In cases of long continuance, and increasing emergency, more commanding means must be adopted; of which DIURETIC BALLS, with a drachm of camphire, and a few grains of opium incorporated with each, and periodically repeated, will be found to answer the most sanguine expectation.

STRING-HALT

.—This defect in a horse is a kind of spasmodic jerk, or sudden twitching of one or other of the hind-legs in action, and has been, in different opinions, attributed to various causes, and probably by none to the right; as there is no one disorder, disease, defect, or imperfection, to which the horse is liable, upon the origin, progress, or cure of which so little has been introduced. It is conjecturally said by some "to be brought on by sudden colds, after severe riding or hard labour, particularly by washing a horse when hot with cold water; a practice too common, and erroneously ridiculous; and that it may also be produced by blows or bruises near the hock." All this may be well upon the score of speculative amusement, but it forms no feature of scientific disquisition. The string-halt, from its appearance, must palpably originate in a previous distortion of some part of the ligamentary junction; or a preternatural contraction, (or partial rupture,) of its muscular appendages; in either or both of which, no regular road to relief can be adverted to without a much greater probability of repentant trouble and mortifying disappointment.

STUBBED

.—A horse is said to have sustained this injury, when in hunting amongst the stumps of newly cut coverts and underwood, he is punctured, cut, or bruised, in any part of the foot, coronet, or fetlock, by some of the infinity of stubs with which newly cut copses so plentifully abound. When accidents of this kind happen, the applications must depend entirely upon the magnitude of the injury received. In all slight cases, amounting to little more than simple laceration, Friar's balsam, tincture of myrrh, or even common vinegar, may soon close the mouths of the vessels, harden the surface, and effect a cure. Where swelling and inflammation ensue, poultices must follow; and WOUNDS must of course be treated as such. Although misfortunes may frequently occur, and cannot, even by the most circumspect, be always avoided, yet it is certain, more horses are stubbed by the folly and indiscretion of those who ride them, than by any casual or inevitable occurrences of the chase.

STUD

—is a term applicable to three distinct meanings, and is so used in its different significations. A stud, in its more extended acceptation, applies to an aggregate collection of horses, without giving priority to any particular sort; as the person having a great number of horses, is said to have a very large stud; but the term, in its divided and sub-divided state, proves more extensively comprehensive. One is in possession of a very expensive RACING STUD; another has a numerous STUD of HUNTERS; and a third, still more opulent, or still more fashionable, shall have a BREEDING STUD, to produce an annual supply for the two preceding. The management of each individually, is now so perfectly understood, by those perpetually engaged in the practice, that no information can be derived from literary or theoretic inculcation.

STUD-BOOK

—is the hereditary deposit of PEDIGREE, transmitted from one generation to another, and punctually preserved by the proprietor of every RACING STUD of eminence in the kingdom; in which may be retraced the exact lineal descent of each HORSE and MARE, from the earliest time in which racing blood began to bear a promise of estimation. From a most industrious and elaborate accumulative collection of these, Mr. Weatherby has given to the public, a full, clear, explanatory and well-authenticated pedigree of between four and five thousand of the best bred horses who have raced and covered in England, Scotland, and Ireland. This publication bears the title of "Weatherby's General Stud-Book;" and must, to every sportsman of taste and literature, prove a most useful and entertaining volume.

STUMBLING

—is so great an imperfection in a horse, that it affects his intrinsic worth, in proportion to the readiness with which it is perceived. Horses having short forehands, large heads, and thick shoulders, are the most subject to this defect of any other formation: those low at the point of the withers, (which is called being lower before than behind,) in addition to the deficiencies already mentioned, are the worst of stumblers; the whole forming such a combination of bad points, as not to leave one enlivening hope of reformation. A horse addicted to stumbling, occasions so many dreadful sensations to the rider, that he may almost as well encounter so many shocks of electricity. Those who unluckily get into possession of such, cannot separate too soon. The old sportsman never rides a stumbler more than once, which he thinks once too often.

SURBATING

—is a term getting into disuse, and with the last of the old school of farriery will in a few years be buried in total oblivion: this it well deserves to be, as a word without either meaning or derivation. Insignificant as it sounds, it has been, till within a very few years, used to signify a hoof so battered, bruised, and worn, with bad shoeing, bad shoes, and sometimes with no shoes at all, that the horse, having hardly any feet to stand upon, was then said to be surbated; which, in more explanatory and comprehensive language, is neither more or less than the sole of the foot so completely destroyed, (by the means before-mentioned,) that a horse in such situation is now said to be foot-foundered, who was formerly said to be surbated.

SURFEIT

.—In respect to the disease in horses so called, it seems, with most veterinary writers of the preceding and present time, to be an almost indefinite or undefined term. It is not only differently described, but attributed to various causes; without the superfluous investigation of which, it is only necessary to observe, that it is the effect of acrimonious morbidity in the blood, possessing gradational shades of progress, in a corresponding degree with what is denominated scurvy in the frame of the human species. In the first stage of what is professionally deemed SURFEIT, the horse's coat partially stares, and is in some parts nearly erect: under the raised parts is perceived a kind of blue dusty hue, which, not counteracted by medical means, or an increase of good healthy provender, soon degenerates to a palpable scurf; this continuing to extend itself over the surface, so hardens by time, that each becomes a pustule or eschar, which afterwards exfoliating, leaves alternate appearances of the bare skin and hair, somewhat similar to an advanced stage of the mange, to which species of disease it is, in fact, no very distant relation. Its progress to inveteracy is not the same in all subjects, as it will continue its ravages with fixed scales, or dry barky scabs, in some, but will emit a sharp serous ichor from others.

This discharge is generally of such a sharp and acrid property, that the violent itching it occasions, keeps the poor object in a state of incessant misery; for when the disorder is far advanced, the time is so constantly appropriated to the indispensible office of rubbing, (for the attainment of temporary relief,) that very little is afforded to the purpose of subsistence, should pasture be furnished in plenty; which, with such unfortunate and unprofitable subjects, is very rarely the case. The first step to cure, is to alter and enrich the property of the blood, by altering the aliment to a more nutritious and invigorating kind than it was before. In a week or ten days, when the frame is in a perceptible degree improved, a first bleeding may take place, followed by such antimonial alteratives, as may be found best adapted to the complexion of the case. Many instances there are, where, from long standing, and great malignancy, mercurial solutions, or vitriolic lotions, become so indispensibly necessary, that a cure cannot be perfectly insured without. When the system is in a certain degree restored, and visibly rising superior to the depredating effects of disease, bleeding may be repeated, and antimonial powders in mashes nightly administered, till indications of certain recovery appear, when a course of mild mercurial physic should be proceeded upon, that no doubt of obliteration may be entertained.

SWAINMOTE

—is a peculiar court, appertaining solely to the LAWS of a forest, and held three times within the year. In this court the Verderers preside in the official capacity of Judges; for although the Warden, or his deputy, may take their seats in the court, they have no judicial authority there. The court of Swainmote may enquire of offences, receive informations, and proceed to conviction; but judgment is not within the limits of this court; their province extends no farther than to hear and convict; judgment cannot be given but from the judgment-seat, where the Justice in Eyre presides as chief officer; and all associated with him, are called Justices of the Forest. This court being a Court of Record, can fine and imprison for offences within the forest; and therefore if the judgment is conceived erroneous, the record may be removed by writ of error into the Court of King's Bench.

SWEAT

—is the transpiration of perspirative matter through the skin by the effect of an increased circulation of the blood. This, in a moderate degree, is so conducive to the promotion of HEALTH, that those horses who regularly enjoy exercise to a proper state of perspiration, occasionally, and at proper times, are always in the highest condition; provided they are taken care of in proportion to the exercise each has had, or the work he has undergone. By the appearance of a horse in a high perspiration, immediate judgment may be formed of the property of his blood; and in a collateral degree, of the state of his health; for when a horse in good condition is under a profuse perspiration, the sweat is so congenially incorporated with the coat, (particularly if the horse is well bred,) that the hair lays so uniformly one way, that if the sun happens to shine, it seems a covering of satin: on the contrary, when a horse, after equal (or, in fact, much less) exertion, bears a greasy kind of perspiration upon the surface, with the coat turning in different directions, bearing a gross matted appearance, and of a faint fœtid effluvia, the blood is in an improper state, and the horse in very bad condition. Sweating a horse in the stable, by the administration of medicine, is a practice, the propriety of which has not hitherto been clearly ascertained; at least not perfectly demonstrated upon the true principles of science, uncontaminated by the obtrusive aid of deceptive speculation. See "Tartar Emetic."

SWEATING for the TURF

—is a sporting ceremony with training-grooms, to which, in their opinion, no small probable consequence is attached; as is fully confirmed by the invariable punctuality with which it is performed. The two reasons assigned for the necessity of this operation, is to preserve the WIND in its proper state of purity, and to prevent a superfluous and improper accumulation of FLESH. Horses in training are (in strict conformity with this intent) sweated at certain periods, or intervals, of six, seven or eight days each; which are brought nearer to, or delayed farther from each other, by the increasing or reduced state of the subject so to be sweated. The ceremony is performed in the morning, soon after the dawn of day, under the ancient superstitious opinion, that the AIR is then more pure than at any other part of the twenty-four hours; and with those whose department it is to execute the office, as much imaginary consequence appertains to it, as to making up the most important national dispatches at the principal office of Administration.

The horse intended to be sweated, is previously loaded with a profusion of sheets, quarter-pieces, and horse-cloths; the number and weight judiciously proportioned to the quantity of perspirative matter it is intended he should lose: when all which is completely fixed in the stable, he is then brought to the exercise ground, with a light or feather weight upon his back, where, after having been walked time sufficient to afford ample opportunities of unloading the carcase by excrementitious evacuation, he is permitted to start for a sweat of two, three, four or five miles, according to his age, his strength, his state of flesh, and the kind of race (in respect to distance) he is in training for; as well as the sort of course he is intended to run over. It is a most judicious and confirmed rule in sweating, that the horse is to begin at a very slow rate, and so continue till he has covered half the ground he is to go, when he should have his speed moderately increased during the third quarter, so that his fourth should be at a degree of speed very little short of his rate in racing.

Having ran his ground, and pulled up, he is walked in hand for a few minutes, to give time (in the language of the turf) for the sweat to come out, which, when the cloths are taken off, follows in copious streams that the animal seems to enjoy. At this moment two assistants are ready with each a thin wooden instrument, called a scraper, made of oak or ash, in shape resembling half the blade of a mowing scythe, (narrowed at the ends for the convenience of the hands,) with which they scrape the sweat from the neck, back, sides, belly, and quarters, so long as the least moisture is observed to appear; the moment which ceases, the scrapers are exchanged for wisps of soft straw, or separated hay-bands, 'till the body, and every part, is perfectly clean and refreshed. He is then furnished with dry sheets, hood, &c. brought to the ground for the purpose; when being led home to the stable, he is supplied with the necessary quantity of soft water, a little warm, previous to undergoing a regular and complete dressing, with greater nicety, than in the open air: when this is systematically gone through, he has a farther moderate supply of water, which is most commonly (though there are occasional deviations) followed by a warm and comfortable mash; upon depositing which in the manger, and setting the stable fair, the door is closed for a double period of the usual hours for going to stable when a horse has not been sweated; and although he undergoes the afternoon and evening routine of being fed, set fair, &c. he is neither stripped, or goes to exercise, any more on that day.

SWEATING of JOCKIES

—is a ceremony which every JOCKEY is under the necessity of going through when engaged to ride, and the horse is to carry less than his own natural weight. For the reduction of weight, jockies are obliged to encounter great inconveniencies, particularly when they have much to lose, and a very short time to lose it in. The means of reducing themselves to the weight required are various, and depend upon the greater or lesser quantity they wish to lose in a given time, and have to waste themselves accordingly. If they have but two or three pounds to lose, they will waste that in a single day's abstinence, and a morning and evening's walking: should four or five pounds be required, a gentle laxative, followed by two or three days extra walking, with an additional waistcoat or two, will generally carry the point: if more is necessary to be lost, it is sometimes a hazardous reduction, and great exertions are made to effect it: additional purgation, continued abstinence, increased perspiration, and almost perpetual exercise, all which, if persevered in to an extreme, tend to undermine the natural stamen by which the frame is supported, and absolutely saps the constitution. Instances have been numerous, where JOCKIES have undertaken to waste fourteen or sixteen pounds against the day of running; which having been at no great distance, they have, in addition to the evacuations already described, submitted their bodies to the debilitating FUMES of a hot-bed; and what is still more extraordinary, to be immersed in the stench and steam of a DUNGHILL to effect their purpose, which so completely relaxed the solids, and deranged the system of the natural economy, that consumption followed, and DEATH soon closed the scene.

SWELLED LEGS

.—See Legs Swelled, Humours, and Grease.

SWELLING in the Sheath or Groin

,—of a horse externally in good health, and without any predominant symptoms of pain or disquietude, is sometimes of little consequence; denoting no more than a general plethora, or distension of the vessels, which immediate bleeding, followed by gentle friction, and moderate evacuants, may be expected to remove: but if it makes its appearance at the crisis of any inflammatory disorder, of either liver, lungs, or kidnies, it may be considered a very unfavourable prognostic, and the worst is yet to come; though the writer has seen many cases of extreme danger, where the patients have recovered by persevering in the medical means which were previously known to be right.

SWAN

.—The swan, as the most majestic and distinguished of all water fowl, is honoured with royal protection: those who disturb their nests, destroy their eggs, or injure, wound, or cripple the swans, are liable to imprisonment for twelve months, and a fine at the pleasure of the King. The corporate body of the City of London, as CONSERVATORS of the River Thames, have an annual aquatic excursion to Staines, (which is the western extremity of their boundaries,) in the most pleasant and most plentiful season of the year, with colours flying, music playing, and all the appropriate parapharnalia of the first and most opulent city in the universe. All the swans upon the Thames, within their district, are under the protection of the Conservators; and this display of civic grandeur is perpetuated from one generation to another, by the appellation of "Swan-hopping day."

T.

TAIL

.—Upon the uniform shape and setting on of a horse's tail, his good or ill appearance greatly depends. When the spine is continued in a curvilinear direction beyond the rump, and the basis of the tail is formed too low in the quarters, the horse is termed "goose-rumped;" and no nicking, or setting, will ever give him the figure of a handsome horse behind. It has been a long-standing maxim, that "a good horse can't be of a bad colour;" and there may probably be some who think a good horse can't have a bad tail; but a little experience, in buying and selling, will convince them, that the difference between the two will be little less than ten or fifteen pounds in a horse of no more than fifty pounds value. Great losses are sometimes sustained for want of a little circumspection at the moment of making a purchase; and this may sometimes proceed from the horse's having some peculiar points of attraction, in the fascinating survey of which the defects are totally absorbed; hence arises the pecuniary deficiency when the subject becomes again to be sold, particularly if to a more prudent and less hasty purchaser. The old sportsman, when going to buy, looks at the horse as if it was really his own, and he was going to sell; in doing which, he estimates his saleable value with an eye of greater accuracy, makes a tolerably fair calculation what he ought with consistency to bid, that he may sustain no great loss, should he have future occasion to sell.

TARTAR

—was an excellent racer, and the most celebrated stallion of his time. He was bred by Mr. Leedes, foaled in 1743; was got by Partner, out of Meliora, who was got by Fox, out of Milkmaid. Tartar was sire of the famous King Herod, Beaufremont, Miner, and Colonel O'Kelly's mare the dam of Maria, Antiochus, Venus, Jupiter, Mercury, Volunteer, &c. &c.

Tartar, called Wildman's Tartar, was a horse of some note likewise; he was bred by Sir J. Moore, foaled in 1758, and got by the above, out of Miss Meredith, who was got by Cade out of the little Hartley Mare.

TARTAR EMETIC

—is one of the most powerful, and, in respect to horses, one of the most prostituted medicines in the whole MATERIA MEDICA: its name here is only introduced, and its properties described, that the SPORTING WORLD, as well as individuals, may be sufficiently guarded against its dangerous effects, if injudiciously administered, or secretly brought into use, by practitioners of little knowledge, and less celebrity, who, knowing no more of its preparation than its name, know less of its effects than its preparation. With farriers or veterinarians of this description, it is become a favourite medicine upon so many occasions, that it stands entitled to a fair, candid, and unequivocal investigation. Emetic tartar, when administered to the human frame, with a design of producing the forcible effect of a strong emetic, has never, by professional men, of the most learned, distinguished, and experienced ability, exceeded six or seven; and in truly critical cases of dangerous emergency, eight grains may have been given. Ten grains have been known to operate so violently as to excite convulsions; twelve, to occasion DEATH.

Amidst such incontrovertible facts, it naturally becomes a serious consideration, that men, knowing nothing of the property of medicine, should have the unrestrained privilege and permission of bringing into use articles of so much dangerous magnitude, not only without knowing their basis, preparation, and peculiar properties, but without the power of prognosticating their probable effects. It is a circumstance worthy the attention of those possessing a number of horses for either business or pleasure, (who must consequently have some occasionally labouring under disease,) how far it may be safe, proper, consistent, or discreet, to give a horse half an ounce of TARTAR EMETIC at one dose, which, according to the above ascertained facts, will, if divided accurately into equal proportions, (and the experiments made,) take away the lives of twenty men. Those who have ignorantly adopted this practice, as ignorantly and obstinately assert the impossibility of its doing any harm; without either not possessing the knowledge, or not giving themselves time to recollect, that if seven or eight grains will distress and exhaust the human frame, by every kind of violent and sensible evacuation, to the appearance of, and in some cases to actual death; what must be the internally destructive ravages of twenty (or thirty) times that quantity, thrown into the frame of an animal, who, not having, like the human species, power to regurgitate, or throw off the offending consequence by vomit, has no alternative, but to stand a comparative barrel of combustibles, ready to burst with the effervescent conflagration raised within, and which must, in a variety of cases, be evidently productive of certain death. But such practitioners have no character to support, no reputation to lose; and they likewise well know, that dead horses, any more than dead men, tell no tales.

TEAL

—is a well-known wild fowl, much esteemed for the table. A teal is of the form, shape, and make of the wild duck and widgeon, but a degree smaller than the latter, which is equally so from the former.

TEETH

—are the arrangement of small bones in the mouth of a horse, for the particular purpose of mastication; and by which the AGE also may be ascertained. (See Colt.) The teeth are of a much harder texture than any other bones in the body, which seems to have been necessary for the execution of the office they are assigned by Nature. A horse come to maturity, is in possession of forty teeth, (including the tushes,) which are thus distinguished: four-and-twenty of these are called grinders, and situate on the sides of the upper and lower jaws above the tushes, and are of no use in discovering the age. With respect to the other sixteen, twelve of them are called colt's teeth till upwards of two years old, (when they begin to shed;) and the remaining four are denominated tushes; but they never make the least appearance till rising, or full five years old. The twelve colt's teeth are six in front above, and the same below; four of these (that is, two above, and two below) exfoliate annually, beginning at the middle two, and continue shedding the neighbouring two in succession for the next two years, till they are succeeded by the entire new set in front, when the horse is five years old.

These new teeth, upon their appearance, are distinguished by different appellations: the first four are called nippers; the next, middle teeth; and the last, corner teeth. The four nippers are the centrical four, (that is, two above, and two below:) these he sheds when about two years and a half old, varying a little in the time, according as he may have been an early or a backward colt. The middle teeth, as they are called, one on each side the nippers above and below, exfoliate, and are followed by others about the same time the following year, when the colt is three and a half, (called, rising four:) in this state the teeth continue till the decline of the following year, when the corner teeth are shed likewise, and it is then said, he has lost all his colt's teeth: when the successors to the corner teeth are full shelled on both sides, the horse has then completed his fifth year. It is a practice with DEALERS in general, so soon as they have purchased a four year old in a country fair, to immediately wrench out the corner teeth with a key, or some other convenient instrument, that its successor may have the credit of spontaneous appearance, upon which the horse is sold to an inexperienced purchaser as a FIVE YEAR OLD, though, in reality, no more than four.

The horse having completed his fifth year, will have a black cavity in every tooth above and below: but the inner edge of the five year old tooth at the corners, is not completely grown up till the last half of the sixth year, as may be seen by a reference to the Plate, Fig. 3; "Rising Six." When the horse is about four or five months beyond his sixth year, which is called six off, the black mark in the centrical teeth fill up by degrees; those standing next, fill up next in the same way; and in faint succession one pair to the other, till, at the seventh year, (when the horse is said to be aged,) the mark is fairly retained in only the corner teeth, which continues to decline during the year, and is generally obliterated by the time the horse is eight years old. The tushes begin to appear about four, or between that and the fifth year; they display themselves one above and one below, on each side, at a little distance from the corner teeth, without having been preceded by any colt's teeth in that spot since they were foaled. After a horse is eight years old, his age can only be guessed at by the length, and worn edges, of his teeth; which may always be nearly ascertained by any person a little accustomed to the examination.

TENDONS

—are the elastic covering of the muscles, composed of an infinity of fibres, which, in their aggregate, form a substance of great strength, and appropriate contraction and elongation, for all the purposes of expansion and flexibility. The tendons in a horse most liable to injury and accident, are those passing down the shank-bone of the fore-legs, from nearly the back of the knee, to their seat of insertion at the fetlock joint, which are in general known by the name of the back sinews. These, and the accidents to which they are liable, have been so fully treated on under the heads of Lameness and Sprains, that enlarging here would only prove a repetition superfluous and unnecessary. A wounded or punctured tendon, by thorn, stub, stable-prong, or with any other instrument, is always attended with excruciating pain, and violent inflammation, producing the most dangerous symptoms. In such cases it has been too much the practice to have immediate recourse to turpentine, and other spirituous applications, which is only adding fuel to the FIRE, and rendering the remedy worse than the DISEASE. Warm, mild fomentations, emollient poultices, gentle digestives upon lint covered with tow, and recourse to the most judicious and experienced practitioner to be obtained, constitute the only sound basis upon which even hope of recovery can be entertained; as most cases of the kind, if serious and severe, have a very unfavourable termination; those few subjects who seem completely restored, being ever after incapable of any work of consequence, ranking only as invalids.

TERMS in SPORTING

—are, in general, the same through every part of the kingdom; except some few provincial deviations in distant districts, remote from the centrical parts near the Metropolis. When going out with hounds in the morning, and reaching the place of meeting, we throw off (or cast off) the hounds; we rouse a deer, unkennel a fox, or start a hare. When a hound challenges who can be relied upon, he has taken scent of a deer, drag of a fox, or trail of a hare. If a hound quests (that is, gives tongue) without a cause, he is said to babble. After finding, if the scent lies well, and the hounds run together, the scent is said to be breast-high. When, during the chase, the hounds (in consequence of bad, dry, or stormy weather) are often at fault, and the huntsman is under the necessity of adverting to whatever advantages and assistance he can obtain, he has, perhaps, no other alternative, than to avail himself of the track of whatever GAME he has in pursuit; in either of which chases, he slots a deer, he foots a fox, or he pricks a hare.

It was formerly the custom to say a kennel of hounds; of beagles a pack: it is now more usual to call them indiscriminately a kennel of hounds, when in the kennel; but all are equally called a pack in the field. Of greyhounds, pointers, and spaniels, when speaking of numbers, it is right to say a brace, (for two;) a leash of greyhounds, a brace and half of pointers and spaniels, (for three;) and two brace of either, for four. When a deer, during the chase, gets into the water, he is then said to take soil: when so hard run, and so much distrest, that he turns round, and faces the hounds, he is then said to stand at bay. The head of the fox, when killed, is called the front, (in some parts, the scalp;) his feet, pads; and his tail, the brush; which is the distinguishing trait of honour for the day, that every fearless foxhunter rides for. When the game leaves covert, it is said to have gone away: when, in the heighth of the chase, the game makes a short turn to the right or left, and the hounds come to a fault, by having over-run the scent, the game is then said to have headed: if that is returned in a parallel line with the original chase, it is called a double; and if it is brought again directly into the old track, it is called running the soil.

Hounds at the commencement of a season, after so long a confinement and restraint, are inclined to chase every thing they see, or scent from a pig to a polecat, in all which cases they are said to run riot. Hounds draw for a fox; they try for a hare. When greyhounds are removed from one country to another, they travel with collars; hounds in couples. In shooting terms, we say, a brace of hares, a leash of pheasants, and two brace of partridges; a brace of snipes, a couple and half of woodcocks, and two couple of rabbits.

TERRIER

.—The terrier may naturally be concluded to have derived his name from the avidity with which he takes the earth; particularly when in pursuit of his own game, which is vermin of every kind, without distinction. To the fox, badger, polecat, weasel, rat, and even the poor domestic cat, the terrier is a most implacable enemy. For the purposes of BADGER BAITING, they have, by the lower classes, been crossed, and bred in and in with the bull-dog, which has enlarged the produce of those crosses, and increased the natural ferocity, as a greater stimulus to that particular sport now so fashionable with the sons of the cleaver, since the practice of BULL-BAITING has been so happily upon the decline. The genuine and lesser breed of terrier is employed in a business, to which, by his size, his fortitude, persevering strength, and invincible ardour, he seems more peculiarly adapted, and may be most truly said "to labour cheerfully in his vocation." This is, in his subordinate attendance upon the chase, where, like distinguished personages in a procession, though last, he is not the least in consequence.

Terriers of even the best blood are now bred of all colours; red, black, (with tan faces, flanks, feet, and legs;) brindled sandy; some few, brown pied, white pied, and pure white; as well as one sort of each colour, rough and wire-haired; the others, soft and smooth; and, what is rather extraordinary, the latter not much deficient in courage with the former; but the rough breed must be acknowledged the most severe and invincible biter of the two. Since fox-hunting is so deservedly and universally popular in every county where it can be enjoyed, these faithful little animals have become so exceedingly fashionable, that few stables of the independent are seen without them. Four and five guineas is no great price for a handsome, well-bred terrier; and a very short time since, seven puppies were sold at the Running-horse livery-stables, in Piccadilly, for one-and-twenty guineas; and these, at this time, is as true a breed of the small sort as any in England.

With every established pack of fox-hounds there is seldom to be seen less than a brace of terriers; and, for the best of reasons, one is generally larger and stronger than the other; in a small earth, where one cannot enter, the other may. With the hounds, in endeavouring to find, as well as during the chase, their exertions are incessant and indefatigable; and although the fleet pack shall be carrying the scent breast high at the top of their speed, these instinctive devotees to the sport are seldom far behind them. When a fox is run to earth, it is the province of the terrier to follow, and lay at him; as, by the baying of one at the other, the ear will soon be informed, whether the fox lays deep, or near the surface; and those who are employed in digging him out, will be enabled and encouraged to proceed accordingly. In fidelity, sagacity, courage, as well as the most incredible endurance of fatigue and hunger, they are inferior to no one particular tribe of the canine species.

THRUSHES

—are defects in the centrical part of the frogs, which having, by neglect, been permitted to get into a rotten and decayed state, they ooze from the middle a most offensive acrid ichor; and this, unless it is properly cleansed and counteracted, will continue to corrode the parts underneath, till the foundation of the frog is totally destroyed. It has been, and still is, too much the practice with the ignorant and illiterate, to oppose the efforts of Nature, instead of rendering her judicious and necessary assistance. Vitriolic solutions, VERDIGREASE, and ALUM, are the favourite infallibles with the common farrier, the coachman, and the groom; but to those of more comprehensive minds, and complying dispositions, perfect cleansings, with sponge and water, followed by simple white wine vinegar, and compound tincture of myrrh, will be found sufficient, if properly persevered in.

TIRING
is so bad a quality in any horse, in fact, a circumstance so little likely to occur, that, when it does happen, (unless by some improper, cruel, or immoderate riding,) indisposition, or latent internal defect, may be naturally looked to as the particular cause. In all cases of this kind, bleeding, a cordial ball, a malt mash, and a little nursing, seem the only means most likely to promote a speedy restoration of strength and spirits.

TOBY

—was a horse of much recent celebrity as a RACER, and has since covered as a STALLION in some estimation. He was bred by Mr. Bullock; was got by Highflyer, dam by Matchem. In 1789, when three years old, he won 100 guineas at Newmarket, 200 guineas at Epsom, and 1100 guineas at York, beating six others. In 1790, he beat Euphrosyne across the flat at Newmarket for 500 guineas. The next Meeting he beat Sir W. Aston's Marcia, the same Course, 200 guineas. In 1791, he did not start. In 1792, Craven Meeting, Newmarket, he again beat Euphrosyne the two year old course, 200 guineas. The next day but one, he won the great Oatlands Stakes of 100 guineas, fifty-six subscribers, half forfeit; beating Coriander, Asparagus, Eager, Precipitate, Stride, Highlander, Buzzard, Rhadamanthus, Vermin, Turnip-Top, and nine others. The next Meeting he received 75 guineas forfeit from Alderman, and 50 guineas from Exciseman; at the expiration of which season he was withdrawn from the turf, and advertized as a stallion, to cover racing mares gratis, and others at two guineas, and half a crown.

TOILS

.—Park nets, of great strength and magnitude, are so called. They are used in taking deer alive, for removal from one park to another; or from his Majesty's parks to the hunting paddocks at Swinley Lodge, in Windsor Forest, for the purposes of the chase.

TONGUE

.—The tongue of a horse is sometimes lacerated by the bit of the bridle being too narrow in the mouth-piece; as also by the frequent petulant jerks of the rider. These, which are slight in the first instance, are occasionally repeated, till they become perfect cadaverous ulcers, with a slough (similar to a sitfast) in the middle of each. In cases of this description, the tongue should be held on one side, while the part is daily touched with a strong solution of borax in water, till the slough is fallen off; when it may be soon cured with equal parts of honey and tincture of myrrh, well incorporated with each other.

TRACK

—is the term used to imply the footmark of either man or beast; but, in the language of the field, it admits of some deviations. We track a man, a horse, an ox, or an ass; we slot a deer; we foot a fox; and we prick a hare.

TRAIL, or TRAILING

,—appertains solely to HARE HUNTING; by which, in general, the hare is found and started from her form. Soon after hounds are thrown off, some one or more are quickly observed to give tongue; this the old and best hounds immediately attend to, and instantly join, which is called taking trail: but whether such trail arises from perspirative particles adhering to the line of her works during the night from her feet only, or whether it is produced from the lungs by transpiration, and only partially exhaled, is a matter that has never yet been satisfactorily ascertained. See Scent.

When it was the custom formerly to take the field so soon as the horsemen could see to ride, trail was the sure and certain means by which the hare was found: in a few minutes after the hounds were thrown off, a general clamour of trail ensued, and the inexpressible gratification of seeing all the clue of her night-work unravelled to a view, was sport much superior to a bad chase. Trail is of much less import now, when harriers (at least, in the centrical part of the kingdom) are seldom known to take the field before ten or eleven o'clock in the day, when the very slight and partial remains of trail can be but of small avail: the sole reliance now principally depends upon drawing over the ground most likely, according to the season, with the chance of having a hare found sitting, or the greater probability of her jumping up before them. The paltry custom of field money for hares found sitting, has very considerably warped the judgment from the sporting-like practice of finding the hare by trailing up to her; for the huntsman and whipper-in having caught the pecuniary infection, are poking and prying in every bush, in a hope and eager expectation of obtaining a few shillings, instead of attending to their hounds.

TRAIN SCENTS

,—formerly so called, but now more frequently termed drags, are means by which young hounds may be first entered with old hounds; a body of hounds exercised upon heaths or commons, soon after dawn of day in the summer season: or bets may be decided upon the speed of either HOUNDS or HORSES, by means of such drag or train scent. They are of different kinds, and very few hounds will refuse to hunt them: when the scent lies well, the wind is still, and the atmosphere free from variation by storms or rain, they will carry it breast high. The skin of hare or fox, newly killed; a slice of bacon, and a red herring firmly united; or either, plentifully impregnated with oil of aniseed; will lead hounds in full cry across any country over which the drag is directed.

TRAINING

.—The process of training horses for the TURF was formerly plain, simple, open, and free from mystery or ambiguity. Circumstances, however, are so altered, and fashions have so changed, that a training-stable exceeds in secrecy the inmost recesses of his Majesty's Councils, upon which the prosperity and peace of so great a nation entirely depend. A training-stable is, in the opinion of those who conduct them, the very summit of earthly dignity and imaginary consequence. The "insolence of office," so emphatically alluded to by our immortal bard, cannot with justice be better applied than to this immaculate mart of integrity, this delectable haven of sublime and unsullied perfection. Those noblemen and gentlemen whose opulence and liberality command respect, are entitled to insure it; but it is frequently and publicly seen upon the common race course, that they are gratefully treated by their own pampered and subordinate harpies, with the most consummate confidence, and upon many occasions (if their own judgments are opposed, or opinions thwarted) with the most contemptuous indifference. Thus it is even with the great and independent, who have no sooner relinquished their horses to the superintendance of others, than they have resigned their free agency also; and it becomes almost a crime to offer an opinion, or to ask a question: the etiquette of professional secresy must by no means be assailed; and it is only as matter of favour, that a man can get a sight of his own horse, or obtain authentic information of the real state of his condition: if the owner (unless he is of the family) presumes to obtrude a question, he will not be so likely to receive an unequivocal answer, as one of the most deminutive stable-boys.

The morality and aggregate of virtues so peculiarly appertaining to the profession, being placed in the back-ground of the picture; admitting in this, as in all others, that there are men of strict honor, and unsullied integrity, who do not deviate from the path of rectitude in private transactions; yet the broad road of temptation is a dangerous track, and very few there are who are able to withstand it. It is a long-standing maxim, that "those who play at bowls must expect rubs:" so those who make the embarkation, must abide the consequence. Certain it is, that the business (or rather art) of TRAINING, was never before brought to its present pitch of perfection; but the expence is (with the collaterals attendant upon it) so enormous, that nothing but an immensity of wealth can stand against it. Training has of late years undergone many changes, and much refinement; but in none more than the early age at which COLTS and FILLIES are brought to the post. Very far within the knowledge of the present generation, no colt was ever taken in hand till he was three years old to be made quiet for breaking; and he was never thought capable of being brought to the post for a racing contest, previous to some part of his fifth year. On the contrary, many are now taken in hand at eighteen months old; some few run a short match before they have attained the second year; more run when rising three: and plates, subscriptions, and sweepstakes, are common for three year olds from one extremity of the kingdom to the other.

This constantly increasing and invincible thirst for racing popularity, by which so many of the finest horses are crippled before they come to their prime, has constituted such a sterility, or drawback, upon the usual supplies for the chase, that the value of even common hunting horses has increased beyond all former example. The present system of training is considered so truly scientific, that one general jealousy is known to prevail amongst its professors of every denomination: the same secresy which pervades one establishment, is, by the spirit of emulation, (or infection,) communicated to every other; and the hour that stimulates one stable lad to action, regulates the rest in every training-stable through the kingdom. The serjeant or corporal's guard in the best disciplined military garrison of his Majesty's dominions, cannot be more precise, more critically exact to time, than the training lads are to stable hours. At the first dawn of day, every somniferous sensation is shaken off, and each is in his stable by the time he has day-light sufficient to brush over his horse: this done, and the quantity of corn he is allowed consumed, the ceremony of exercise is proceeded upon, where his walking, galloping before and after water, take place, in time and distance, according to the age, state of flesh, and his condition; all which are nicely attended to, and his work proceeded upon in proportion. At his return, the dressings, leg rubbing, and every minute part of stable discipline, is regulated to a degree of admiration; when which is completed, the feeding over, and the stable set fair, silence prevails; the door is closed, and firmly secured; the horse being left free from every thing that can possibly afford disturbance; and this as much before six in the morning, as it can be accomplished according to the season of the year. A short ceremony of the same kind takes place about three hours after. Twelve at NOON, regular brushing over, feeding, and setting all fair, again take place; being then once more close locked till FOUR, when the first ceremony of the morning, air, exercise, and water, are again repeated; the regular routine succeeds in the stable, which is closed as near to the hour of six as possible. When the perpetual prompter announces the hour of eight, it is the signal for racking up: this neatly and expeditiously performed, an early hour of rest is the invariable rule, that all parties may be the better enabled to enter upon the business of the morning.

Such is the diurnal ceremony of training; varying the length and speed of the morning gallops by the flesh, wind, substance and condition of the horse; with such intervening Sweats (which see) as circumstances may justify, or render necessary; in all which, training grooms of the best judgment, and most industrious observation, are liable to err. Horses are seen to train on, others to train off; or, in plainer terms, some horses have great speed at three and four years old, who never make a display of any after; and many have made no promise in the first or second year of their running, who afterwards became most capital racers. As a recent instance of this, reference may be made to "Sir Solomon," which see. No small degree of penetration is necessary to ascertain when a horse is trained the nearest to the utmost point of his SPEED; most horses are over trained, and are, of course, the likeliest to be beaten, or lamed, whenever they are brought into competition with a powerful opponent; who, by having been less trained, is more above his work; or, in other words, better adapted to difficulty, and a severe struggle for victory, should it happen to ensue.

TRAMMELS

—are a collection of side and cross-lines, having leather loops at the ends, with which horses are trammelled for the operations of nicking, docking, cropping, &c.

TRAMEL-NET

—is a long and large net for taking birds by night with lights; a practice occasionally enjoyed by the lower class of rustics on a winter evening.

TRAVELLER

—has been a name of so much celebrity upon the TURF, that it cannot with propriety be omitted. Old Traveller was a winner of a great many plates, and afterwards proved himself a stallion of much estimation: he was the sire of Squirrel, Dainty Davy, the dam of Morwick Ball, &c. &c. He was bred by Mr. Osbaldeston, foaled in 1735, got by Partner, dam by Almanzor, who was got by Darley's Arabian.

Young Traveller was bred by Mr. Coatsworth, foaled in 1746, got by Old Traveller, dam by Bartlet's Childers. The last Traveller was bred by Mr. Hutchinson, foaled in 1785, and got by Highflyer, dam by Henricus, who was got by Black and all Black. In 1789, when four years old, he beat a son of Orpheus over New Malton, one mile and a half, for 100 guineas. Two days after, he won a sweepstakes of 10 guineas each over Malton, beating four others. The next day he won a 50l. Plate, beating three others. At York he won the Stand Plate of 50l. beating Cavendish, Spangle, and a son of Orpheus. In the August York Meeting he won the City Plate of 50l. added to a subscription purse, beating Gustavus, and six others. He was then purchased by His Royal Highness the Prince of Wales; and in the Houghton Meeting at Newmarket, beat the Duke of Bedford's Grey Diomed over the Beacon Course for 500 guineas.

In 1790, Craven Meeting, Newmarket, he walked over the Duke's Course for a subscription of 50 guineas each, eight Subscribers, half forfeit. Second Spring Meeting, he beat Lord Grosvenor's Meteor, over the Beacon Course, 500 guineas. Newmarket first Spring Meeting, 1791, he received 400 guineas forfeit from Meteor, with whom he was matched for 1000 guineas over the Beacon. After which he was travelled long journies to the North, where meeting the most celebrated horses fresh upon their own training-ground, he was repeatedly beat, but ran handsome. In 1792, first Spring Meeting, he received 100 guineas forfeit from Cavendish, and was withdrawn from the turf.

TREAD

—is an injury sustained by one foot upon the other. See Over-reach.

TRESPASS

,—in its sporting signification, appertains only to such trespasses as may be committed in the pursuit of, or the attempt to, kill game. It has been decided by law, and is upon record, that a person, though qualified, cannot come upon another man's ground to kill game, without being liable to an action of trespass for so doing: and an unqualified person for trespassing, shall pay full costs: but if he is legally qualified to kill game, and the damage shall be found under 40s. he shall in such case pay no more COSTS than damages.

TRIAL

.—It is a common and prudent custom with those engaged upon the turf, to ascertain as near as possible, some tolerable idea of the probable future speed of their COLTS and FILLIES, before they put themselves to the expence of general training, or too confidently presume to become SUBSCRIBERS to large stakes, without at least a promising prospect of adequate qualifications. To acquire information so absolutely necessary for the regulation of future proceedings, there is only one sure and certain criterion (admitting of no alternative) upon which reliance can be made to avoid deception. This is to obtain a confidential trial against some horse whose superiority upon the turf is established, and who has given ample and repeated proofs of his powers in public. Such trial obtained, a proper opinion may then be formed, how far it will be prudent and profitable to continue the horse so tried in training, or discontinue the intent of his appearance altogether.

Trials between horses of superior qualifications, preparatory to their being engaged in matches or stakes of magnitude, are always considered matters of great consideration, and for which the most serious preparations are made. Upon the issue of such trials, engagements are sometimes entered into, upon the termination of which, many thousands eventually depend. It is therefore matter of indispensible necessity, they should not only be run with the most energetic opposition, but that the superiority in speed should be fully and clearly ascertained. Trials of this description are always conduced with the utmost secresy; for the better preservation of which, they generally take place at the very dawn of day, so soon as the lads can see to ride with safety; and these trials are considered of so much consequence at Newmarket, that if any feeder, rider, groom, stable-lad, or any other person concerned, is known to discover the result, or shall be detected in watching trials himself, or procuring other persons so to do, he is dismissed the service of his master with every stigma of disgrace, and rendered incapable of being again employed by a Member of the Jockey Club in any capacity whatever. See Jockey Club.

TRIPPING

. A horse who goes near to the ground, is always subject to tripping against every little prominence or projection that happens to lie in his way. Many well-bred horses, exceedingly dull and indolent in a walk, overcome with ease all those trifling impediments, when put into a more enlivening and emulative action. This imperfection always displays itself most in slow paces, which is one predominant reason why a DEALER is invariably anxious to let his horse, when shewn out, be seen in a trot or a gallop. Horses excellent in their fast paces, are sometimes bad walkers; but instances are very rare, where a good walker is deficient in superior qualifications. It is a remark justified by long and attentive observation, that most thorough-bred horses are sluggish stumbling walkers; they are therefore almost proverbially considered dull and dangerous roadsters.

TROTTING

—is one of the natural paces of a horse, which, in respect to speed, is wonderfully to be improved by constant practice; and it being a favourite pace with almost every horse of common description for the purposes of the road, they are observed to enjoy it, in proportion as they excel their companions or opponents, seemingly conscious of their own improvements. The qualifying points for a good trotter, are by no means precisely the same as those requisite to form a speedy and successful racer: the action in trotting greatly depends upon the bend of the knee, and the pliability of the joint above, and the joint below: racing is regulated by the geometrical expansion of the limbs, more materially dependent upon the shoulder, which is the perceptible fulcrum from whence the velocity of the animal is known to proceed.

Although trotting is admitted one of the natural paces of a horse, yet it will admit of great improvement, by the persevering exertions of art. It is a long-standing remark, that "a butcher always rides a trotter;" and why is it? because they invariably make them so: they in general ride them no other pace: they all know they have the credit of "making trotters," and they are incessantly alive to the preservation of their professional reputation. That horses may be taught, by time and patience, to exceed their original trotting, two or three miles an hour, is as certain, as that blood horses exceed their former speed a full distance in four miles by training. It is within the memory of many, that fourteen miles within an hour was thought excellent trotting, and fifteen was considered a wonderful performance, all which is long since buried in oblivion, by the almost incredible exploits of the last few years.

Famous trotters have undoubtedly been produced from different parts of the kingdom; but Essex, Suffolk, Cambridgeshire, and Norfolk, are said to have exceeded all others in their proportion; and this may probably with justice be attributed to those famous trotting stallions, "Old Shields," "Useful Cub," and "Hue and Cry," who principally covered that scope of country. The celebrated trotter Archer was descended from Old Shields; he was a remarkably strong horse, master of fifteen stone, and the fastest trotting horse of his time; but was cruelly destroyed, by being inhumanly matched to trot upon the road sixteen miles within the hour in the midst of a very severe frost: the poor persevering animal performed it in less than fifty five minutes; but the violent concussions sustained by the body, and the battering upon the feet by the dreadfully hard state of the road, produced symptoms which soon put a period to his existence.

A brown mare, the last proprietor of whom was Mr. Bishop, trotted upon the Epsom road, sixteen miles in fifty-eight minutes and a half, carrying twelve stone; and it was then said to have been the first time that distance had ever been trotted within the hour. In 1791, being eighteen years old, she trotted on the Essex road, sixteen miles in fifty-eight minutes and some seconds, beating a famous trotter of Mr. Green's for fifty pounds; and it was the opinion of the sporting parties concerned, that she would have trotted thirty miles within two hours; a distance which was actually trotted in two hours and ten minutes, by the celebrated chesnut mare of Mr. Ogden's. A grey mare, called the Locksmith's, trotted seventy-two miles in six hours. In 1793, a grey mare, of Mr. Crocket's, trotted one hundred miles in twelve hours, and had twenty minutes to spare. A five year old, son of young Pretender, (who was got by Hue and Cry,) trotted in Lincolnshire, sixteen miles in fifty-nine minutes, carrying fifteen stone.

In April, 1792, a bay gelding, called Spider, and an old chesnut gelding, called Cartwright, near thirty years old, trotted thirty-two miles in two hours between Stilton and Cambridge. Spider trotted the first twenty-four miles in one hour twenty-eight minutes and a half, and the old horse the remainder. It was supposed they could have trotted thirty-four miles within the time agreed on. In 1797, Mr. Dyson made a bet of 100 guineas with Mr. Fagg, that he would produce a mare which should trot upon the road between Cambridge and Huntingdon seventeen miles within the hour: the experiment was made on the 7th of August in that year, and the mare lost by one minute and four seconds only. On the 13th of June, 1799, a trotting match was decided over Sunbury Common, between Mr. Dixon's brown gelding and Mr. Bishop's grey gelding, carrying twelve stone each, which was won by the former, having trotted the eight miles in twenty-seven minutes and ten seconds. Extraordinary as these performances have been, no less entitled to recital, is a bet made by Mr. Stevens, which was decided on the 5th of October, 1796, that he would produce a pair of horses, his own property, that should trot in a tandem from Windsor to Hampton Court, a distance of sixteen miles, within the hour: notwithstanding the cross country road, and great number of turnings, they performed it with ease in fifty-seven minutes and thirteen seconds.

TRUMPATOR

,—the name of a horse whose performances on the turf insured him infinite opportunities of acquiring additional celebrity as a STALLION, which he has now supported for twelve years, and is announced for the present season, 1803, at Clermont Lodge, near Brandon, Norfolk, at eight guineas each mare, and half a guinea the groom. Trumpator was bred by Lord Clermont, foaled in 1782; got by Conductor, out of Brunette, who was got by Squirrel. The first of his get started in 1790, at two years old, and were both winners, under the names of Black Deuce, and Young Peggy. In 1791, Trumpetta appeared at only two years old, and won 200 guineas, and 100 guineas, at Newmarket; and Young Peggy, then three years old, won seven stakes and matches at Newmarket. In 1792, Trumpetta, then three years old, won five prizes at Newmarket. Rally, only two years old, won 100 guineas and 50l. at the same place. This year appeared also Gipsey, Misenus, and a chesnut colt, the winners of six stakes at Newmarket. In 1793, nine of his get started, who were the winners of twenty plates, matches and sweepstakes. In 1794, Aimator, Paynator, Repeator, and four others, were the winners of twenty-one prizes, when his reputation as a stallion became firmly established.

In 1795 appeared ten winners of twenty-two prizes, amongst whom were Ploughator, Oateater, and Trumpeter; the first and last of which were then only two years old. In 1796, thirteen of his produce started, and were the winners of thirty-eight plates, matches, and sweepstakes. Of these, Aimator won 500 guineas, 400 guineas, and 100 guineas, at Newmarket. Didelot, the Prince's stakes, 100 guineas, six subscribers; and the Derby stakes of 50 guineas each, half forfeit, when eleven started; the rest paid. Hornpipe won five times at Newmarket, Epsom, Brighton, and Lewes. Paynator won 50l. 100 guineas, the first class and main of the Oatlands Stakes at Newmarket. Repeator, seven plates, matches, and stakes, at Newmarket, Ipswich, Brighton, and Lewes. Spinetta won 200 guineas, and 50 guineas, at Newmarket. Spoliator won the King's Plate at Ipswich; 50l., 200 guineas, and 100 guineas, at Newmarket. True Blue, 80 guineas at Epsom, and 50l. at Ludlow. Trumpeter, three fifties, and 100 guineas, at Newmarket.

In 1797, ten of his get started, and were winners of sixteen prizes. In 1798, fifteen appeared, and were the winners of twenty-nine. In 1799, eighteen of his get started, and were winners of thirty three; amongst whom Chippenham, then three years old, won 400 guineas, and 300 guineas, at Newmarket. Sorcerer, three years old, 100 guineas at Newmarket. Spoliator won six stakes and matches, all at Newmarket! and Trumpeter won three at Newmarket, and one at Lewes. In 1800, nine started, who were the winners of twenty-five. Sorcerer, then four years old, won 100 guineas, 150 guineas, 50l., 200 guineas, and the October Oatlands, at Newmarket, and the King's Plate at Ipswich. Thais, only two years old, won 400 guineas at Brighton, 60 guineas at Egham, and 100 guineas at Newmarket; and Tuneful, only three years old, won twice at Newmarket, and twice at Canterbury. In 1801 he seemed to have attained the zenith of celebrity; thirteen of his produce were the winners of forty-three plates, matches, and sweepstakes. Sorcerer won six at Newmarket, 50l. at Oxford, the King's Plate at Burford, and 70 guineas at Lewes. Chippenham won six at Newmarket, and 50l. at Shrewsbury. Penelope only three years old, won five at Newmarket, and the King's Plate at Ipswich. Rebel won 90 guineas at Bibury, two fifties at the same place, and the Petworth Stakes at Brighton. In 1802, twelve were the winners of forty-one prizes of different descriptions, of which Edgar won nine; Orange Flower, eight; Chippenham, five; Rebel, four; Pacificator, three; and the remainder two each; under which repetition of success, through so great a variety of channels, the blood of his progeny bids fair to stand in no unfavourable degree of estimation.

TUMOURS

—are preternatural enlargements in any part of the body or extremities of a horse, occasioned by external injuries, or arising from internal causes, requiring different modes of treatment, according to appearances, or the means by which they have been produced. Swellings proceeding from blows, bruises, and other accidents, are, in general, merely temporary, and submit to such cool repellents, and mild astringents, as are usually applied upon such occasions; but not submitting in a few days, a formation of matter may be suspected, and should expeditiously be promoted; for which purpose, fomentations, poultices, and patience, are the only aids required. See "Abcess," and "Strangles."

TUNNEL-NET

—is a net for the taking of partridges by night, and principally in use with poachers only for that purpose. This net is never less than fifteen feet in length, and about twenty inches deep; and is made with two wings; so that when they are extended, and fixed to the ground by the stakes prepared for the business, the net forms an angle, with the tunnel or flue in the middle. The covey of birds having been watched at the time of calling together in the evening, and known to be in the field, when the proper hour arrives, (which is seldom before eleven or twelve at night,) the net being previously and properly adjusted, a horse is employed in the process, led in hand by the principal of the firm, who has so nice an ear to the chuckle of the partridges in running, that he is very seldom foiled in his intent of securing the whole in his net; and it is by this wholesale mode of destruction, that even the most plentiful districts are sometimes suddenly cleared.

TURF

.—The turf, when used in a sporting sense, is intended to imply whatever appertains solely to the pleasure of HORSE-RACING, without any collateral signification whatever; custom having established three concise terms, by which the distinct sports may be fully comprehended, and the intentional meaning perfectly understood. The "SOD" is known to be fully expressive of cocking; the "FIELD," of hunting; and the "TURF," of racing; these being the admitted technical terms of the sporting world, to which none else make the least pretensions. The emulative and inspiring pleasures of the turf, like the ecstatic enjoyment of the chase, are too great in their temptation and attractions for the spirited part of mankind to resist. Replete as it is with that great variety which tends to diffuse a genial glow of conscious gratification in every countenance, bespeaking a sense of inexpressible happiness in those who engage in it as spectators only, how much is it to be regretted, that the speed and spirited endeavours of the most beautiful animal in the creation should be prostituted to the worst of purposes!

It can require no trumpet of fame to establish a fact so universally known, that the TURF, with the nocturnal amusement of hazard, (which invariably follows it,) have, in conjunction, destroyed (or rather alienated) more PROPERTY, in the last fifty years, than all the hurricanes within the same given time, from one extremity of the kingdom to the other. Numbers there are at this moment in existence, who formerly possessed their numerous studs, their landed estates, their magnificent mansions, with all the comforts, all the elegant gratifications of life, some of whom are to be found in prisons; others pining in obscurity, severely wounded, even in spirit, by the barbed arrow of adversity; and a third part (by far the most numerous) living upon the liberality and hospitality of their kind and commiserating friends. But that so deep and desponding a shade may not cast too great a gloom over the picture for want of contrast, let the eye turn to an imaginary view of those likewise living, who, during the last thirty years of the fifty already alluded to, have risen from the very lowest classes of society, to a degree of opulence beyond every moderate conception; when a few moments of retrospection may serve to convince the ruminative observer, that, however largely the ARTS and SCIENCES may be admitted to have improved, they bear no proportion to the pecuniary improvements of the arts either upon the turf or at the gaming table. No man of unsullied honour, and strict integrity, can become successful, for any length of time, amidst a horde of determined depredators; experience having fully proved, that the most princely fortune cannot sustain itself against the stratagems of such villainous combinations.

The TURF, in respect to its pleasures, pursued with prudence, and entered into with moderation, by those whose immense property will admit of its support, is certainly one of the most noble, exhilarating, and amusing gratifications in the long catalogue of human enjoyments; but, unfortunately, there is the same insatiate infection in ambition as in wealth, and neither one, more than the other, are ever to be satisfied. From this inordinate thirst of fame, this furor of fashion, this excess of inconsideracy, has recently arisen RACING STUDS of such rapacious enormity, that they have reduced to a degraded state of necessity, many of the most opulent and most dignified individuals in his Majesty's dominions; to whom it must prove, upon the downy pillow of repentant reflection, a most mortifying retrospection, that, notwithstanding the thousands upon thousands ingulphed within the vortex of the TURF, there has been hardly an instance in which they have been enabled to become the guardians of their own honour, the protectors of their own property, or barely thought worthy of being entrusted with the secrets of their own stables; for the subordinates in a training establishment have their cards to play as well as their superiors; and having skill enough, in the language of Tony Lumpkin in the comedy, "to manage their own affairs by the rule of thumb," they do not omit to recollect the ancient axiom, that self-preservation is the first or most predominant law in nature.

The noblemen and gentlemen of the Jockey Club at Newmarket, have adopted every means, that superior wisdom could possibly devise, to restrain villainy, and reward integrity: but so long as human depravity shall have power to retain a seat within the heart; so long as the secret betting emoluments of the subordinates may be more increased by deceptively opposing, than by promoting the interest of their EMPLOYERS; so long as a pail of water, a nauseating ball, or half a peck of corn, can be privately administered in the night, or a horse rode on the wrong side of the post by day; no man existing (however dignified his station, however benevolent his heart, however expanded his mind, and liberal his hand) must expect to see the TURF rise from its late public and well-known degradation, to a state of the so-much-wished-for perfection.

TUSHES

.—The teeth so called in a horse, are the two above, and the two below, standing single behind the corner teeth of both the upper and the under jaw: these seldom make their appearance till the horse is four years old off, and attain their full growth at six. If these are examined when the horse is of that age, the inside will be found flat, with two grooves or channels running down to the gum; but when the horse is a few years older, those two are reduced to one; and soon after he has reached his twelfth year, even that is obliterated, leaving no other remaining certainty respecting age by the mouth. External appearances are, however, so numerous, by which a tolerable opinion may be formed, that good judges are seldom at a loss to decide with some degree of precision.

TURNING-OUT

—is of two kinds; one called a summer's, the other, a winter's run; a description of which, with their expected and probable effects, will be found under the heads Grass and Soiling.

V.

VENOMOUS BITES

—are sometimes sustained by horses and dogs; and become the more perplexing, in consequence of not knowing from whence the injury proceeds. Vipers, slow-worms, efts, horse-stingers, hornets, and wasps, seem to be nearly the whole tribe from which bites (or stings) of this description are received. The effect of either is much the same, as to inflammation, pain, and tension; but that the symptoms are not equally severe, being gradational in their degrees of violence, according to the individual by which the wound is inflicted. Of these the viper is by much the worst; for the vesicle in which the poisonous particles are contained, being seated upon the gum close to the insertion of the tooth, in the very act of biting, the vesicle is broken, and the venomous fluid at the same moment communicated to the wound. This is followed by excruciating pain, increasing inflammation, and various violent symptoms, in either man or beast. By way of immediate relief, bleeding is first premised, to unload the vessels, and take off the increasing stricture from the part: this, followed by an early application of the oil of vipers, is said to be infallible. Repeated experiments have proved the finest olive oil to be equally efficacious. The others, however painful at first, soon submit to repeated bathings with the strongest white wine vinegar, or a weak solution of sugar of lead.

VENERY, BEASTS of

,—are little heard or spoken of, but in the code of FOREST LAWS originally framed for the preservation of vert and venison. Beasts of venery (alias, beasts of forest) are the hart, hare, hind, boar, and wolf.

VERDERER

—is a judicial officer of the King's Forest, elected (under his Majesty's writ) by a majority of votes in a convened county court of the shire in which the forest is; and there sworn before the sheriff, to keep and maintain the assizes and laws of the forest; and also to review, receive, and enrol, all the attachments and presentments of all manner of trespasses of the forest in respect to vert and venison.

The official department of a Verderer bears great similitude to that of a coroner, and in this particular respect; that as a coroner, upon the notice of a sudden or accidental death, (if attended with circumstances to render the inquisition necessary,) is to take a personal view of the body, and to make inquiry, upon the joint oaths of twelve men, how and by what means the person came by his or her death, and who and what was the occasion thereof; so it is the official duty of the Verderer to look after and view the beasts of the forest; for any of those being found hurt, wounded, or slain, upon notice given to the Verderer, he is to take a view of the same, and to cause a jury of twelve men to be summoned from the surrounding district, that an inquisition may be made to discover (if possible) how and by whom the said beast was hurt, wounded, or killed. The office of the Verderer at the Court of Attachments, is to sit there to see, hear and examine the attachments of the forest, both in vert and in venison, and to receive the same of the subordinate officers, or those who may attend to present them there, and then to enter them into their own rolls. See Forest Laws.

VERMIN

—is a term of very extensive signification, including a long list of noxious animals, some of which contribute largely to the sports of the field. The principal vermin of this country consist of the fox, the badger, the martern, the pole-cat, the weasel, the stoat, the rat, and the mouse; of which a description of all the former will be found under their distinct heads.

VERT

—is a term in the Forest Laws, meant to include every plant growing within a forest or its purlieus, bearing a green leaf, and of sufficient magnitude to hide or cover a deer beneath its branches; but it must be understood to signify such plants as are either trees, woods, bushes, or underwood; not descending to inferior shrubs, passing under the denomination of plants, but affording no cover. By vert is therefore implied those trees of growth and size sufficient to be entitled conjunctively to the appellation of covert; as well underwood, as great woods; and overt-vert is all sorts of high trees, as nether-vert includes every kind of underwood.

VERTUMNUS

—was a horse of some racing celebrity; and there is reason to believe he would have been held in equal estimation with his cotemporaries as a stallion, if he had enjoyed the run of fashion in his favour. He was bred by the late Colonel O'Kelly; foaled in 1775; got by Eclipse, dam by Sweeper, out of an old Tartar mare, the dam of Mercury and Volunteer. Vertumnus got many tolerable runners as country plate horses; but his merits as a stallion were never known, till a circumstance occurred at a period of life when it was generally considered too late to bring his powers experimentally into action. Baronet was got by Vertumnus, dam by Snap, out of an own sister to Nabob. He was foaled in 1785; bred by Sir W. Vavasour, and by him sold to his Royal Highness the Prince of Wales, who brought him forward from obscurity, at six years old, to start at Ascot Heath for the great Oatlands Stakes of 100 guineas each, half forfeit, two miles, forty-one subscribers, for which nineteen started, (forming one of the richest and most striking spectacles ever seen upon the turf,) and was won by Baronet; beating Express, Chanticleer, Escape, Coriander, Toby, Skylark, Precipitate, Minos, Pipator, Euphrosyne, Competitor, Microscope, Crazy, Turnip-Top, Buzzard, Lambinos, and Vermin, who were concluded the best horses in the kingdom. The sums betted were immense, which were sported in the following proportions. Three to one against Vermin; seven to one against Precipitate; eight to one against Buzzard; nine to one against Chanticleer; twenty to one against Baronet; and one hundred to three against Express, who was second. Vermin, who was then the best three year old in the kingdom, and carried only five stone, three pounds, was universally expected to win easy; but the diminutive juvenile who rode him, was so hemmed in, and completely surrounded, by the rest at starting, that those horses keeping their strokes, and going well together, (or what is sportingly termed all in a hustle,) they never afforded him the least chance of extrication.

VETERINARY COLLEGE

.—The Veterinary College is a national establishment for the general improvement of farriery, situate at Camden Town, in the parish of St. Pancras, at the northern extremity of the Metropolis; and derived its origin and institution from the following circumstance. In January, 1789, issued from the press, a Treatise upon Farriery, in an octavo volume, under the title of "The Gentleman's Stable Directory," by the present Writer; the popularity of which occasioned it to pass through seven editions in the first twelve months, which number has since been exactly doubled. In the course of the work, it was repeatedly regretted, that, amidst the infinity of improvements for which the English were so remarkable, the system of farriery should still remain in its original state of barbarism. In a few months after which, advertisements appeared in the different prints, under sanction of the "Odiham Agriculture Society," proposing a public subscription for sending a certain number of lads annually to France to study farriery, (now called the veterinary science.) The Author of the Stable Directory, who was then preparing his second volume for the press, availed himself of the opportunity to congratulate the promoters of so laudable an undertaking; at the same time obliquely observing, he was concerned to see France was to have the reputation of doing that for us, which we could not do for ourselves.

Whether it was from the force of this admonition, or the effect of chance, is not material; the scene within a period of two or three months was totally changed. With a grant from Parliament, aided by public contributions, and private subscriptions, the College was erected, and instituted in February; and their propositions, rules, and regulations, published April the 8th, 1791: the principal purport of which were as follows. The establishment to consist of a President, ten Vice-Presidents, twenty Directors, Treasurer, Professor, and Secretary. The Society and School to be called the Veterinary College, London. The President, Vice-Presidents, ten of the Directors, and the Treasurer, to be chosen every year by ballot. The President, Vice-Presidents, and Directors, to form the Council, in which shall be lodged the whole executive power of the College; subject to the controul of the members (that is, the annual or perpetual subscribers) at large, at four quarterly meetings. The Council to meet the first Tuesday in every month; from which Council a Committee was to be elected, and called the Permanent Committee, who were to meet the remaining Tuesdays in each month: this Committee were to act with the authority of the Council, but subject to its controul.

After various regulations respecting meetings of council, committees, and members, it proceeded to state the annual election of a Medical Experimental Committee, and a Committee of Transaction. The former to meet occasionally, for the purpose of suggesting and trying experiments, with a view to throw additional light on the animal œconomy, and to discover the effects of medicines upon different animals, to be procured for that particular purpose; and this Committee, from time to time, were to make reports of their proceedings to the Council. The Committee of Transaction to be charged with the selection, compilation and arrangement of the matter for the annual volume of transactions, and the preparation of a prefatory discourse. This annual volume was promised to each subscriber gratis, in page the eighth of their original Prospectus, dated 1791; but how many volumes have appeared in the twelve years is not publicly known.

Of the SCHOOL, there shall be a Professor of Veterinary Medicine, who is to continue superintendant of the whole. The Professor to be elected at a general meeting, and to have the sole arrangement and direction of the studies and occupations of the pupils of the school, of their matter and order, of the distribution of his lectures, of the number and nature of the subjects required for dissection. He shall likewise judge of the kind and quality of the forage to be used in the infirmary; of the regulation of the cattle therein, and of the remedies to be employed. The Professor to have a yearly income, or salary, to increase proportionally with the revenue of the College; but not to exceed a certain sum per annum. There shall be a Clerk to assist the Professor in keeping his books, and to follow his directions in entering and registering all the concerns of the school, infirmary, laboratory, and forge.

Rules respecting the PUPILS were these: Any person desirous of becoming a resident pupil, must be able to read and write well. The preference shall be given to such youths as shall have received the elements of a good education, and more especially to those who have some knowledge of surgery and pharmacy. Such candidate not being under the age of fifteen years, nor more than twenty-two, must apply to the Secretary, and deliver a paper, containing his name, age, and place of abode; and the Secretary shall refer the same to the next meeting of the Council or Permanent Committee. The resident pupils to be appointed by the Council, and to be taken as much as possible from different counties, for the better and more expeditious dissemination of the art. Each perpetual member (that is, a subscriber of not less than twenty guineas) to have the privilege of sending a pupil to attend a complete course of study. A library shall be annexed to the College, comprehending all such works as may contribute to enlarge and improve the veterinary science.

The studies for the pupils were divided into eight courses; after having regularly and diligently gone through all which practically, as well as theoretically, they were then to undergo a public examination in the theory and practice of every branch of the veterinary art; and those considered as perfectly qualified, were to receive a certificate, signed by the Professor, and confirmed by the Council. It was concluded at the publication of these original propositions, that the term for completing the education would not exceed three years, provided the pupils were equally capable, assiduous, and well-inclined. An INFIRMARY was to be opened for the reception of diseased animals belonging to the members of the College, at a fixed sum for their livery or subsistence, during the time they remained under cure. The annual subscription was originally not less than two guineas; and not less than twenty at one payment to become a perpetual member. These, however, may probably, amidst the many improvements made, have undergone various alterations.

It was at first supposed, from the great prospect of general utility, and universal accommodation, that the establishment would soon have been enabled to support itself upon the basis of public contribution and private subscriptions: this, however, did not prove to be the case; for in the month of April, 1795, precisely four years after its institution, a petition was presented to the House of Commons, praying pecuniary assistance for its support; which, from a consideration of its promised advantages, was soon unanimously complied with, and a large sum voted to its service. This was followed by an additional parliamentary grant of 1520l. in June 1797, since which it has also received farther national assistance. Whether the number of annual subscribers declining, or the aggregate not being adequate to the unavoidable expenditure of the establishment, and occasioned pecuniary deficiencies, it is not necessary to ascertain; evident it is, the establishment has been productive of one great and substantial service to the country, not more in respect to the general reformation and improvement of farriery, than in affording to the military cavalry scientific practitioners, of which they so very palpably stood in need.

Notwithstanding the advantages already resulting to the public at large, time alone can demonstrate what emoluments will be derived by the numerous individuals who were encouraged, by specious appearances, to embark in the undertaking: one thing seems at present incontrovertibly certain, that of those who have entered into the profession, the greater part did so with an intention (since confirmed) of becoming MASTERS immediately upon obtaining a certificate, and quitting the College; and hence it is we have a veterinary surgeon in every street and lane of the Metropolis, with as great a scarcity of expert journeymen as before the institution took place. Experience and attentive observation must have convinced every enlightened, humane, and liberal sportsman, that the shoeing-smith has a life of labour and drudgery, for which he is the least paid, and the worst looked upon, of any tradesman in the numerous catalogue of those who have a subsistence to obtain by the sweat of the brow.

That the science of shoeing, and system of farriery, has seldom or ever been undertaken or practised in this kingdom, but by men of the lowest order, and without the advantage of education, must be candidly and clearly admitted; the reason must be equally striking, and can stand in little or no need of elucidation. Are there any attractions (as they are now paid or compensated) beyond drudgery, degradation, and impending indigence? Incessant labour during the early part of life, and inevitable poverty in old age, have, for century upon century, been the hard-earned lot of nineteen out of every twenty shoeing-smiths from one extremity of the kingdom to the other. Can it be expected that those of much mental brilliancy, or manual dexterity, will prostitute both, and descend to so dangerous, so laborious, and so degrading an occupation, without even a chance of adequate compensation? These, it is to be presumed, are very fairly inferred reasons why the practice has always remained in a state of uncultivated sterility; from which even now it appears not to be permanently rescued; for, exclusive of the palpable inconveniencies, and discouraging prospects, already described, which, to a man of spirit and emulation, are sufficiently disgusting, when he adverts to the inferior rank he is in future destined to hold in the scale of society, he becomes conscious of his own insignificance; and, whatever education he may possess, or whatever knowledge he may have attained, he feels but little probability of being held in a degree of public estimation superior to the parochial scavenger or nightman.

Whether the refinement of a college education may give a more sublime complexion of respectability to the practice, and divest it of the distinguished appellation of "horse-doctor," with its collateral indignities, time alone must ascertain; it becoming here applicable only to consider the state and condition of those who have hitherto voluntarily placed their children to so laborious, so hazardous, and so unprofitable an employment. The poor most probably feel equal parental affection with the RICH, and would consequently venture as far to prevent their offspring from embarking in a service of danger: thus, then, it evidently is, the eyes of the most indigent, and the most illiterate, are equally open, and require not to be told, that the trade is a trade of constant labour, some danger, and little profit: they, of course, reject it with contempt; and it has been very weakly supplied even from the confines of a cottage, or the walls of a workhouse. If there can possibly remain "a doubt to hang a loop upon," let a moment's reflection solve the question, whether it can with consistency be conceived, that any man, in moderate circumstances, who had given his son a tolerable education, and had merely a few hundreds to give him, at the hour of his own dissolution, would ever, for one hour, indulge the idea or intent of placing him to a blacksmith? According to the principles and facts already laid down, it is to be presumed, that a circumstance so truly paradoxical and heterogeneous, has not often occurred, and, from present appearances, is not likely to be often repeated.

It is certainly a matter of general good, "most devoutly to be wished," that the present exertions to promote an improvement in the veterinary science may be ultimately successful, and that it may also tend rapidly to remove the paltry stigma of disgrace hitherto annexed to the practice; but to do this, more stimulative means must be attempted, than those already adopted, which have held out nothing but a flattering glare of emulation, without the least prospect of additional reward. There needs no "ghost from the grave" to demonstrate an incontrovertible fact, that the more the mind becomes expanded by the sublunary rays of intellectual refinement, the less it is disposed to encounter the subservience of drudgery, and the mortifying sensations of partial indifference and public contempt; from the influence of which impressive contemplation, it becomes conclusive, that very few, if any, who become proficients (at the College or elsewhere) in the study of PHYSIC, ANATOMY, and the peculiar property of medicine, will ever condescend to blend those qualifications so industriously acquired with the act of shoeing, but consider themselves in a degree superior to the leathern apron, the vulcanian sledge, the massy anvil, and such inferior offices annexed to the operative department, as will, in all human probability, continue it in the same state of predestined subordination.

However repugnant it may prove to the wishes and laudable endeavours of those patriotic, opulent, and distinguished characters, the President, Vice-Presidents, and Directors, as well as the great body of original subscribers to the establishment and support of the Veterinary College; it now seems unequivocally to appear, that one mode must be ultimately adopted, to produce the so much-desired stamp of success. When the practice of the VETERINARY SURGEON (or equestrian physician) and operative farrier (or shoeing-smith) become as distinct as the dignified diploma, and the pharmaceutic drudge; when the different pursuits necessary to the attainment of adequate scientific knowledge, are completed by the parties whose abilities are adapted to the departments they are intended to fill; and when both are much more amply rewarded than at present for their professional assistance; then, and not till then, will the practice become an object of sufficient attraction to men of genius, and intellectual capacity, capable of rendering its improvement matter of national utility; and general gratification to the inhabitants of a country where it has so long continued a subject of almost indelible disgrace.

VICE

.—The imperfections so called in a horse, are the distinguishing traits of an innate bad temper, or a habit mischievously inclined: these are very different from the little airs of skittishness, and proofs of playful spirit, which are displayed by many horses, when brought from confinement to enjoy the comforts and healthy advantages of air and exercise; or others who afford the same indications of pleasure during the ceremony of dressing in the stable. Horses naturally vicious and untractable, seldom keep that propensity long concealed; it generally begins to appear early, and in most cases, with colts, even before they are taken in hand to break. This tendency in some is soon obliterated by gentle treatment, and frequent attentions of tenderness; but with others it continues invincible, and occasionally shews itself during the whole period of their existence. Some are constantly disposed to kick or bite in the stable, who have no one imperfection without; on the contrary, others, who are most incorrigibly restive and unruly without, shall be incredibly calm and quiet within.

Opinions opposite to each other have always prevailed upon the treatment necessary and proper with horses of this description. That authority must be enforced, fortitude exerted, patience persevered in, and submission obtained, are all positions too firmly admitted, and acquiesced in, to admit of contrariety; but experience has fully demonstrated, that great points are sometimes effected by the salutary interposition of equanimity and moderation, that never could be accomplished by the frequently destructive gusts of inconsiderate passion and unmanly violence. If a horse, disposed to be restive, is addicted to running backwards, the best and only remedy is to continue backing him (if there is room for the experiment) till he becomes completely averse to his own undertaking; or procuring a person to come suddenly upon him behind, during his retrograde motion, with a complete flagellation from a cart or hunting whip, which seldom or ever fails to set such a one running from the effect of fear, and to produce a complete eradication.

Horses rearing up on end, so as to stand nearly perpendicular upon their hind legs, is the most dangerous of any description, even to the most judicious, expert, and experienced horseman; who has, in such aukward predicament, (particularly when a horse most viciously repeats it,) no alternative, but to slacken his reins, and lean his body close to the neck, the better to expedite so critical a preponderation. Horses inclined to run away, from an impetuosity of temper, and an eagerness to get forward, frequently alarm their riders, if they are exceedingly irritable upon the score of timidity, or terrified upon the principle of inexperience; but sportsmen mostly prefer horses who require the curb, to those who want a spur, well knowing the utility of moderately dropping the hand, and indulging the loose occasionally; as a dead pull at a hard-mouthed run-away horse, is the sure means of making him endeavour to continue his career the longer.

VIPER, BITE of

.—See Venomous Bites.

VISCIDITY of the BLOOD

—is that state in which the blood is frequently known, when, by a collapsion of the pores, (from some of those causes which produce colds, coughs, and inflammatory diseases,) it acquires a preternatural consistence from the external repulsion of the perspirative matter, which, thrown upon the circulation, constitutes a siziness of the blood: this, by its retention, becomes so viscid and adhesive, (or tough,) that, when it has been drawn off by bleeding, and set by two or three hours to cool, it is with difficulty separated upon the surface, even with the sharpest penknife. Horses having their blood in a state too sizy and viscid for the perfect purposes of secretion and health, soon display it in some way or other: a heaviness of the head, a dulness of the eyes, a lassitude of the body, a husky tendency to cough, a rough harshness in the coat, a swelling of the legs, or cracks in the heels, (particularly if it happens in the winter season,) are some of the indications by which it may be readily known, and should be speedily counteracted. Unloading the vessels, by twice bleeding, about ten days apart, attenuating the crassamentum of the blood by mild diuretics, and altering its property by a short course of alterative powders, will prove all that is necessary to promote and ensure condition.

VIVES

—is a disorder so similar to the strangles, that the leading symptoms (at the commencement of the attack) are nearly the same; with this difference only, that in the strangles the tumefactions are centrically situate in the concavity of the under jaw, just below the gullet; and in the vives, the swellings are seated at the roots of the ears, descending more or less towards the neck. These differ in different subjects, as in some they do not suppurate; but by warmth, and emollient unguents, applied twice or thrice a day, are absorbed into the circulation, and are then to be taken out of the habit by a gentle course of mercurial physic; but where the swelling and inflammation are evidently too great for repulsion and absorption, suppuration must be promoted by the means described, and the case treated as will be found under the head Strangles.

VIXEN

.—A bitch fox, or a female cub, is so called.

VOLUNTEER

—was a racer in high estimation, and has long been a stallion of much repute. He was bred by the late Colonel O'Kelly, foaled in 1780; got by Eclipse, dam by Tartar; and is own brother to Mercury, Venus, Jupiter, Adonis, and Queen Mab. He is the sire of many capital racers, the most remarkable of which are the following. In 1791, Portia, (the Duke of Bedford's,) then three years old, won a sweepstakes of 100 guineas each, six subscribers; 250 guineas forfeit from five; both at Newmarket; the Oaks Stakes of 50 guineas each, thirty-eight subscribers, at Epsom; and 200 guineas at Newmarket. Recruit, three years old, won two fifties at Penrith. In 1792, five of his get appeared with increasing reputation. Nerissa, (Duke of Bedford's,) two years old, won 200 guineas at Newmarket. Scanderbeg, (Mr. Fox's,) only two years old, won 200 guineas, 130 guineas, 100 guineas, 75 guineas, 100 guineas, and 200 guineas, all at Newmarket. Hop-planter, three years old, won 50l. at Epsom, 50l. at Guildford, and 50l. at Stockbridge. Recruit won 50l. at Stamford, 50l. at Grantham, 50l. at Worcester, 50l. at Penrith: and Fetters, (two years old,) 50 guineas at Newmarket.

In 1793 appeared Cælia, (Duke of Bedford's,) who at three years won the Filly Stakes of 300 guineas, 1500 guineas, 50l. and 50 guineas, at Newmarket; and the Oaks Stakes, of 50 guineas each, thirty-seven subscribers, at Epsom. Nerissa won 400 guineas, 600 guineas, 250 guineas, and 100 guineas, at Newmarket. Scanderbeg won 800 guineas, and 200 guineas, at Newmarket. Hillisberg won 200 guineas at Newmarket. Hop-planter won 90 guineas, 180 guineas, and 50l. at Canterbury. Hybla, 175 guineas at Litchfield. Isaline, 100 guineas; and Brimstone, 50l. both at Newmarket. In 1794, the brother to Portia, then two years old, won 135 guineas, 360 guineas, and the July Stakes of 490 guineas, at Newmarket. Cockade won 100 guineas, and 100 guineas, at Newmarket. Jessica, 200 guineas at Ascot, and 50l. at Newmarket. Cælia, the Fortescue Stakes of 90 guineas at Newmarket. Stirling, 100 guineas at Ascot, and the Magna Charta Stakes at Egham.

The merits of Volunteer, as a stallion, now became so perceptible, that ten of his produce, in 1795, were repeatedly brought to the post: a three year old of Mr. G. Bowes's won 50 guineas, 50 guineas, and 50 guineas, at Newmarket. Bonny Kate, two years old, 100 guineas also. Miller, 25 guineas at Epsom, 50l. and 20 guineas at Lambourn. Hop-planter, 50l. at Newmarket, and the King's 100 guineas at Guildford. Stirling won 50l. and the Jockey Club Plate, at Newmarket; 75 guineas at Epsom; and the King's Plate at Ipswich. A colt of Mr. O'Kelly's, 50l. at Epsom, and 50l. at Northampton. Spread Eagle, 450 guineas, and 500 guineas, at Newmarket; and the Derby Stakes of 50 guineas each, 45 subscribers, at Epsom.

In 1796, Miss Whip, at three years old, won 50l. at Ascot; 60 guineas, and 100 guineas, at Canterbury; 200 guineas, 100 guineas, and 100 guineas, at Newmarket. Pepper-pot, the same age, won 25 guineas, and 50 guineas, at Newmarket; 76l. 5s. 0d. at Nottingham; 125 guineas, and 200 guineas, at Litchfield. Pleader, 50l. at Preston, 50l. at York, 50l. at Richmond, and the cup at Northallerton. Miller, 50 guineas at Newmarket, 100 guineas, and 25 guineas, at Ascot, and 50l. at Enfield. Hum, 100 guineas at Lambourn, and 25 guineas at Wantage. Spread Eagle, 450 guineas at York. Recruit, 50 guineas, 50 guineas, and 40 guineas, at Newmarket: and Stirling, 400 guineas, and 400 guineas, at Newmarket, and the King's 100l. at Burford.

In 1797, a three year old of Lord Sackville's won 50 guineas, 50 guineas, and 50 guineas, at Newmarket, and 40 guineas at Lewes. Miss Whip, 100 guineas at Newmarket, 50l. at Ayr, and two 50's at Dumfries. Stirling, 300 guineas, 500 guineas, and 400 guineas; and Pepper-pot, the Claret Stakes of 600 guineas, at Newmarket.

In 1798, Commodore won 50l. and 50 guineas, at Newmarket. Ironsides, 50l. and 100 guineas, at Haverfordwest. Magic, (Lord Sackville's,) the Petworth Stakes of 170 guineas at Brighton, (beating Wrangler, Johnny, Bennington, Montezuma, and Play or Pay;) 120 guineas at Lewes; the King's Plate and 50l. at Canterbury. Split Pigeon, 800 guineas; and Spread Eagle, the King's 100 guineas; both at Newmarket.

In 1799, a three year old bay colt of Sir F. Standish's won 85 guineas, 400 guineas, and 1800 guineas, at Newmarket. Split Pigeon, 50l. at Winchester, 50l. at Blandford, and 50l. at Taunton. Rosalind, 50l. and 100 guineas, at Dumfries. Magic, 240 guineas at Litchfield, and 50l. at Leicester. Jemmy, 50l. at Ascot, and 30 guineas at Abingdon. Commodore and Provisional, each 50 guineas at Newmarket.

In 1800, Brighton won 50l. at Lambourn. Eagle, 400 guineas at York. Rosalind, 1500 guineas, and 300 guineas, at Ayr. Triumvir, 300 guineas, and 250 guineas, at Newmarket: and Volonté, the bowl at Salisbury.

In 1801, the brother to Recruit won 40 guineas at Epsom; 50 guineas, and 20 guineas, at Newmarket. Brighton, 50l. at Winchester, 50l. at Blandford, and 50l. at Reading. Eagle, the Craven Stakes of 110 guineas, and 200 guineas, at Newmarket. Gaoler, 120 guineas at Stamford, and 50 guineas at Newmarket: and Triumvir, 110 guineas at Canterbury; 15 guineas, and 25 guineas, at Newmarket.

In 1802, Brighton won 50l. and 25 guineas, at Ascot. Conscript, 50l. at Ayr. Eagle, 150 guineas, at Newmarket. Fusileer, 50l. at Kingscote; and Gaoler, 600 guineas, 100 guineas, 100 guineas, and 42½ guineas, at Newmarket.

Volunteer, though now twenty-three years old, is in good health, and covers at Cannons, near Edgware, in Middlesex, at 10 guineas the mare, and half a guinea the groom.

VOMITING

—is often a favourable relief to the human frame, which advantage the horse does not posses, in consequence of the peculiar construction of the gullet. It therefore becomes a matter of serious consideration, how far it may be proper or prudent to administer to a horse, medicines whose properties tend to excite a stimulus, and induce the stomach to a regurgitation by vomit; an operation which it is impossible can take place. See Tartar Emetic.

U.

ULCER

.—An ulcer is a wound, which, from long standing, and injudicious treatment, is become virulent and inveterate; having acquired a rigid callosity at the edges, and a discoloured, foul, unhealthy slough in the middle. These conjunctive appearances never submit to mere superficial digestive applications, but must be subdued by superficial scarification, and the milder class of corrosives and escharotics.

UNGUENTS

—are ointments, of which there are many different kinds. Blistering ointment, for lameness in the back sinews, splents, spavins, and curbs. Digestive ointment, strong and mild, for dressing wounds in their different stages, and after maturation. Elder ointment, to allay the pain of inflammatory swellings, particularly when proceeding from the stings or bites of animals or venomous insects: and camphorated sperma-cæti ointment, for cracks in the heels of horses during the severity of the winter season.

UMBLES

—are the eatable part of a deer's entrails, which being a perquisite of office, afford a treat to the keeper and his friends.

URINE

—is that well known excrementitious fluid secreted or separated by the kidnies from the blood; the evacuation of which is sometimes partially obstructed, or totally suppressed, by different injuries sustained, or diseases particularly affecting the kidnies, the bladder, or some of the parts appropriated to the secretion and discharge of urine. Internal inflammation, or a paralytic affection of the kidnies, as well as external violence there; spasmodic stricture upon the neck or sphincter of the bladder; calculous concretions, originating in the kidnies, and afterwards descending the ureters, occasions sometimes a most painful suppression of urine: having obtained a seat in the bladder, they then lay the foundation of stone; and many well-authenticated instances are extant, where stones of considerable weight have been extracted from the bladders of different horses after their death.

Horses, on the contrary, from a debility of the parts, or some remote causes, are subject to an immoderate and involuntary flux of urine, and that almost incessantly; so that, from a latent flaccidity, it seems to come away immediately after its secretion. This preternatural discharge may probably be sometimes occasioned by a sharp, ferous and acrimonious state of the blood; in young horses, the being too severely and unreasonably overworked; a weakness of the loins and kidnies, brought on by drawing weights disproportioned to the strength of the horse; standing long in the cold and chilling rains of winter; or, what produces it still more frequently, is the eating of ship oats, which have been long upon their passage, and imbibed a portion of saline particles, and effluvia, from the sea. In all cases of the former description, recourse must be had to medical assistance; but in the latter, nutritive food, gelatinous clean-boiled oatmeal gruel, with two or three ounces of gum Arabic dissolved in water, and mixed with the gruel for drink, will, in all slight and recent cases, be productive of a speedy restoration.

W.

WALK

—is the slowest of a horse's natural paces, upon the safety, excellence and ease of which, much of his worth depends. Good walkers are always in request, and will (if gentle and good tempered) never fail of finding purchasers, even among the aged and infirm. There are numbers to be seen daily, who are admirable goers in the fast paces, that cannot walk at all; but instances are very rare, of a horse who is a good walker, not having a gift of his other paces in proportion.

WALNUT

,—the name of a horse of much racing reputation. He was bred by the present Duke of Hamilton, foaled in 1786; got by Highflyer, out of Maiden, (who was got by Matchem,) own sister to Pumpkin. In 1790, then four years old, Walnut started at York, and won a subscription of 25 guineas each, seven subscribers. The same week he won the great subscription of 295l. beating those excellent runners, Telescope, Enchanter, Toby, Tickle Toby, and Camilla. At Doncaster he walked over for the Doncaster Stakes of 10 guineas each, six subscribers, with 20 guineas added by the Corporation; and the next day won the 100l. plate, beating Harold and Telescope. In 1791, he again won the great subscription at York, beating the Prince of Wales's Creeper, and Telescope. At Doncaster he again won the Doncaster Stakes of 10 guineas each, with 20 guineas added by the Corporation.

The first of his produce, as a stallion, appeared in 1798. A bay filly (Duke of Hamilton's) won 200 guineas at Doncaster: and a bay colt (Mr. Peirse's) 200 guineas at York, and 80 guineas at Malton. In 1799, seven of his get started, who were the winners of ten plates, matches, and stakes. In 1800, nine appeared, and were the winners of sixteen prizes. In 1801, twelve started, and won twenty-five plates, matches, and sweepstakes, of which Lord Strathmore's colt won seven; Lignum Vitæ, five; Jack's Alive, three; and Richmond, two. In 1802, the Duke of Hamilton's bay filly won two sweepstakes at Ayr; 80 guineas, 50l. and 20 guineas, at Hamilton. Lord Strathmore's bay horse, two fifties at Chester, and the King's Plate at Newcastle. Risby, 150 guineas at Catterick, and 86l. 15s. 0d. at Morpeth; and Lignum Vitæ won the first class of the Oatlands Stakes, 450 guineas, 50l. and the King's Plate, at Newmarket; 120 guineas at Newton; 70 guineas at Stamford; 220 guineas, and the King's Plate, at Litchfield.

WARBLE

—is a small hard tumour, produced upon the side or the back of a horse, by the heat and friction of an ill-fitted saddle. It is sometimes occasioned by the pad of the saddle's becoming exceedingly hard, and inelastic, from its long and constant absorption of perspirative matter; to prevent which, the pads of saddles should be occasionally inspected, beat with a stick, and the stuffing restored to its elasticity, by the use of a proper awl, or point of a packing-needle. Upon their first appearance, if they are attended to before the injury is repeated, they never fail of submitting to a plentiful bathing of hot vinegar, followed by a gentle friction with camphorated spirits, if twice or thrice repeated; but if they are neglected in the first instance, and the same saddle (or harness) persevered in without alteration, the surface will become an eschar, and ultimately a sitfast, (which see,) and then can only be removed by instrumental extirpation.

WARRANTY

—is the personal assurance the purchaser of a horse receives from the seller, at the moment of terminating the bargain, if such purchase absolutely takes place, that the horse in question is no more than a certain number of years old, (as the case may be;) that he is perfectly free from every kind of vice, blemish, and defect; that he is completely sound, "wind and limb"; or, in other words, that he is in a state of perfection. Much professional jargon has transpired during the last half of a century in the courts of legal litigation upon this subject: and a great law authority who presided once (rather inadvertently, it is supposed) presumed to declare in open court, "that paying 20l. for a horse, was a price sufficient to have the SOUNDNESS implied by the sum paid, and that he should consider the warranty to extend to full three months from the day of purchase." Whether this assertion was merely a lapse of the tongue, or a temporary deviation from sagacity and discretion, is not now worthy disquisition; as it must certainly be admitted to have been one of the most absurd, unequitable and ridiculous opinions ever promulgated in a court of judicial investigation.

In confirmation of which, let it be supposed, that a horse is sold by either gentleman or dealer, known and declared to be bona fide sound at the moment of transfer, and absolutely never to have been otherways; in equity, and in justice, what can the late owner of such horse have to do with his state of futurity? Is not a horse of this description, though sound and perfect, as likely to become diseased, to fall lame, or even to die, on that, or the following day, as at any other period of his life? Where then can be found the consistency, the equity, or, indeed, the common honesty, of requiring or expecting any man to warrant for weeks, or months, what it is not within his power to insure for a single hour? The equitable intent of a warranty, between persons of mutual good intent and integrity, cannot be reasonably expected to go beyond the hour of purchase and sale; for as neither can explore, with certainty, the abstruse pages of the great volume of time yet to come, there cannot be the least plea for a retrospective compensation. See "Law Suits," and "Soundness."

WARREN

,—the name applied to a privileged place, by prescription or grant from the King, in which to keep beasts or fowls of WARREN. These in ancient records were said to be the hare, the coney, the pheasant, and the partridge; but the word now principally applies to any particular district, or tract of land, set aside entirely for, and appropriated to, the breeding and preservation of rabbits as private property. These become a most valuable and profitable stock; paying a much greater annual rent than can be expected from a light and sandy soil, under any other mode of cultivation. There is a distinction between a WARREN and FREE WARREN, (which see.) The franchise next in degree to a park, is a free warren, and appertains chiefly to the privilege of killing game within its boundaries. A warren, in its general signification, extends no farther than a peculiar spot, of much magnitude for the infinitely numerous production of conies, with which the neighbouring inhabitants, and the markets of the Metropolis, are supplied; and these invariably pass under the denomination of rabbit warrens.

WARTER

—is the name of a horse of much celebrity, whose performances upon the turf rendered him of constantly increasing value, and insured him a succession of different owners. He was bred by Mr. G. Crompton, foaled in 1794; got by King Fergus, dam by Highflyer. In the York spring meeting, when three years old, he won a sweepstakes of 20 guineas, six subscribers, beating Dapple, and Telegraph. At Doncaster, in September, he won the following extraordinary race, well worthy a place in the cabinet of every sportsman in the kingdom.

Thursday, September 28th, 1797. One hundred pounds in specie for three year olds, 7st. 5lb. and four year olds, 8st. 7lb. Maiden colts allowed 2lb. Maiden fillies allowed 3lb. The winner of any subscription or sweepstakes carrying 4lb. extra. Two mile heats.

| | | Heats.
Mr. G. Crompton's | b. c. | Warter, | 5  0  5  1  0  1.
Sir C. Turner's | ch. c. | Pepper-Pot, | 3  0  1  5  0  2.
Sir F. Standish's | br. c. | Stamford, | 1  3  6  2  Dr.
Mr. Wentworth's | b. c. | Cardinal, | 2  5  2  3.
Lord H. Hamilton's | b. c. | by Trumpator, | 7  4  4  4.
Mr. T. Hutchinson's | | Hipswell, | 6  6  3  Dr.
Mr. Sitwell's | ch. c. | Commodore, | 4  Dr.

The odds at starting were 5 to 2 against Stamford, 3 to 1 against Cardinal, and 5 to 1 against Warter: during the different heats, and at the termination of each, the bettings varied exceedingly.

In 1798 he won 50l. at Preston, beating three others. Two days after, at the same place, he won 50l. at four heats, beating the famous Patriot (by Rockingham) and another; and 50l. at Doncaster. In 1799, then Mr. Heathcoate's, he won the main of the Oatlands, 100 guineas each, beating Oscar, and the then celebrated Diamond; and 50 guineas at Newmarket; the gold cup at Stamford; 50l. at Oxford; and the King's Plates at Burford and Litchfield. In 1800 he won 250 guineas, and 100 guineas, at Newmarket. In 1801, first Spring Meeting, he beat Jack Andrews three miles over the Beacon Course for 200 guineas each. The same year, when Lord Sackville's, he won the King's Plate at Guildford; the same at Winchester; and 200 guineas at Brighton. In 1802, in the Craven Meeting at Newmarket, he won a sweepstakes of 100 guineas each, beating Cockfighter and Hippona. At Bibury, a sweepstakes of 25 guineas each, seven subscribers; and is since withdrawn from the turf, and announced as a stallion at Cottesmore, in the county of Rutland, at three guineas a mare, and half a guinea the groom.

WARTS

—are spongy excrescences, sometimes appearing upon different parts of the body, and in great numbers: they are exceedingly difficult of instrumental extirpation; for, from their being critically seated, profuse bleeding might probably follow. This mode of operation becomes the less necessary, because a moistening of the surface once in three days, with butter of Antimony, will effect certain obliteration, without the least inconvenience, even upon the eye-lids, which are of equal or superior irritability with any other part of the body.

WASP

.—See "Venomous Bites."

WATERING

.—Upon the proper and confident mode of watering a horse, his health in some degree (but more particularly his condition) principally depends. During a journey in the summer, as well as in a stable in the winter, some attention is necessary to both the quality and quantity of water a horse is permitted to indulge in. There are fixed rules with systematic sportsmen, from which there is never the slighted deviation, but when circumstances may compulsively occasion a temporary variation: the most important of these are, never to let a horse drink cold water when he is hot; or to give him pump or well water, when river or rain water can be obtained. The difference of effect between the two may (particularly in the winter months) be immediately observed by those who chuse to make the experiment: hard spring water is frequently known, from its chilling frigidity, to occasion severe and dangerous fits of the cholic; and when it has not that effect, it never fails to check the circulation; producing such an instantaneous collapsion of the pores, that the coat, though fine a few minutes before, becomes as rough and staring, as if the horse had been exposed to the inclemency of the winter season. Horses kept for the sports of the field, and in a state of condition superior to those employed on more common occasions, are usually watered with a pail in the stable; but this should never be done till hay has been previously placed in the rack; and the act of watering should be instantly followed by the usual ceremony of substantial dressing, wisping, and brushing over, to prevent either of the two inconveniencies before described. The old and ridiculous custom of taking a horse to a pond, that he may have a gallop "to warm the water in his belly," seems to be nearly abolished with the more enlightened part of the world; and although the practice is persevered in upon the turf, it is to be observed, that those horses are restricted in quantity; and that they are walked for some time after drinking, previous to what is termed their watering gallop.

WATTLES

—are the gills hanging from below the under beak of a cock: these are taken from a stag (young game cock) at the same time with his comb, so soon as they are sufficiently grown for the operation, which is performed before they are turned down to a master walk. The little finger is insinuated into the throat of the cock, when which is properly distended, the wattles are cut off close all round with the scissars; and, lastly, the comb; the whole being slightly washed with a little weak salt and water.

WAXY

—is a horse of recent reputation upon the turf, whose performances promise to render him a stallion high in estimation. He was bred by Sir F. Poole; foaled in 1790; got by Pot8o's out of Maria, a daughter of Herod. In 1793, when three years old, he won the Derby Stakes (at Epsom) of 50 guineas each, half forfeit, (50 subscribers,) beating twelve; the remainder paying forfeit. The odds twelve to one against him at starting. At Lewes he won a sweepstakes of 10 guineas each, (nine subscribers,) carrying 7lb. extra. At Abingdon he won a sweepstakes of 10 guineas each, 5 subscribers. In 1794, he won the Jockey Club Plate at Newmarket; the King's 100 guineas at Ipswich; a 50l. plate, and 60 guineas, at Lewes. In 1795, the King's Plate at Salisbury. In 1796, the King's Plate at Guildford; a subscription of 10 guineas each, (13 subscribers,) at Lewes; and the King's Plate at Salisbury. In 1797, he broke down in running for the gold cup at Oxford. The following season he was announced as a stallion at 10 guineas a mare, and half a guinea the groom, at Lewes, in Sussex. Two of his produce, each three years old, were brought to the Post last year, 1802; one called Miss Newland, who won two 50l. plates at Canterbury; and Shock, who won 100 guineas at Brighton, and 50 guineas at Newmarket.

WEANING

—is the act of separating a colt or filly from its dam, that it may no longer derive support from suction, but be compelled to collect its own subsistence from such proper articles of aliment as present themselves according to the season of the year, at which such weaning may be found convenient to take place. This must always become dependent upon circumstances, in respect to the kind of country in which the colt is produced, as well as the purpose for which he is bred, and the late or early part of the season in which he was foaled. A foal produced at the latter end of April, or the beginning of May, will better bear weaning in the early part of October, than a foal dropt in June will in two months after; and this is readily accounted for by the great length of summer the former enjoys in respect to growth, strength, and expansion, over the latter. Where the foal, from having fallen late in the year, or any other cause, is observed to be weak in body and constitution, or stinted in growth, great advantage may be obtained by letting him run in an unrestrained state with the dam during the remainder of the winter.

It is in general the custom, particularly with colts and fillies bred for the turf, to wean the latter end of September, or during the month of October; the reason of which is, that as the dam is then again in a state of gestation, it is by no means proper, nor can it be consistent, that a subsistence for the colt should be extracted from the dam, which nature requires to be absorbed for the nutritious support of the fœtus in embryo. At whatever time weaning may be determined on, the transition from one food to another so exceedingly opposite, should not be too suddenly made; the salutary interposition of mashes, made from ground malt and bran, equal parts, and thin in consistence, from which the fluid may be sucked, will prove a pleasing and consolatory assistance for the loss the foal has sustained.

WEASEL

.—The weasel, though little seen in the environs of towns, is an animal very well known in most parts of the country: it varies in no great degree from the stoat, either in shape, make, or propensity. Its favourite alimentary enjoyment seems the destruction of eggs by suction; although it pursues and destroys poultry and game with equal avidity. By some instinctive impulse of scent or sagacity, the weasel is enabled to follow a hare, which it pursues with a kind of energetic phrensy; and whenever the hare unsuspectingly squats, if this inveterate enemy happens to get up, it immediately makes a spring, seizes the hare near the poll, and never quits its hold till the animal (though running in a state of distraction, and with the most piteous cries) is deprived of existence. The weasel may justly rank in the list of venomous animals, for its bite is almost universally fatal: a hare, rabbit, or any other object, bit by the weasel, is never known to recover, but continues in a lingering state till death.

In its pursuits, it has several points much in its favour: its activity, and the peculiar formation of its claws, enable it to scale walls with so much ease, that no spot is secure from its depredations. By way of compensation to the farmer for its luxurious repasts upon eggs and young poultry, it makes some amends by its inveteracy to rats and mice; having a spice of the ferret in its nature, it is to those an inveterate enemy, and pursues them with a most implacable hatred to certain destruction. It is a more successful invader than any other to these smaller animals, as, from its diminutive circumference, it can follow them into their inmost recesses, and destroy with very little ineffectual opposition. To young pigeons it is likewise a destructive depredator; and when it has young, is more bold and indefatigable in its researches. In the dusk of the evening, and by moonlight, it may frequently be seen stealing from its lurking place, under faggot piles or corn ricks, near the farm-house, taking the barns, stables, pig-sties, and poultry-house, in search of prey; which, when they have killed, if not too large, they carry or drag to the place of their retreat. In the summer season, the weasel will venture a great distance from its usual haunts, and the spot which has afforded it winter protection; it is then very frequently found by the sides of rivulets; and is particularly fond of a situation near a mill, and that is concluded to be from the plenty of rats with which they are invariably surrounded.

WEIGHT for AGE.

—In racing advertisements, propositions of different kinds appear, in respect to the weights which are to be carried by the horses who are a year younger or a year older than each other. Such announcements vary, in some degree, between the weights of one place of sport and another; but as the GOLD CUP weights at Oxford are considered a fair criterion of equity, they are here introduced in explanation.

| st. | lb.
Four year olds carry | 7 | 7
Five year olds | 8 | 7
Six year olds | 9 | 0
And aged | 9 | 4

WEIGHT for INCHES

.—When a plate is advertised to be run for by horses "to carry weight for inches," it is then called a Give and Take Plate, which see.

WEIGHT to the SCALE

.—Bringing the proper weight to the scale immediately after each heat, is in racing a very important consideration. Whatever weight by the conditions, in either plate, match, sweepstakes, or subscription, a horse is appointed to carry, the rider or jockey must have ascertained before the Stewards, or Clerk of the Course, by the scales and weights publicly affixed to the starting-post of every race ground for that purpose. So soon as each and every heat is ended, such rider or jockey is to ride his horse up to the scales, there to be weighed in immediate succession; and any rider or jockey neglecting so to do, dismounting before he reaches the scale, or not bringing his full weight when there, the horse in either case is deemed equally distanced, and can start no more for that plate or prize, whatever may be its denomination.

WENS

—are enlargements which may appear upon any of the soft or fleshy parts of a horse's body, and are technically termed encysted tumours; but divided into different kinds, which are thus distinguished. One, upon separation, is found to contain a substance somewhat similar to boiled rice, curds, or a bread poultice; a second, a glutinous adhesive coagulum, nearly resembling honey when not in a state of absolute fluidity; a third, in which the substance has every appearance of suet in its progress from the butcher's to the tallow chandlers; and a fourth, with the contents a little like half-melted grease. The only mode of extirpation (where it can with safety be ventured upon) is by the knife; but if, in performing the operation, every part of the cyst or bag is not completely removed, it will always be liable to enlarge again, and render abortive all that may have been done before. Whenever the tumour is so extirpated, the wound is to be dressed in the usual way, and a favourable incarnation and union of parts will soon be obtained.

WHEEZING

—is that seeming difficulty of respiration through the nostrils of a horse, which is by some attributed to a wrong cause; suspecting it to be a contraction or narrowness between the bones and cartilages of the nose. This, to a more nice or accurate observer, does not appear to be the case; on the contrary, attentively investigated, it appears there is very little, if any, doubt to be entertained of its being a defect in the natural inflation of the lungs. Admitting this, it is then a gradational relative to the asthmatic and thick-winded tribe, where some of the finer vessels are obstructed, become impervious, or tubercles formed. In the latter, cure cannot be expected; alleviation may be obtained by a patient perseverance in mild mercurial alteratives; and in all the different shades of these affections of the lungs, originating in plethora and a viscid sizy state of the blood, frequently unloading the vessels of their contents by bleeding, attenuating the blood by antimonials, and enlivening the circulation by pectoral cordial detergents, are the only means upon which an expectation of permanent relief can be entertained.

WHIM PLATE

,—in the language of the TURF, is where the horses who run carry weight for age, and weight for inches.

WHIP

.—Sporting whips are of two kinds; one of which, having a handle with a hook, and a long thong, is called a hunting-whip; being useful in assisting to manage the hounds. A light straight single-stem whip, is called a jockey whip, being the sort used on the turf.

WHIP

—is the name of a horse of some reputation as a racer, but was withdrawn from the turf, and announced as a stallion, at five years old. He was bred by Mr. Durand; foaled in 1794; got by Saltram, dam by King Herod, and was the favourite for the Derby in 1797, and expected to win it easy, had he been well enough to have started. He was tried to have so much speed, as to be able to give many colts of the same year from twenty to thirty pounds. The first time he started, he won a sweepstakes of 20 guineas each, the New Mile at Ascot, beating three others; and afterwards a 50l. plate for three year olds at Reading. In 1798 he won 50l. at Ascot Heath. In running for the gold cup at Oxford, against Diamond, Stickler, Johnny, and Oatlands, he ran out of the Course, when supposed to be winning to a certainty. At Brighton he won a 50l. plate, beating Combatant, who had the day before won a sweepstakes of 10 guineas each, (17 subscribers,) beating seven others. At Canterbury he won a sweepstakes of 20 guineas each, (five subscribers,) which was the last time he started; having since been advertised to cover at five guineas a mare, and five shillings the groom.

WHIPPER-IN

—is an assistant subordinate to the huntsman in every hunting establishment, which, if upon a well-regulated scale of any magnitude, is never considered complete with less than two. One of these has a shade of superiority, and is called the first; the other, the second, whipper-in. The first, upon all and every occasion, is considered as a second huntsman, empowered to act with his authority upon every emergency, and at all times during temporary separation in the chase, or unavoidable absence. Notwithstanding this delegation of power, it is his duty to remain strictly obedient to the huntsman, and to execute all his injunctions with the most cheerful alacrity; and however largely he may be qualified in other respects, it is impossible he can ever become a good whipper-in, if he is in possession of a bad temper. It is absolutely indispensible that he should be a natural philosopher in respect to patience and self-denial, as it is so peculiarly his province to act an inferior part, unless when circumstances occur to bring him more forward upon the canvass; the moment which cease, he must contentedly retire again from the front, to his former station in the background of the picture.

Mr. Beckford, after a profusion of the most observant experience, admitted an excellent whipper-in to be preferable to an excellent huntsman; and as the opinion he believed was entirely new, he felt himself in some degree called upon to explain it. He had no doubt but he should have better sport, and kill more foxes, with a moderate huntsman, and an excellent whipper-in, than with the best of huntsmen without such assistance. For he considered, that, in general sporting acceptation, it might probably be conceived, that a good huntsman might always make a good whipper-in; not such, however, as he meant; his talent must be born with him. His reasons were, that good hounds (and bad he would not keep) oftener need the one than the other; and genius, which, in a whipper-in, if attended by obedience, (his first distinguishing requisite,) can be productive of no ill, is, in a huntsman, a dangerous though a desirable quality; and if not accompanied with a large share of prudence, blended with humility, will oftentimes retard and spoil the sport, as well as tend materially to hurt the hounds.

It has been erroneously conceived, by some theoretic and newly-entered sportsmen, that it is the business of a whipper-in to attend closely upon the huntsman, to receive his commands, and execute his orders; which is by no means the case. If he is on the opposite side of the covert to the huntsman, he is in his proper place; and if within hearing of his halloo, he is near enough; for that is the signal it is the province of the whipper-in to obey. The second whipper-in may occasionally attend upon the huntsman, to act as a field aid de camp, when he is not required by circumstances to be active elsewhere. The first whipper-in should of course be qualified to hunt the hounds, if necessary: nothing can be better calculated to keep a huntsman within the bounds of decency and good manners; as they in general are by no means deficient in the assumption of imaginary consequence, when once they have imbibed an opinion of their own superiority.

When hounds are taken from the kennel, it is the place of the first whipper-in to go before, and of the second to come at some distance behind them. If permitted to follow too near, however great the necessity may be, the poor animals will never be allowed time to empty themselves; for these juvenile whippers-in, upon their initiation, conceive it their proper element to be always in a gallop, and incessantly whipping the hounds whenever they can get at them. The first whipper-in should be of light weight, great agility, quick conception, of much personal fortitude, and an excellent horseman. With these qualifications, he has it always in his power to exert and display his ability to advantage. While the huntsman slicks close to his headmost hounds, the whipper-in can give proof of his judgment in various ways: he can clap forward to any great earth that may be open; he may sink the wind, to view and halloo a fox when the scent fails, or keep him off his soil: he may avail himself of the first opportunity to stop the tail hounds, and get them forward; and he has it constantly in his power to assist the hounds, if he has penetration to discover where, and at what time, it is most wanted. The making and keeping a pack steady, depend entirely upon him; as it is not the province of a huntsman either to rate or flog a hound, if it can consistently be avoided.

During the chase, whenever it may be necessary to stop the hounds, the whipper-in should always be at their head before he begins to make the attempt. Rating behind can effect but little; and if they are running riot in covert, it may prevent him from knowing which are the aggressors. Whippers-in are frequently in the extreme, and continue rating long after they find that rating will not avail: a hound should never be struck, unless he is first made sensible what it is for: if they were a little less hasty, and more disposed to reflection, they would never strike a hound that did not deserve it, and would strike those hard who do. In fact, the experience of every additional season affords ample conviction, that a whipper-in seldom distinguishes sufficiently the degrees of offence which a dog may have committed, to proportion his punishment accordingly; and such is the prevalence of custom, that when only riding a hound, to turn him after the huntsman, he is rated (if not flogged) as severely as if he had been guilty of the greatest possible offence.

A whipper-in is generally so exceedingly pleased with his own powers of vociferation, that he is incessantly rating some one hound or another, and then as industriously endeavours to flog him; without asking himself the question, whether it is likely a hound thus rated will not naturally feel inclined to avoid the whip. It is certainly the most consistent, whenever a hound may deserve correction, to whip him first, and to rate him afterwards. The getting forward the tail hounds is a material and necessary part of the chase, in which a whipper-in, of energy and judgment, can always give proof of his ability. Where there are two whippers-in, the first is often justified in getting forward, when the huntsman, from accident, or unforeseen and unavoidable obstructions, may be prevented from being up with the hounds; but the second has no right whatever to be forward, so long as a single hound is known to have been left behind. Most huntsmen cast an eye of jaundiced jealousy at a whipper-in, particularly if his merits have attracted the attention of his employer; upon a presumption he may have a rival in his subordinate, who may, upon any indiscretion or disobedience of his own, have a fair chance of becoming his successor; a circumstance that sometimes a little cankers the basis of unanimity. After these accumulated remarks upon the personal qualifications and official efforts of a whipper-in, it may with truth be affirmed, if he is innately bold, active, and energetic; a prudent, careful, and steady horseman, with a quick ear, and clear voice; with attentive knowledge, and observation to distinguish where he can be the most useful; not possessing the simple conceit of killing a fox without the huntsman, but, on the contrary, feel disposed to assist him all he can; such a one may be considered completely perfect in his department, and will seldom or ever be long out of employment.

WHELPS

.—The produce of hounds during their first months are termed whelps; the young of other sporting dogs are in general called puppies. Those who are intent upon forming a hunting establishment, will, in laying the foundation, recollect, that hounds are very frequently to be purchased for considerably less money than they can be bred. The pack once obtained, breeding then becomes indispensibly necessary for the proper support of the stock, and the acquisition of superior excellence; by possessing the annual convenience of entering young, and rejecting old, till the body become perfectly complete. The business of breeding is considered so very material to the sporting reputation of the establishment, that, by amateurs and professed sportsmen, it is conducted with a systematic circumspection, and most judicious discrimination. Uniformity in size, shape, make, colour, speed, and constitution, are leading perfections, which should never be lost sight of. Mr. Beckford, who seems to have understood the chase much better than any writer that has ever promulgated an opinion upon the subject, has laid down some precautionary rules, from which the emulous and the prudent will seldom deviate.

In a well-regulated and extensive hunting establishment, no less than nine or ten couple of whelps should be annually bred to keep up a regular supply: the distemper sometimes making dreadful havoc amongst the whelps, as well as age and infirmities amongst the old hounds, if a proper number of recruits were not always ready, much mortifying disappointment might probably ensue. Whenever it can be so contrived, the whelps should appear between the second or third week in February, and the middle of the month of March; they have then nothing to encounter from the cold severity of the winter season, and the ensuing summer to bask, expand, and grow in. It is on all hands admitted injudicious to breed from hounds with palpable imperfections: weak hounds, babblers, skirters, slow, and tardy-tongued hounds, should always be rejected. An old dog should never be put to an old bitch; nor should either dog or bitch be in an unhealthy state, lest the offspring should be eventually affected.

WHISKEY

,—the name of a most excellent runner, whose recent performances on the turf laid the foundation of his present celebrity as a stallion of much promised reputation. He was bred by his Royal Highness the Prince of Wales; foaled in 1780, and got by Saltram out of Calash, (who was got by Herod;) her dam (Teresa) by Matchem. In 1792, when three years old, in the July Meeting at Newmarket, he won a sweepstakes of 200 guineas, eight subscribers; and 50l. at Bedford. First October Meeting, a post sweepstakes of 1000 guineas each, three subscribers. The next day a subscription of 200 guineas each, eleven subscribers. Second October Meeting, a subscription of 20 guineas each, six subscribers. In the Houghton Meeting, he beat Sir F. Standish's Sir John across the flat, staking 150 to 100 guineas. In 1793 (then Mr. Durand's) he won the Jockey Stakes of 100 guineas each, half forfeit, twelve subscribers. The next Meeting he beat Halbert a match over the Beacon for 200 guineas. At Winchester he walked over the Course for a 50l. plate; and won a sweepstakes of 10 guineas each, six subscribers. He was then withdrawn from the turf, and announced as a stallion at five guineas a mare, and half a guinea the groom. Two of his get started at only two years, and were both winners. In 1799, Clarissa appeared, and at two years old won 150 guineas, and 120 guineas, at Brighton. Pamela, three years old, 50l. at Brocket Hall; 200 guineas at Epsom; and 50l. at Ipswich. In 1800, two others appeared, each two years old, both winners at Newmarket. In 1801, Eleanor started, and won 250 guineas, 700 guineas, and 200 guineas, at Newmarket; and the Derby and Oaks Stakes, both at Epsom, amounting to 1475 guineas. Julia won the July Stakes, 40 guineas, and 450 guineas, at Newmarket; and Whiskerandos won three prizes at Newmarket, Brighton, and Egham. In 1802, Whirligig won seven prizes; Julia, six; Eleanor, three; Gig, two; and Orlando, 100 guineas, at Newmarket. Under the increasing merits of which progeny, his price as a stallion is advanced to double the original sum; standing announced to cover for 10 guineas a mare the present season, 1803, at Great Barton, near Bury St. Edmund's.

WHITE-FOOTED HORSE

—is always considered an indication of future weakness in the feet; such horses, in general, having hoofs which become soon brittle and battered; or an outer sole so thin at the bottom, that it compulsively submits to the propulsive force of the membranous mass within, and soon forms a preternatural prominence upon the surface, rendering the foot not only weak, but exceedingly difficult to shoe, without pressing upon the part requiring to be protected.

WHITE HOUND

.—A hound perfectly white is hardly ever bred up for the chase; not more on account of their being considered weaker in constitution than hounds of a variegated description, than their contributing less to the uniformity of the pack. The hounds in the highest estimation to constitute beauty, are brown, liver-coloured, or yellow pied; either of those having a proportional participation with the white, and of these the most are now bred. There are, however, some instances, where hounds entirely of a black, or sandy tan, are admitted, and prove the crack or leading hound of the pack.

WIDGEON

—is a species of wild fowl, inferior in size to the wild duck, but considerably larger than the teal. They afford little or no sport to the gunner, being but rarely found, except in the utmost severity of the winter, and then only in certain particular fens and marshes in some few different parts of the kingdom. Those with which the markets of the Metropolis are supplied, are caught in the same manner as wild-ducks. See Decoy.

WILD BOAR

.—This animal was formerly a native of Britain, and held in such high estimation, that those convicted of killing or maiming them in the time of William the Conqueror, were punished with the loss of their eyes. Charles the First procured wild boars from the continent, and had them turned down in the New Forest to promote the breed; but they were entirely destroyed in the civil wars that ensued. Hunting the wild boar is considered a magnanimous sport with the grandees of those countries in which they abound; but it partakes in no degree of comparison with the exhilarating sport, and enlivening scenes, displayed in the different kinds of chase in our own country. Wild boars are sought after, and tried for, in the largest and thickest woods and coverts, (having angular and cross rides cut through them for the purpose of the chase,) in the same way by which stags are roused, or foxes unkenneled, in this country. The dogs used for the sport, are slow and heavy, much more like a cross between a mastiff and a wire-haired lurcher, than any species of the hound kind. When the boar is once roused, more by the incessant noise and clamour of the multitude than any peculiar property of the dogs, he goes moderately off, not much alarmed at, or seemingly afraid of, the exultations of his pursuers. During the chase (if it is worthy to be termed so) he frequently turns round to face the dogs, and offers to attack them; again proceeds; again turns; and they for a while keep each other at bay: the same ceremony is renewed, till at length the boar becomes completely tired, refusing to go any farther. The serious conflict then begins in earnest. His defence being strong, and wonderfully powerful, before, the dogs (particularly the young ones) endeavour to attack him behind, in which attempt some lives are frequently lost; but during the struggle, the hunters get up, and put a period to his existence with their spears.

WILD DUCK

.—See Decoy.

WILD-GOOSE CHASE

,—is neither more or less than a metaphorical allusion to the uncertainty of its termination. This originated in a kind of chase (more properly match) formerly decided in the following way. Two horses having started at the place appointed, continued to race by the side of each other, till one having obtained the lead, was entitled to proceed in whatever direction the rider pleased, (either by shortening or prolonging the distance to the winning spot previously agreed on,) according to the qualifications of his horse. This kind of chase so frequently terminated in tired or spoiled horses, without a decision, that it was long since changed to a train scent, (that is, a drag across the country;) better known by the denomination of a steeple chase.

WIND BROKEN

.—The disorder or malady so called, is (with the most experienced) discovered by a quick and irregular heaving of the flanks, accompanied by a great and palpable difficulty of respiration after brisk exertion. The usual mode of examination with dealers, is to try the perfect or imperfect state of the wind, by a cough compulsively excited: this is effected by forcibly pressing the gullet, just below the under jaw, at the junction of the head with the neck; from which pressure, if a strong, clear, healthy cough immediately proceeds, the wind may be considered sound, and naturally good; but, on the contrary, should it prove a wheezing husky attempt to cough, terminating with a kind of distant moan, or groan, the horse is asthmatic, and unsound, if not completely broken-winded; in which state most horses may be discovered, from the noise they make in their difficulty of respiration during either a sharp trot or moderate canter; from which they have acquired the common appellation of roarers, which is understood to imply a certainty of Broken Wind; which see.

WINDGALLS

—are soft and flatulent or fluctuating tumours, seated on one or both sides the back sinews, above the fetlock-joint of a horse, and principally upon the fore-legs; but with horses who have been immoderately worked, they frequently appear upon the hind-legs also. They generally make their appearance upon subjects who have been brought into labour too young, and before the vessels have acquired a proper strength and elasticity. Permitted to continue long, without counteraction, they soon possess a rigid inflexibility, which is never to be subdued. Whenever they are first perceived, early means should be adopted, to prevent a farther protrusion of the integument. Plentiful impregnations of the best white wine vinegar, followed by powerful repellents of camphorated spirits, incorporated with a sixth part of saturnine extract; or a strong solution of alum in water, assisted by a moderate woollen bandage; will sometimes obliterate them entirely, provided they are attacked in their infancy, and the mode thus adopted patiently persevered in.

WITHERS

.—The part of a horse so called, is the superior point of the shoulders, situate above the blades, precisely at the termination of the mane, from whence the back begins. Upon the good or ill formation of the withers, the symmetry, strength and value of the horse materially depend. If the subject is well made in the withers, with a gradually advancing forehand, long and proportionally erect, it produces a commanding majestic dignity in the fore quarters, generally accompanied with a corresponding uniformity behind. A horse of this description is almost invariably sure-footed, and an admirable goer in all his paces: on the contrary, if he is defective in this particular point, he is lower before than behind, and is proportionally reduced in estimation and intrinsic worth. A horse low in the withers, is mostly short in the forehand also; forcible indications of a deficiency in speedy action, an habitual tendency to the perfection of stumbling, and the equally mortifying memento of not being able to carry a saddle in its proper place, without the pleasing appendage called a crupper.

The withers are constantly liable to injury, from saddles being wide in the tree, or coming too far forward, which letting the internal part of the pummel come into contact with the projecting point of the withers, mischief (from the pinching, pressure, or friction) frequently ensues, terminating in inflammation, laceration, tumefaction, maturation, and sometimes fistula, which see. Injuries sustained in this part by either of the means before mentioned, should never remain unattended to: a repetition of the cause, from neglect or inattention, is likely to render that serious and severe, which might, by a contrary conduct, have proved only a slight and temporary inconvenience. When such a circumstance has unluckily taken place, and is attended to without delay, cool repellents, and mild astringents, will generally effect an early obliteration; but it should be retained in memory, that the part once bruised acquires an additional degree of tenderness and irritability, which will render the cure more tedious and difficult, should the bruise be inconsiderately or inattentively repeated.

WITHER-WRUNG

.—A horse is said to be wither-wrung, when he sustained the origin of the injuries described under the last head.

WOLF

.—The wolf, although not now to be found among us, was once a very destructive native of this country, and the whole were ultimately destroyed by mandate from the Crown. Naturalists universally agree in an opinion, that the wolf and dog were originally of the same class; and argue, from its external form, that it is in every respect what the dog was in its natural state of freedom. Although completely annihilated in this country, they are to be found in great abundance in every other, from whence they are speculatively imported, and may be seen in the menageries of those by whom they are established for the sole purpose of public exhibition. In respect to the degree of similitude between the two, impartial inspection must admit the perceptible shades of difference: the shape of the head differs materially; and the eyes being more obliquely seated, affords an aspect of the most savage ferocity. The ears of the wolf are sharp and erect; the tail long, bushy, and bending inwards from its hind legs; its body is of stronger formation than the body of any species of dog; its jaws and teeth evidently larger, and more powerful; and its hair both coarser and thicker. The internal structure of the dog and wolf is precisely the same in every particular; the latter copulate in the same manner, and their sudden separation prevented by the same means. The time of gestation also varies but little, if any; and, from the various experiments recited by the late celebrated Dr. Hunter, there is left no room to doubt, that the wolf and dog will copulate, and produce an intermediate species, capable of subsequent propagation.

In all ages, the wolf has been considered the most savage enemy of mankind; and at most times, and in all countries, rewards have been offered for its destruction. When pressed with hunger, from repeated disappointments, the wolf becomes doubly courageous from necessity; braves every danger, and will attack the very animals under the protection of the human species. The horse alone seems to possess the power of superiority; all inferior animals have no alternative to unconditional submission, and inevitable destruction. Even man himself has frequently fallen a victim to its rapacity; and it is said, upon the best authorities, that when once they have feasted upon human blood, they become the more incessantly rapacious in the pursuit of it. The wolf, from his muscular strength, is enabled to carry off a sheep in his mouth, and even run with it in that manner: his bite is dreadfully severe, and the keener, the less it meets with opposition; but when powerfully refilled, he is exceedingly cautious and circumspect, never fighting when nearly upon an equality, but under the most absolute necessity. The wolf is hardier, and more robust, than the dog, but less alive to the powers of intellectual discrimination: he is almost incessantly prowling in search of prey, and is himself, of all animals, the most difficult to conquer in the chase.

Every possible means were adopted, many centuries since, to rid this country of so rapacious a despoiler. King Edgar attempted to effect it in England, by remitting the punishment of certain crimes on producing a certain number of wolves' tongues: and in Wales, the tax of gold and silver was commuted for an annual tribute of their heads. Some centuries after which, they had increased to such a destructive infinity, as to become again an object of royal attention, and great rewards were once more held forth for their destruction. Edward the First issued his royal mandate to Peter Corbet, to superintend and assist in the destruction of them in the several counties of Gloucester, Worcester, Hereford, Salop, and Stafford. In other counties, certain persons held their lands upon condition of hunting, taking, and destroying, a number of wolves annually, in proportion to the quantity of land so held. They were so numerous in Scotland about the middle of the fifteenth century, that they completely overrun the country, to the incessant destruction of the flocks, and the immense losses of the community; nor were they, with every indefatigable exertion of the natives, extirpated till the year 1680, when the last wolf is recorded to have fallen by the hand of the then famous Sir Ewen Cameron. Ireland in those times suffered by their immense numbers in an equal degree with England, Scotland, and Wales, and for a much longer duration, as they were not perfectly annihilated in that country till the earlier part of the last century.

WOLVES' TEETH

.—Those so called, are the natural teeth of the horse, enlarged by a preternatural growth, so as to lacerate the fleshy internal part of the cheek by the prominence of their ragged edges, or by the upper grinders overhanging the lower; they catch the wrinkled parts (called flaps) between them in the act of mastication, occasioning so much pain, that some horses are considerably reduced in flesh by a compulsive abstinence, eating no more than merely sufficient to keep the frame in a state of subsistence. With horses labouring under such infirmity or imperfection, there is no relief to be obtained, but from a proper file, and the hand of a steady operator.

WOODCOCK

.—This is a bird of passage, with a simply variegated plumage, having a long bill, peculiarly appropriated to the purposes of insertion and suction, from which its subsistence is principally derived: it is rather inferior in size to the partridge, varying in weight, according to the condition it may be in, and the season in which it is killed, being rarely less than eight, or more than eleven ounces in the scale. They arrive in this country some time in the month of October; but whether early or late, depends entirely upon the prevalence of the winds by which they are brought over. The east and north-easterly winds (particularly when accompanied by fogs) are the most favourable for their arrival: reaching our shores fatigued with flight, they drop under any tree, shrub, or bush, bearing the appearance of covert: after rest and refreshment, they in longer flights disperse themselves in the different woods, copses, shaws, and hedge-rows, in various parts of the country, selecting chiefly such parts as seem best calculated for the singularity of their accommodation. They are by no means remarkable for remaining long in one place, or even in the same neighbourhood; on the contrary, they never continue more than ten or twelve days in any particular spot, though favourably adapted to their reception.

The woodcock is a very clumsy waddling walker, as is the case with every kind of fowl having short legs and long wings: when flushed, he rises heavily from the ground, and makes a considerable noise before he can gather wind sufficient for flight. If found in a rushy spot, a ditch, or a hedge-row, from whence he is obliged to present an open mark, he frequently slowly skims over the ground, and is very easily shot; as, indeed, is the case elsewhere, provided any obstruction does not arise from intervening branches of trees, and boughs of underwood, which, in cock and covert shooting, must always be expected. After a plentiful arrival, they afford excellent sport, and may be found as well with pointers as with spaniels, (the pointers being hunted in the covert with bells:) but cock shooting, with spaniels is almost universally preferred, as it is more enlivening and exhilarating to hear the spaniels occasionally in quest, rather than pursue so pleasing a scene with the solemnity of a general silence.

WOODPECKER

—was a horse whose blood and performances rendered him, as a racer, and stallion, of the most distinguished celebrity. He was bred by Sir C. Davers; foaled in 1773; got by Herod, dam (Miss Ramsden) by Old Cade, grand-dam by Lord Lonsdale's Bay Arabian. His winnings are now become too remote to give in the detail. As a stallion, his progeny are infinite; amongst the principal of which the following have been the most conspicuous. In 1789, Bullfinch won 300 guineas, 100 guineas, 20 guineas, 100 guineas, 100 guineas, and 50 guineas, at Newmarket. Chanticleer, 650 guineas, 500 guineas, and 400 guineas, at Newmarket. Cormorant, 135 guineas, 62 guineas, 40 guineas, 200 guineas, 300 guineas, 62½ guineas, 300 guineas, and 75 guineas, at Newmarket. Hawk, 100 guineas, 150 guineas, and 50 guineas, at Newmarket. Seagull, 35 guineas, and 800 guineas, 200 guineas, 100 guineas, 62 guineas, 250 guineas, 200 guineas, 20 guineas, 200 guineas, 400 guineas, 160 guineas, and 300 guineas, at Newmarket. Swallow, 100 guineas, and 100 guineas, at Newmarket. Woodlark, 50l. at Stockbridge, and the King's Hundred Guineas, at Winchester, and Salisbury.

In 1790, twenty-seven of his get started, and were the winners of seventy-eight subscriptions, sweepstakes, matches, and plates. Bat won 100 guineas, 50 guineas, 100 guineas, 100 guineas, and 100 guineas, at Newmarket. A bay filly out of Camilla, 200 guineas, 143 guineas, and 200 guineas, at the same. Buzzard, 100 guineas, 50 guineas, 200 guineas, and 200 guineas, at Newmarket. Chanticleer, 300 guineas, 200 guineas, 100 guineas, and 152 guineas, at Newmarket. Cormorant, 50l. 100 guineas, 200 guineas, 400 guineas, 200 guineas, and 60 guineas, at Newmarket. Dragon, 200 guineas, 200 guineas, 200 guineas, 450 guineas, 100 guineas, 88 guineas, 45 guineas, 200 guineas, and 200 guineas, at the same. Griffin, 300 guineas, 120 guineas, and 125 guineas, at Newmarket. Isabel, 50l. 100 guineas, 300 guineas, and 150 guineas, at Newmarket. Mrs. Candour, 50 guineas, 50 guineas, 100 guineas, and 100 guineas, at the same. Pecker, 100 guineas, 100 guineas, 100 guineas, 100 guineas, 200 guineas, 100 guineas, and 100 guineas, at Newmarket. Seagull, 200 guineas, 500 guineas, and the Grosvenor Stakes, at Newmarket; the Oatlands Stakes, of 100 guineas each, nineteen subscribers, and 500 guineas, at Ascot Heath; 60 guineas, 250 guineas, 200 guineas, and 300 guineas, at Newmarket; and Tom Tit, 50l. at Stamford, 97l. 5s. 0d. at Nottingham, and 50l. at Derby.

In 1791, twenty-two of his produce started, and were winners of fifty-eight prizes. Buzzard won 250 guineas, 200 guineas, 120 guineas, and 300 guineas, at Newmarket, and two fifties at Chesterfield. Chanticleer, 150 guineas, 200 guineas, the Grosvenor Stakes, 100 guineas, and 200 guineas, at Newmarket. Cormorant, 100 guineas, 100 guineas, 300 guineas, 100 guineas, and 80 guineas, at Newmarket. Dancing Master, 200 guineas, 100 guineas, and 130 guineas, at Newmarket. Dragon, the Claret and Fortescue Stakes, the Jockey Club Plate, the 140 guineas, 50l. 1000 guineas, the Prince's Plate, and 70 guineas, at Newmarket. Hawk, 100 guineas, 100 guineas, 100 guineas, and 150 guineas, at Stockbridge. Isabel, the Queen's 100 guineas at Chelmsford, and the King's Plate at Lincoln. Pecker, 200 guineas, 100 guineas, and the Give and Take Plate, at Newmarket. Seagull, 600 guineas at Newmarket; and Tree Creeper, 200 guineas, 50 guineas, 60 guineas, and 50l. all at Newmarket. In 1792, Bustard won 200 guineas, 100 guineas, 100 guineas, 50l. and 100 guineas, at Newmarket, and 200 guineas, 37½ guineas, 200 guineas, 100 guineas, and 50 guineas, at the same. Chanticleer, 100 guineas, 500 guineas, 500 guineas, 500 guineas, and 400 guineas, at Newmarket. Dragon, 275 guineas, the Whip (with 400 guineas,) and 300 guineas, at Newmarket. Hawk, 100 guineas at Newmarket, and the Bowl at Salisbury. Ostrich, 80 guineas at Newmarket, 50l. at Brighton, and the King's Plate at Canterbury. Rover, 50 guineas, and 90 guineas, at Exeter; and 50l. at Dorchester. Tree Creeper, 100 guineas, the second class and main of the Filly Stakes, and 200 guineas, at Newmarket; and the Prince's Stakes of 50 guineas each, half forfeit, seventeen subscribers, at Brighton.

In 1793, Buzzard won the Craven Stakes, 200 guineas, 200 guineas, 60 guineas, 100 guineas, and 60 guineas, at Newmarket; and a two year old bay filly of Lord Grosvenor's, the July Filly Stakes at Newmarket, and the Orleans Stakes at Brighton. In 1794, Buzzard won the Craven Stakes, 50 guineas, the Jockey Club Plate, 200 guineas, 50l. and 100 guineas, at Newmarket. Jack of Newbury, 50l. at Bath, 40 guineas at Tewksbury, and 60 guineas at Abingdon. Paroquet, 300 guineas at Newmarket; and Seagull, 50 guineas, 100 guineas, and 105 guineas, at the same. In 1795, Atropa (at two years old) won 400 guineas at Newmarket. Colibri, (two years old,) 50 guineas, and 75 guineas, at Brighton; 200 guineas, 100 guineas, 100 guineas, 80 guineas, and 100 guineas, at Newmarket. Ida, 100 guineas at Ascot Heath, 50l. and 50 guineas at Brighton, and 50l. at Lewes. Shoveller, 150 guineas at Ascot; and Pecker, 500 guineas at Newmarket. In 1796, nine of his get started, and received nineteen prizes. In 1797, six were the winners of ten. In 1798, three only started, and were winners of five. In 1799, Vivalde, three years old, won 300 guineas, 200 guineas, 100 guineas, and 100 guineas, at Newmarket, and 100 guineas at Stamford; and Thrush, only two years old, 100 guineas, 50 guineas, and 45 guineas, at Newmarket. In 1800, Ephemera won the Oaks Stakes, of 50 guineas each, (twenty-four subscribers,) at Epsom, and 50l. at Newmarket. Sophia, 100 guineas at Brighton. Thrush, 100 guineas, and 20 guineas, at Newmarket. Vivalde, 200 guineas, and 45 guineas, at Newmarket; 50l. at Epsom; and 50l. at Reading. In 1801, Crazy Poetess won 100 guineas at Lewes. Cocoa-Tree, the Brocket Stakes of 100 guineas at Brocket Hall; 100 guineas, 75 guineas, and 50 guineas, at Newmarket; and Anna Maria, 60 guineas at Epsom. In 1802, Mystery won 60 guineas, and 50l. at Goodwood, and 50 guineas at Epsom; Paulo winning a 50l. plate at Northampton. So that, upon a review of Woodpecker's progeny, he has proved himself inferior to but very few of his predecessors.

WORMS

—are known to be of different kinds; and when any one particular species has taken possession of the stomach, or any part of the intestinal canal, in a horse, they not only occasion extreme pain, or perpetual disquietude, but become inveterate opponents to health, and constant enemies to flesh and condition. Some horses, of strong constitution, will bear their persecuting pinchings for a great length of time, before they give external proof of internal depredation; others, from less patience, or greater irritability, are very early in their indications. Symptoms of worms are various, and not unfrequently deceptive: those most relied upon are a largeness of the belly, with a leanness of the flesh; an unkind and hollow slaring of the coat, a flaccidity of the skin, a dryness of the mouth, a fœtidity of the breath, an occasional looking towards the flank on either side, or stamping with one hind foot or the other when in pain. A kind of straw-coloured sulphureous scurfy stain at the sphincter of the anus, is considered a certain and invariable sign; but ocular demonstration (which very frequently happens) removes the matter beyond all present doubt, and subsequent disappointment.

The sorts with which horses are most commonly afflicted, are as follow: Botts, a short circular worm, with a shelly kind of coat, picked at one end, and nearly round at the other, not unlike the silk-worm in its dormant state: these adhere closely to the internal coat of the stomach, causing the most excruciating pains as they increase in numbers, and are sometimes so numerous and destructive as to occasion the loss of life; instances of which have been proved by an examination of the viscera after death; of which a case is described in Page 132 of "A Compendium of Farriery," by the present Author, published in 1796. These take their seat also in the rectum, (the large intestine nearest the anus,) where they are seen adhering to the interstices as close to each other, during the moments of evacuation, as a swarm of bees; and five or six may be twitched off at a time with the fingers and thumb, just at the critical contraction of the sphincter.

There is also a large dark worm comes from horses, having a black head, and in its formation precisely the same as the grub-worm, so destructive to the roots of strawberries in certain dry seasons; but that these are of a cream coloured white, and the former of a brownish yellow, which tinge may probably be derived from the excrements in which they have been ingulfed. A third is the long white worm, from six or seven to fourteen inches long, equally picked at both ends, but larger in circumference towards one end than the other; these are prolific in the body beyond description, and when completely dislodged by medical specifics, are evacuated in putrified masses exceeding credibility. The fourth are a greenish small worm, with a perpetual vermicular motion, which, by its continual twisting and twirling in the intestinal canal, so irritates the animal, that he sometimes evacuates suddenly, and in a state so lax, that these worms are frequently expelled with the dung in great numbers, and seen working in all directions upon its surface, exactly similar to the exertions of an eel when thrown upon the grass from its native element.

Numerous are the quackeries and nostrums recommended by the il-literati, from old books, and unenlightened practice, long since buried in oblivion; but more particularly since the discovery of those grand specifics, MERCURY and ANTIMONY, which may be comparatively said to contain an equal degree of merit with the remaining conjunctive parts of the whole Materia Medica. After all the various experiments made, and minute observations collected, it does not appear that any mode, but mercurial purgation, will be productive of actual and infallible extirpation. Instances are numerous, where they have been evacuated in large quantities (and in many cases completely eradicated) by the advertised Antimonial Alterative Powders of the Author; but MERCURIALS are certainly entitled to priority, upon the well-founded plea of infallibity. Worms are as common with dogs as with horses, and may as certainly be cured by the same proportional means.

WORMING of DOGS

,—when whelps, or puppies, is believed by some to prevent their wanton and destructive propensity in play when young; and by others, to render unnecessary any fear of their receiving the canine infection of madness during their lives: the latter, however, is too slender a foundation for any decisive opinion to be erected upon. The operation of worming is simply this; underneath the tongue is a frænum (or bridle) by which the motion of the tongue is regulated; the exterior skin of this is to be delicately slit superficially with a lancet, when a tendinous substance, called the worm, will be perceived: the point of a small probe, awl, or large needle, should then be insinuated beneath its center, to raise it up, when, with very little force, one end will come away; this taken hold of, with a linen cloth, or handkerchief, the other end will soon come away under gentle extraction. Too sudden force, or violence, must not be used, lest the worm should be broken, and a part left behind in the attempt.

WORMWOOD

.—This plant is of two sorts, distinguished by the names of Roman and Common Wormwood: both have their properties of utility; but the former is esteemed the most efficacious of the two. It has a strong but fragrant smell, and is intensely bitter to the taste: it powerfully resists putrefaction, and is highly useful in antiseptic and emollient fomentations; consequently well worthy a place in the garden of every rural sportsman, to be ready upon unexpected emergencies. Experiments have been made with this article dried, powdered, and given to horses in balls, for the cure of worms; but it does not appear to have acquired reputation for any specific or infallible effect in their extirpation.

WOUNDS

—are well known to be occasioned by various means; and, in the strictest signification, imply an accidental separation of parts, or solution of continuity, by some sharp instrument, suddenly and accidentally, or wilfully introduced. In all recent wounds casually encountered, and in a bleeding state, (if not deeply seated,) little more is required, or can indeed be effected by the most expert practitioner, than to absorb the flux of blood, and then to bring the edges of the wound as nearly into contact with each other as circumstances will admit, either by suture or bandage, where the seat of injury will admit of such process; which is not always the case; wounds sometimes happening where the edges of the separated parts cannot be brought into any degree of union, and the cure can only be effected by incarnation. In some circumstances, wounds are sustained in such singular situations, and across such large muscles, that the insertion of stitches, to secure the edges, would prove of no effect, as the whole would inevitably rupture upon every exertion of the horse, in either laying down or getting up.

Wounds of magnitude vary so much in appearance, as influenced by the healthy or morbid state of the body, the proper or improper mode of treatment, or even the changes in the weather, that no precise and invariable plan can be derived from books, or inculcated by the pen, but what must necessarily become subject to such alterations as prudence may prompt, or the judicious practitioner point out. In all wounds of the smaller kind, and where neither the arteries or the tendinous parts are affected, dressings of mild digestive or other emollient unguents, upon pledgets of lint, with a soft bed of tow, and proper covering for the whole, will promote a speedy incarnation, when cicatrization will follow of course. Wounds of other kinds are produced by different means, and require modes of treatment in a degree adapted to their magnitude, and the causes by which they have been occasioned. See Abscess, Fistula, and Strangles.

Y.

YARD-FALLEN

—is what some horses are constitutionally subject to, and frequently display it in a state of weariness, or bodily lassitude, denoting no indisposition, and to which no ill appertains. If the yard is seen to drop, and continue so any length of time, in a state of flaccid debility, (the horse being in other respects healthy, and free from pain,) it indicates a previous injury, sustained by pinch, pressure, or some other means, upon that part in the groins; or by slip, strain, stroke, or bruise upon the back, by which the internal organs are severely affected. From whatever cause such debility may have been derived, the restorative and invigorating system is the only rational plan to be adopted; nursing in all such cases is preferable to a paltry and unnecessary profusion of medicines: the latter may be proper for an interested individual to recommend, but is too inconsistent for a man of sense to adopt. Good mashes, prepared of malt and bran, equal parts, solutions of gum arabic in oatmeal gruel and water, for common drink thrice a day, and a cordial ball night and morning, for two or three days in succession, are the best and simplest means that can be brought into use upon such an occasion.

YARD FOUL

.—A foulness within the sheath is what happens with most geldings; but some generate or form much more filth than others. This collection, for want of being occasionally relieved, and cleaned out, so nearly plugs up the orifice, that the yard, in its vapid state, has not the power to protrude itself for the purpose of evacuation, and the urine falls dribbling from the sheath; a circumstance that in itself points out the necessity of occasional cleansings, to prevent so unpleasant an obstruction.

YELLOWS

—is a disorder in horned cattle, denominated the yellows; but in horses, as well as in the human species, it is distinguished by the appellation of Jaundice, which see.

YEOMAN-PRICKER

—is a part of the royal retinue annexed to his Majesty's hunting establishment. Of these there are SIX, whose official department it is to be subordinate to the huntsman, and execute his orders in all matters relative to the STAG HOUNDS, whether at their exercise and airings, or during the chase; full and explanatory particulars of which will be found under the separate and distinct heads of King's Hounds, and Stag Hunting.

THE END.

Printed by T. Maiden, Sherbourn Lane.

ADVERTISEMENT

TAPLIN,
VETERINARY SURGEON,

AUTHOR OF
The Gentleman's Stable Directory;
(2 VOLS.)
"A Compendium of Farriery," and "Multum in Parvo;"

REMOVED FROM EDGEWARE ROAD, TO
SLOANE SQUARE,

BEGS to make his most grateful Acknowledgements to those Noblemen and Gentlemen, who have continued to honour him with their Patronage during the fourteen years he has been energetically employed in endeavouring to promote a Reform in the former cruel and erroneous System of Farriery. It is the greatest ambition of his life to have seen that endeavour fully accomplished. Since the original Publication of his "Gentleman's Stable Directory," he has exultingly surveyed, not only the Institution, the Erection and the Establishment of the Veterinary College, but the almost incredible increase of Veterinary Surgeons in every Town; and Veterinary Druggists in every Street of the Metropolis. Many of these, with a certain degree of Professional Fertility, not only do him the honour to imitate his long-established Horse Medicines; but others, with a degree of Liberality peculiar to themselves, offer to supply the Public with "cheap and efficacious" Horse Medicines, for even half what Mr. Taplin's GENUINE Ingredients can be obtained at the first Commercial Houses in the City of London. To the judicious and enlightened this Mystery will sufficiently explain itself. Mr. Taplin, so long honoured by the Countenance and Support of the most distinguished and opulent Characters, never indulged a momentary Idea of dispensing Cheap Medicines, because his Principles would never permit him to put his Hand dishonourably into the Pockets of his best Friends; nor would his well-known Attachment to the Animal, allow him to prepare a single Article upon the genuine Property and expected probable Efficacy of which, he is not only ready at all times to pledge his Reputation, but his Existence. The honour of supplying near six hundred Gentlemen, (a List of whom may be seen,) exclusive of his different Agents, preclude the necessity of pestering the Public with perpetual Advertisements; rendering it at the Commencement of every Season, only necessary to communicate respectful Information, that Gentlemen residing in any part of the Kingdom, addressing their Commands to Mr. Taplin, Sloane-Square, London, shall have their Medicines immediately dispatched by whatever Conveyance they may please to appoint.

List of Medicines, with their Prices.

| s. | d. |
Mild Purging Balls | 1 | 6 | each.
Stronger ditto | 2 | 0 |
Mild Mercurial Purging Balls | 2 | 0 |
Stronger ditto | 2 | 6 |
Cordial Rhubarb Purging Balls | 2 | 6 |
Purging Balls for Worms | 2 | 6 |
Mild Diuretic Balls for Cracks, Scratches, Surfeit, Hide-bound, or fluctuating Humours | 9 | 0 | per doz.
Stronger ditto, for perceptible Foulness, Defects of the Eyes, Swelled Legs, and Grease | 12 | 0 |
Pectoral Cordial Balls for recent Colds or Coughs, and to be given after severe chases and long journies | 12 | 0 |
Pectoral Detergent Balls, for Obstinate Coughs, or Asthmatic and Thick Winded Horses | 12 | 0 |
Fever Balls | 1 | 6 | each.
Balls for Looseness or Scouring | 1 | 6 |
Ditto for the Strangury, or Suppression of Urine | 1 | 6 |
Ditto for the Flatulent Cholic, or Fret | 2 | 0 |
Ditto for the Inflammatory Cholic or Gripes | 2 | 0 |
Blistering Ointment for Lameness, Spavins, Splents, or Curbs | 4 | 0 | per pot.
Embrocation for Lameness or Strains | 3 | 6 | per bottle.
Alterative Powders, for Cracks, Scratches, Surfeit, Hide-bound, Mange, Grease, or Worms | 8 | 0 | per doz.
Camphorated Sperma-cæti Liniment, for Cracks | 3 | 0 | per pot.
Saturnine Solvent, for Splents | 5 | 0 | per bottle.
An Efficacious Collyrium for all Defects and Defluxions of the Eyes | 3 | 6 | per pint.
Mercurial Purging Balls for Dogs | 4s. & 6 | 0 | per doz.

Mr. Taplin continues to give Advice upon the DEFECTS and DISEASES of HORSES, and to render Assistance in all Cases of difficulty and DANGER, within TEN MILES of the METROPOLIS, upon the most moderate Terms.

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Table of Contents

THE SPORTING DICTIONARY, AND RURAL REPOSITORY OF GENERAL INFORMATION UPON EVERY SUBJECT APPERTAINING TO THE SPORTS OF THE FIELD.

I & J.

- Jardon
- JAUNDICE
- JAWS Knotted.
- IMPOSTHUME
- IMPERFECTIONS
- INJECTIONS
- INTERFERE
- JOCKEY

- JOCKEY CLUB

- RULES and ORDERS.

- JOCKEYSHIP
- JOHN BULL
- JOHNNY
- JOHNNY
- JOINTS
- JOURNEY
- ITCHING
- JUGGED
- JUSTICE

K.

- KEEPERS
- KENNEL
- KENNEL
- KIBES
- KIDNEYS
- KILLING GAME
- KINDLE
- KING FERGUS
- KING'S HOUNDS

- KING'S PLATE

- King's Plate Articles.

- KNEE of a HORSE

L.

- LAIR
- LAMENESS in HORSES
- LAMPAS
- LASSITUDE
- LAW-SUITS
- LEAD
- LEAPING
- LEASH
- LEGS
- LEGS SWELLED
- LESSONS
- LEVERET
- LETHARGY
- LIGHT in HAND
- LIGHT CARCASED
- LINSEED
- LIOUORICE ROOT
- LIVER of ANTIMONY
- LIVER
- LOCKS
- LOINS
- LOOSE-JOINTED
- LOOSENESS
- LUNGS
- LURCHER
- LURCHER

M.

- MADNESS

- MAIN

- MAIN of COCKS

- ARTICLES for a COCK-MATCH.

- RULES FOR MATCHING AND FIGHTING.

- MALLENDERS
- MALLOWS
- MALT, GROUND
- MANEGE
- MANE
- MANGE in HORSES
- MANGE in DOGS
- MANGER
- MARE
- MARK!
- MARK in the MOUTH
- MARK ANTHONY
- MARSK
- MARTIN, or MARTERN
- MARTINGAL
- MASH
- MASTER of the HORSE
- MASTER of the STAG HOUNDS
- MATCH COCK
- MATCH in RACING
- MATCHEM
- MERCURY
- MERCURY
- MESHES
- MEUSE
- MEWING
- MEWS
- MOLTEN GREASE
- MOON EYES
- MOOR GAME
- MORTIFICATION
- MOTION
- MOUTH
- MULE
- MUTE
- MUZZLE

N.

- NABOB
- NAG
- NARROW CHESTED
- NARROW HEELS
- NAVEL-GALL
- NEAR-SIDE
- NECK
- NEEDLE-WORMS
- NEIGHING
- NETS
- NEWMARKET
- NICKING
- NIDE
- NIPPERS
- NIPPERS
- NITRE
- NOSEBAND
- NOSTRILS

O.

- OATS
- OBERON
- OFF-SIDE
- ONION
- OPENING the HEELS
- OPODELDOC
- ORIGANUM, OIL of
- OROONOKO
- OTHELLO
- OTTER
- OTTER-HUNTING
- OVER-DONE
- OVER-REACH
- ORMOND
- OVERTON

P.

- PACE
- PAD
- PADDOCK
- PALATE
- PALSY
- PARK
- PARTNER
- PARTRIDGES
- PASTERN
- PATTEN-SHOE
- PATTERN-SHOE
- PEDIGREE
- PHEASANT
- PHÆNOMENON
- PHYSIC
- PICKER
- PIGEONS
- PIGEON-SHOOTING
- PILOT
- PLAY or PAY
- PLAY or PAY
- PLEURISY
- PLUMAGE
- POACHERS
- POINT
- POINT
- POINTER
- POLE-CAT
- POLL-EVIL
- POMONA
- POST MATCH
- POT8OO'S
- PRECIPITATE
- PREVENTION
- PRICKED
- PRICKET
- PRICKING
- PROBE
- PULSE
- PURGING
- PURITY
- PURSIVENESS

Q.

- QUAILS
- QUALIFICATION
- QUALIFICATIONS
- QUARTER (False.)
- QUARTERS
- QUEST
- OUICKSILVER
- QUITTOR
- QUITTOR-BONE

R.

- RABBIT
- RACE HORSE
- RACING
- RACK
- RAILS LAND
- RAKING
- RANGER
- RATTLING in the Head
- RAT-TAIL
- RAT-TAILS
- REARING
- RECHASING
- RECHEAT
- REGULUS
- REINS
- REINS
- REINS Pillar
- RELAY
- REPOSITORIES
- RESTIVE
- RETAIN
- RHEUMATISM
- RIBS
- RIDGES
- RIDING-SCHOOL
- RIG
- RING-BONE
- ROAN
- ROCKINGHAM
- ROUSE
- ROWEL
- ROWEL in a Horse
- RULES in Buying
- RUNNING HORSES
- RUNNING THRUSH
- RUT
- RUTTING TIME

S.

SADDLE
SADDLE-BACKED
SADDLE-GALLED
SALLENDERS
SALTRAM
SANDCRACK
SCAB
SCENT
SCHIRROUS
SCIATICA
SCOURING
SCRATCHES
SCUT
SEAMS
SEAT
SETONS
SETTING DOG
SETTER
SETTER-TO
SHANK-BONE
SHAPE and MAKE
SHARK
SHOEING of HORSES
SHOEING SMITH
SHOOTING
SHOULDER-LAMENESS
SIDE-SADDLE
SIGNS of DISEASE
SINEWS
SIR PETER TEAZLE
SIR SOLOMON
SITFAST
SKITTISH
SKYSCRAPER
SLOT
SMITHFIELD
SNAFFLE
SNAP
SNIPES
SNORTING
SOILING
SOLE
SORREL
SOUNDNESS
SPANIEL
SPARRING
SPAVIN-BLOOD
SPAVIN-BONE
SPAYED BITCH
SPEED
SPLENT
SPORTSMAN
SPRAIN or STRAIN
SPUR
STABLE
STAG, or RED DEER.
STAG
STAG-EVIL
STAGGERS
STAG-HUNTING
STALING
STALL
STALLION
STANDARD
STAR
STARING of the COAT
STARTING
STERN
STEW
STIFLE
STIRRUP
STONE
STOAT
STRAIN
STRANGLES
STRANGURY
STRING-HALT
STUBBED
STUD
STUD-BOOK
STUMBLING
SURBATING
SURFEIT
SWAINMOTE
SWEAT
SWEATING for the TURF
SWEATING of JOCKIES
SWELLED LEGS
SWELLING in the Sheath or Groin
SWAN

T.

- TAIL
- TARTAR
- TARTAR EMETIC
- TEAL
- TEETH
- TENDONS
- TERMS in SPORTING
- TERRIER
- THRUSHES
- TIRING
- TOBY
- TOILS
- TONGUE
- TRACK
- TRAIL, or TRAILING
- TRAIN SCENTS
- TRAINING
- TRAMMELS
- TRAMEL-NET
- TRAVELLER
- TREAD
- TRESPASS
- TRIAL
- TRIPPING
- TROTTING
- TRUMPATOR
- TUMOURS
- TUNNEL-NET
- TURF
- TUSHES
- TURNING-OUT

V.

- VENOMOUS BITES
- VENERY, BEASTS of
- VERDERER
- VERMIN
- VERT
- VERTUMNUS
- VETERINARY COLLEGE
- VICE
- VIPER, BITE of
- VISCIDITY of the BLOOD
- VIVES
- VIXEN
- VOLUNTEER
- VOMITING

U.

- ULCER
- UNGUENTS
- UMBLES
- URINE

W.

- WALK
- WALNUT
- WARBLE
- WARRANTY
- WARREN
- WARTER
- WARTS
- WASP
- WATERING
- WATTLES
- WAXY
- WEANING
- WEASEL
- WEIGHT for AGE.
- WEIGHT for INCHES
- WEIGHT to the SCALE
- WENS
- WHEEZING
- WHIM PLATE
- WHIP
- WHIP
- WHIPPER-IN
- WHELPS
- WHISKEY
- WHITE-FOOTED HORSE
- WHITE HOUND
- WIDGEON
- WILD BOAR
- WILD DUCK
- WILD-GOOSE CHASE
- WIND BROKEN
- WINDGALLS
- WITHERS
- WITHER-WRUNG
- WOLF
- WOLVES' TEETH
- WOODCOCK
- WOODPECKER
- WORMS
- WORMING of DOGS
- WORMWOOD
- WOUNDS

Y.

- YARD-FALLEN
- YARD FOUL
- YELLOWS
- YEOMAN-PRICKER

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