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Title: A photographic record of the Russo-Japanese war

Editor: James H. Hare

Contributor: A. T. Mahan

Photographer: James F. J. Archibald

Ellis Ashmead-Bartlett

Richard Barry

Viktor Karlovich Bulla

Robert Lee Dunn

James Ricalton

Release date: May 17, 2025 [eBook #76109]

Language: English

Original publication: New York: P.F. Collier & Son, 1905

Credits: Richard Tonsing, Brian Coe, and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images generously made available by the Digital & Multimedia Center, Michigan State University Libraries.)

*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK A PHOTOGRAPHIC RECORD OF THE RUSSO-JAPANESE WAR ***

Transcriber’s Note:

New original cover art included with this eBook is granted to the public domain.

Frontispiece

THE BATTLEGROUND OF THE RUSSO-JAPANESE WAR

A PHOTOGRAPHIC RECORD

OF THE

RUSSO-JAPANESE WAR

EDITED AND ARRANGED BY

JAMES H. HARE, War Photographer

WITH PHOTOGRAPHS BY

VICTOR K. BULLA, ROBERT L. DUNN, JAMES F. J. ARCHIBALD, RICHARD BARRY, ASHMEAD BARTLETT, JAMES RICALTON

TOGETHER WITH AN ACCOUNT OF THE BATTLE OF THE SEA OF JAPAN BY CAPTAIN A. T. MAHAN, U. S. N., RETIRED

NEW YORK

P. F. COLLIER & SON

1905

COPYRIGHT 1905 BY P. F. COLLIER & SON

The photographs reproduced in this volume are fully protected by copyright in the United States and Great Britain. Their reproduction, without express permission, is hereby forbidden.

The work of Messrs. Hare, Dunn, Archibald, and Barry, under adverse conditions in the field, was greatly facilitated by the use of the films and developing machine of the Eastman Kodak Company, to whom they feel this acknowledgment is due.

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

PAGE

The Battleground of the Russo-Japanese War—Frontispiece

2

Nicholas II, Emperor of Russia

7

Mutsuhito, Emperor of Japan

7

Vice-Admiral Alexieff

8

Marquis Ito Hirobumi

8

Typical Street Scene in Russia’s Capital City

10

An Everyday Scene in One of the Large Cities of Japan

11

Japanese Troops Preparing for War

13

Training Japanese Cavalrymen at the Tokio Barracks

14

Changing Guard at the Oyama Barracks in Tokio

15

Swapping Stories in the Guard House at Oyama Barracks

16

Cleaning and Oiling Rifles in Preparation for War

17

Departure of Baron Rosen from Yokohama

18

Russian Minister to Korea Departing from Seoul

19

Newspaper Bulletins on the Chemulpo Battle

20

Patriotic Citizens Awaiting Their Turn to Enlist

21

Building Temporary Stables in Tokio

21

Mobilization of Troops in Tokio at the Outbreak of War

22

Troops Marching to Station Through the Streets of Tokio

23

Departure of Japanese Troops for Korea

24

Japanese Troops Detraining at Hiroshima

25

Cavalry Train Leaving Shimbashi Station

26

Men of the Army Service Corps Ready to Entrain

27

“Sayonara!”—Good-By

27

Engineers at Hiroshima, Practicing Building Bridges

28

Bridge at Hiroshima Ready for the Pontoons

29

“Tikoku Banzai!”—“Long Live the Empire!”

30

Destruction of the “Variag” and “Korietz”

32

Wrecks of the Russian Warships in Chemulpo Harbor

33

Japanese Salvage Corps on the Wreck of the “Variag”

34

The Night Landing of the Japanese Troops at Chemulpo

35

Coolies Handling Japanese Supplies

36

Mrs. Pavlov, Wife of the Russian Minister to Korea

37

Dr. H. N. Allen, United States Minister to Korea

37

The Japanese Advance Through Korea

38

The Japanese Occupation of Seoul

39

Japanese Troops Waiting to Cross at Ping-Yang

40

Koreans Watching the Entry of the Japanese at Seoul

41

The Japanese Red Cross Hospital at Chemulpo

42

Russian Ladies Sewing for the Red Cross

44

With the Russian Army on its March to the Front

45

The Autocrat of Russia and the Royal Family

46

The Czar Leaving the Winter Palace to Bid Farewell to Troops

47

Departure of Red Cross Nurses from St. Petersburg

48

The Czar Reviewing an Infantry Regiment

49

Procession in Honor of the Chemulpo Sailors

50

Twenty-Third Artillery Brigade About to Leave Gatchina

51

The Czar Bidding Farewell to Commanders

52

Grand Duke Alexandrovitch Leading His Marines in Review Before the Czar

53

International Balloon Contest at St. Petersburg

54

Landing the Men who Fought at the Yalu

56

Artillerymen Landing at Chenampo

57

Japanese Bluejackets Coming Ashore at Chenampo

58

Grooming Cavalry Horses at Chenampo

59

Japanese Troopers Caring for a Sick Horse

60

Koreans and Japanese Salesman at Chenampo

61

With the Japanese on the Advance to the Yalu

62

Screens which Hid the Movements of the Japanese

63

General Kuroki and His Staff at Headquarters

64

Russians Crossing Lake Baikal in Midwinter

66

With the Russian Forces on Their Way to the Front

67

Caissons and Sledges About to Cross Lake Baikal

68

Russian Soldiers Marching Across Frozen Lake Baikal

69

Russian Infantry Warming Up with Hot Tea

70

The Russian Advance to the Front

71

Traveling Soup Kitchen and Soup-Kettle Ovens

72

With the Russians During the Advance to the Front

73

Chinese Coolies with Russian Overseer Ready for Work

74

Cossacks Dismounted and Lined Up for Inspection

75

General Herschelmann’s Division of Cavalry at Antung

76

Russian Artillery Advancing Toward the Yalu

77

Russian Cobblers at Work in the Field on Soldiers’ Boots

78

Dinner Time with the Nineteenth Siberian Rifle Corps

79

General Sassulitch and Staff at the Battle of the Yalu

80

Incidents of the Battle of the Yalu

82

The Crossing of the Yalu

83

With the Wounded After the Fight at the Yalu

84

Hospital Corps and Wounded Japanese

85

Japanese Reserves Watching the Battle

86

Artillery Spoils Captured by the Japanese

87

Some of the Wounded Russian Prisoners

88

Japanese Burying a Russian Captain

89

Japanese Transportation Trains and Infantry

90

Fire and Devastation in the Wake of the Retreating Army

91

The Japanese Occupation of Feng-Wang-Cheng

92

English Nurses Sent by the Queen to Inspect the Workings of the Japanese Red Cross

93

Shinto Ceremony Held by the Japanese

94

Feng-Wang-Cheng After the Japanese Occupation

95

Japanese Getting Ready to Push on into Manchuria

96

Recreations of the Japanese Between Battles in Manchuria

97

Japanese Battery Going into Action at Feng-Wang-Cheng

98

With the Japanese Invaders in Manchuria

99

Whiling Away the Time Between Battles

100

Incidents of the Advance from Feng-Wang-Cheng

101

Crossing the So River in the Advance on Liao-Yang

102

General Nishi and His Staff Halting to Study Maps and Scouts’ Reports

103

With the Victorious Japanese at Lienshankwan

104

Arrival of Mail for the Army in the Field

105

Into Manchuria with the Japanese Invaders

106

Kwantei Temple Near Motien Pass

107

Detachment of Japanese Coming Up at the Double-Quick

108

Sharpshooters Covering the Advance

109

Scenes During the Battle of Motienling

110

General Kuroki and His Chief of Staff, Lieutenant-General Fuji, Watching the Fight at Motienling

111

Bringing Wounded Russians to the Dressing Station

112

Russian Red Cross Soldier Wounded at Motien Pass

113

Russian Wounded and Dead at Motien Pass

114

With the Wounded and Captured at Motien Pass

115

Japanese Skirmishers Advancing to Flank the Enemy

116

Prisoners and Captors at Motienling

117

Incidents of the Attempt to Recapture Motien Pass

118

General Okasaki, who Defeated the Russians

119

Field Dressing Station for Those Severely Wounded

120

With the Japanese Advance from the Yalu

121

With the Japanese During the Fighting Near Anping

122

Japanese and Captured Russians in Manchuria

123

Smokeless Batteries Hidden in Fields of Kowliang

124

In the Neighborhood of Towan During the Fighting

125

Difficulties of Campaigning During the Rainy Season

126

Russian Guns Captured at Nanshan Used by the Japanese

127

Along the Line of Battle in the Manchurian Passes

128

Pressing the Russians in the Neighborhood of Liao-Yang

129

With the Japanese on August 30

130

View of the Harbor Entrance of Port Arthur

132

Looking Southward Across the Docks at Port Arthur

133

Scenes Along the Water Front at Port Arthur

134

Naval and Civilian Activity in Port Arthur

135

Russian Warships in the Harbor at Port Arthur

136

Getting Ready for the Japanese on a Russian Warship

137

Russian Ships at Port Arthur

138

Part of Russia’s Fighting Fleet at Port Arthur

139

The Man who Bottled Up Port Arthur, and His Flagship

140

Russian Troops Detraining at Mukden Early in March

142

Mukden when the Japanese were Still Many Miles Away

143

Russians at Mukden on Their Way to the Front

144

With the Russians in Manchuria

145

Passing General Herschelmann’s Division

146

With the Russian Advance in Manchuria

147

In the Field with the Russians in Manchuria

148

General Kuropatkin at the Telescope

149

With the Russians on the Way to the Front

150

General Kuropatkin Inspecting the Staff of the Fourth Army Corps

151

Part of the Movement of Forty Thousand Men

152

Scenes at Liao-Yang on the Arrival of the Russians

153

Courtyard of Rich Manchurian’s House at Liao-Yang

154

When News from the Firing Line Came Back to Those who had not yet Met the Japanese

155

A Disheartened Japanese Spy

156

Russian Battery Getting into Position at Kansuitan

157

One of the Shrewdly Screened Russian Batteries

158

The Sixth East Siberian Regiment Calculating the Range

159

Russian Infantry Marching to Their Position

160

With the Russian Troops Near Haicheng

161

With the Russian Troops During the Engagement with the Japanese in the Neighborhood of Haicheng

162

Battery of the Sixth East Siberian Artillery in Position

163

With the Russian Officers and Fighting Men

164

With the Russian Troops During the Early Campaigning

165

With the Russians at Towan Pass

166

Russian Firing Line Just Before the Battle at Yushuling

167

Japanese Shells Bursting Near the Yushuling Battery

168

Rewards of Valor with Kuropatkin’s Army in Manchuria

169

With the Russian Forces in Manchuria

170

Russian Skirmishers Advancing Against the Japanese

171

With the Tenth Russian Army Corps at Yushuling

172

With the Russian Troops During the Early Campaigning

173

With the Russian Red Cross Service in Manchuria

174

War Balloon and Gas Bag Used by the Russians

175

In the Russian Trenches During the Fighting at Taling

176

Japanese Resting on the Banks of the Tang River

178

On the Last of the Hills, on September Third

179

Searching Out and Burying the Dead

180

Incidents of the Evacuation of Liao-Yang

181

Views of Fortifications and Entanglements

182

Liao-Yang the Morning of Its Occupation by the Japanese

183

The First Entry of the Japanese into Liao-Yang

184

Scenes in Liao-Yang After Its Capture

185

Liao-Yang After Its Occupation by the Japanese Forces

186

Liao-Yang Immediately After the Capture of the City

187

Dr. Westwater, Medical Missionary

188

Dr. Westwater and Rev. T. McNaughton in a Bomb-Proof

188

Operating on Manchurian who had Forty-Seven Wounds

188

Innocent Manchurian Victims of the War

188

Liao-Yang Before and After the Arrival of the Japanese

189

After the Russians Evacuated Liao-Yang

190

Japanese Activity at Liao-Yang

191

Liao-Yang After Oyama’s Armies had Taken the City

192

General Kuroki, Staff, Correspondents, and Attachés

194

Correspondents with the Russian Forces in Manchuria

195

Civilians and Military Attachés with the Russian Forces

196

The Target-Shoot Given for the Military Attachés

197

Military Attachés Firing at a Target-Shoot

198

With the War Correspondents in Korea and Manchuria

199

Attachés and Correspondents with General Kuroki’s Army

200

Scenes During the Fighting Early in October

202

Close to the Firing Line Near Yentai Coal Mines

203

Russian Shells Bursting Close to Japanese Battery

204

Photograph Showing Shrapnel Shells Bursting

204

With the Japanese on October Tenth at the Sha-Ho

205

On the Sha-Ho Battlefield with the Japanese

206

Victors and Vanquished of the Sha-Ho

207

The Aftermath of Battle in the Neighborhood of Yentai

208

Preparing Charcoal for the Army while it was Encamped

209

Winter Quarters with the Japanese Army on the Sha-Ho

210

Japanese Army in December in Camp on the Sha-Ho

211

Between Battles with the Japanese Near the Sha-Ho

212

With the Japanese in Winter Quarters at the Sha-Ho

213

Typical View of Manchurian Peasants

214

Scenes at Newchwang After the Fall of Port Arthur

215

Josses of an Ancient Chinese Temple

216

With the Japanese During the Last Days of the Siege

218

The Great Siege Guns Throwing Eleven-Inch Shells

219

Two of the Great Twenty-eight Centimeter Siege Guns

220

Shells Waiting to be Hurled into Port Arthur

221

Scenes Near Port Arthur During the Long Siege

222

Infantry Hidden by Cornfields and Ravines

223

Japanese Infantry Creeping Through a Cornfield

224

Japanese War Balloon Near Port Arthur

225

General Nogi and His Staff, Conquerors of Port Arthur

226

With the Japanese as They Closed in Around Port Arthur

227

Incidents of the Surrender of Port Arthur

228

One of the Many “Bomb-Proofs” Used by Civilians

229

Engineers’ Stores Set on Fire by Japanese Shells

230

Japanese Shell Bursting in the Basin

231

View of the Old Town After a Bombardment

232

The Price of Victory

233

Russian Dead Awaiting Burial

234

Photographer’s Studio at Port Arthur After it had been Struck by Japanese Shells

235

Views of Port Arthur in October

236

Inside Some of the Russian Forts After the Surrender

237

Scenes at Port Arthur After the Surrender

238–239

Sunken Russian Battleships

240

Harbor of Port Arthur when the Japanese Took Possession

241

Convalescent Russian Sailors and Japanese Nurses

242

Views at Port Arthur and with a Russian Battery on the Hun River

244

Russian Cavalry and Native Horsemen in the Neighborhood of Mukden

245

Muster of One of Kuroki’s Divisions After the Battle of Mukden

246

Mukden Neighborhood Before the Japanese were Near

247

Where Some of the Shells Burst During the Artillery Duels Near Mukden

248

Desolation in the Path of the Japanese Attack

249

Scenes in the Vicinity of Mukden

250

Fighting Ships of Various Classes in Russia’s Baltic Fleet

253

Formidable Fighting Ships of Russia’s Baltic Fleet

254

Four of the Battleships of Russia’s Baltic Fleet

255

The Battleground of the War and the Victorious Progress of the Japanese

256

INTRODUCTION

NICHOLAS II

EMPEROR OF RUSSIA, WORRIED BY THE WAR

The Russo-Japanese War was notable for the fact that, although there were more men on the spot ready to transmit the news to the world than there have been in any other war in modern times, there never has been a war since the days of the telegraph and the professional correspondent the daily news of which the world at large knew so little. There is, therefore, a unique interest in so vivid and comprehensive a pictorial history as that gathered by Collier’s correspondent photographers and presented in the following pages. Practically all the photographs, with the exception of a very few of those depicting scenes in Russia’ and with the Russian forces, were taken originally and exclusively for Collier’s, and they have not appeared elsewhere except by special arrangement and permission. A large number of these photographs have never been printed in Collier’s, and they are published in this book for the first time. Even these were chosen from many hundreds of others, and they represent but a small part of the great mass of photographs which were secured by Collier’s indefatigable representatives at the front. In each weekly issue of Collier’s it was obviously impossible to devote more than a few pages exclusively to war pictures, and in such a small space it is a task of exceeding difficulty to convey to the casual reader any adequate realization of the unique value and the comprehensive extent of Collier’s Russo-Japanese War service. In this book the cumulative effect of many pictures helps to give at least a partial idea of the amount of material gathered by Collier’s correspondents, and it should be further explained that almost every one of the pictures herein reproduced is chosen from perhaps a dozen or score of photographs of similar scenes.

MUTSUHITO

EMPEROR OF JAPAN, WHO BEGAN THE WAR

Since the days of the telegraph and the modern war correspondent, there has never been a war in which the work of the chroniclers was beset with such difficulties. During the early months of hostilities practically all of the correspondents were bottled up in Tokio, chafing at their delay, beseeching this official and that, buying winter outfits only to be compelled to change them for summer equipment, and wasting their energies during this fretful period of uncertainty in the description of conventional phases of Japanese life or of the entertainments given them by their inscrutable hosts of the Japanese war departments. It was only by some rare stroke of forehandedness, daring, or luck, by which he escaped temporarily from the Japanese watchfulness and censorship, that any correspondent was able at this time to do effective work. Of the little army of men who tried to chronicle the war, with pencil or camera, none more really “made good” than Collier’s photographer, James H. Hare. Mr. Hare worked in Tokio before war was declared, and he followed Kuroki’s army from its landing in Korea through the Yalu campaign and until the battle of the Sha-Ho. Mr. Hare is a specialist not in any sense a “button-pusher,” as he calls the amateur who carries a camera as an incidental. “When we stood on the heights of Wiju,” wrote Collier’s correspondent, Frederick Palmer, “the soldiers appeared only as the veriest specks to a camera lens. Jimmy wanted to see the charge as much as the rest of us. But the detail had to be shown and the photographer must be near the detail, so Jimmy slipped away when the censor wasn’t looking. I wonder if those who saw the realistic pictures of the groups of wounded around the hospital tents at the Yalu realized at all what they cost this little man, who is nearing his fiftieth year. He was the first of the correspondents’ corps to cross the river. He trudged through miles of sand up to his knees. His pony was worn out; his weary servant promptly resigned. But Jimmy himself was up the next morning at daybreak, ill and pale, developing the first photographs of the army at the front to be published.”

VICE-ADMIRAL ALEXIEFF

RUSSIAN VICEROY IN THE FAR EAST

MARQUIS ITO HIROBUMI

JAPAN’S GREATEST LIVING STATESMAN

Another of Collier’s photographers, Robert L. Dunn, was sent to Chemulpo before hostilities broke out and “beat” the newspaper and periodical world with his pictures of the first battle of the war and the landing of Japanese troops. The greater portion of the Russian pictures were taken by Victor K. Bulla, whose work in this country was controlled exclusively by Collier’s. Dozens of photographs which the reader may survey at his ease were taken only after long marches over frozen and wind-swept country. Films were developed in the field with the help of Korean coolies or Japanese commissary officers, and they reached Collier’s office only after being carried scores and perhaps hundreds of miles by coolie runners through a country where a mail service was unknown. Every one of the photographs printed in this book represents an outlay of time, energy, and money of which the uninitiated reader can have only a slight understanding.

CHAPTER I

THE CAUSES OF THE RUSSO-JAPANESE WAR

The war between Russia and Japan was a fight for disputed territory. Its immediate cause was the failure of the two nations to agree on the relation which each should maintain toward Korea and Manchuria. The underlying cause of the struggle was the mighty clash that was bound to come when those measures which Japan believed were necessary to her self-existence met the glacier-like progress of Russia eastward toward the Pacific. Through nearly three centuries the Russian Empire had advanced from the Ural Mountains to outposts and outlets on the Pacific Coast. Her mighty plans met no serious check until they came athwart the ambitions and policy of the modernized Japan, which saw in this alleged expansion for industrial development a menace to her integrity as a kingdom. Korea, a buffer between these two powers, became involved in the dispute by the results of the war between Japan and China in 1894. The intervention of the European Powers in the terms of treaty settlement robbed Japan of her chief spoil, the Liaotung Peninsula, whose stronghold was Port Arthur. Russia, Germany, and France intimated that Japanese occupation of this base must be regarded as a permanent threat to the independence of China and Korea. Three years later, Russia began to fortify Port Arthur, on the pretext that German acquisition of Kiaochau would otherwise disturb the balance of power in North China.

The Boxer outbreak of 1900 furnished Russia reasons for vastly increasing her military strength in Manchuria, to safeguard her railway across Siberia and her rapidly expanding commercial and colonization interests. Promises were made, and broken, that Manchuria would be evacuated and restored to Chinese control as soon as peaceful conditions were resumed in accordance with the joint agreements of the powers that the integrity of China should be preserved. When it became certain that Russia had no intention of loosening her grip on Manchuria, the Japanese Government proposed a conference, in July of 1903, for the purpose of assuring the lasting peace of Eastern Asia, by agreeing upon a working basis for settlement of the points at issue with Russia. Japan wished guarantees of the territorial integrity of China and Korea, and the “open door” in both countries for commercial opportunity. Russia replied that she was ready to recognize the rights of Japan as the predominating influence in Korea, but refused to discuss further pledges regarding the future of China and Manchuria. The Russian attitude was influenced most strongly by the facts that Russia wanted an outlet to the Pacific, and that the outlay of three hundred million dollars in Manchuria, to make that province both Russian and prosperous, called for some tangible return. Japan refused to consider herself outside the sphere of active interest in Manchuria, and negotiations came to a deadlock early in 1904.

On January 4, Japanese advices said that a conflict with Russia was inevitable, that the newspapers were urging the opening of hostilities, and that the Government was massing troops ready to embark on transports. The diplomats in St. Petersburg were delaying over the final reply to the Japanese note and were not expecting war, according to their assurances.

TYPICAL STREET SCENE IN RUSSIA’S CAPITAL CITY

This photograph represents a procession leaving St. Catherine’s Church, in St. Petersburg, to

go down to the Neva to bless the river waters, an example of that picturesque mediaevalism

which survives in so many forms, and as such a real part of the everyday life of the people

During the following week, Russia was hurrying troops toward the frontier and buying horses, while the Argentine cruisers, Nisshin and Kasuga, bought by Japan, were making ready to leave Genoa with rush orders to proceed to Yokohama. Meantime, the negotiations were continued with proposals and counter-proposals that made no progress.

On January 13, a conference before the Throne in Tokio decided upon the final terms to be sent to Russia, the only conditions which could avert war. Russia started two divisions of troops over the Trans-Siberian Railway to China, an obvious war measure. Two days later two transports crowded with Russian troops for the Far East sailed through the Bosphorus. Russia asked Turkey for permission to send the Black Sea fleet through the Dardanelles, and Lord Lansdowne said that such action would be considered a breach of treaty in which Great Britain could not acquiesce.

There was a lull of nearly two weeks, while Tokio fretted over the delay of the Russian reply. Japan adopted plans for raising seventy-five million dollars of an emergency war fund.

The long-drawn tension of January ended with a pretence of negotiations oscillating between Tokio and St. Petersburg, but by this time the pursuits of diplomacy had become a farce, and both nations were making all possible preparations for a long struggle at arms. Although the Russian ultimatum had not been officially delivered, its contents were forecasted, and it was known that Japan’s final demands had been evaded. On February 2, the mobilization of the Manchurian reserves was announced, and on the next day a semi-official despatch from Vladivostok reported that the Russian squadron there had been stripped for action, and that the ships in the harbor of Port Arthur had joined those in the outer roadstead to unite the fighting strength for aggressive action. The Russian General Staff granted to Alexieff the right to declare war. Nearly a week before the first blow was struck, it was seen that the prolonged tension had reached the breaking point. At one of the last Cabinet conferences in Tokio hope of peace was abandoned, for the reason that, while Russia was unreasonably delaying her reply to the last Japanese note, she was daily increasing her warlike activities. It was known in advance that while Russia partly conceded the demands of Japan regarding Korea, important reservations were made, and that as regards Manchuria the reply would refuse to place on record recognition of the sovereignty of China, or even to discuss that question with Japan.

Japanese residents were told to leave Vladivostok, and 20,000 Russian troops were moving with the view of occupying Northern Korea. Japan continued extraordinary preparations for instant action, but the plans of her army and navy were so carefully guarded that no news of them was published up to the day war was declared by the first overt act.

AN EVERYDAY SCENE IN ONE OF THE LARGE CITIES OF JAPAN

These are the little people whose surface daintiness covers a martial spirit more truly Spartan

than that manifested by any other nation of the modern world. This street, gay with Japanese

flags, is the “Isezakicho,” which has sometimes been called the Bowery of Yokohama

On Saturday, February 6, the Russian note was already in the hands of Baron de Rosen, the Russian Minister at Tokio, for delivery to Baron Komura, the Japanese Foreign Minister, when at four o’clock in the afternoon, M. Kurino, the Japanese Minister at St. Petersburg, called personally to inform the Russian Government that, in view of the delays in connection with the Russian replies, and the obvious futility of the negotiations, Japan considered it useless to continue diplomatic relations. Japan would take such steps as she deemed proper for the protection of her interests, therefore M. Kurino asked for his passports. The Russian Minister, a few hours later, prepared to leave Tokio as soon as possible.

The startling action of Japan, in severing diplomatic relations before the actual delivery of the Russian note, came like a bolt from a clear sky at St. Petersburg. It was expected that Japan would invade Korea and seek a naval battle within the next twenty-four hours. This was an accurate surmise, for in even less time forty Japanese transports were loaded with troops to be landed at various points in Southern and Central Korea. One naval division sailed from Japanese waters for Chemulpo, and another for Port Arthur, as soon as the news that there could be no peace was sent by wireless telegraphy to the waiting ships.

In the afternoon of February 8 a fleet of Japanese transports, escorted by a squadron of battleships and powerful cruisers, appeared off the harbor of Chemulpo. The Russian gunboat Korietz, on its way to Port Arthur with despatches, sighted the hostile craft; the commander cleared for action, fired a shot at the Japanese torpedo scouts, then returned at full speed to shelter near the Russian cruiser Variag, inside the Korean harbor. This proved to be the first shot of the war, and was so claimed by the Japanese when accused of attacking Port Arthur without formal declaration of war later in the same day. Early on the morning of February 9, Admiral Uriu, commander of the Japanese fleet, notified the two Russians that they must surrender or leave the harbor by noon, else he would attack them where they lay. The Russians did not surrender, but sailed out of the bay, with bands playing, to certain destruction. By four o’clock that afternoon the Variag and the Korietz were at the bottom of Chemulpo Harbor, and the war was on.

The man who judges things by weight, bulk, and dollars may well wonder at Japanese temerity. To Japan, with her 147,000 square miles, the annexation of Korea, with 82,000 square miles, meant what the annexation of Mexico would to the United States. To Russia, with her 8,666,000 square miles, it meant less than Southern California to us. Russia’s population was 140,000,000; Japan’s 44,000,000. On a peace footing the Russian army had 1,000,000 officers and men; the Japanese, 175,000. On a war footing, the Russian 4,600,000 and the Japanese 675,000.

Russia is the Christian nation which has been slowest in development. Mentally, she is just out of the Dark Ages, equipped with the mechanical progress of modern times. Japan is the pagan nation which has been foremost in adopting the worldly essentials of a civilization which is Christian in its origin. Russia is a union of nomadic races, but lately ushered into feudalism, which have, in turn, conquered many other races. Japan has had a stable, organized government longer than England, and the Japanese were a free people when the Saxons were the serfs of the Normans. The Czar is a pope; the Mikado divinity itself. If the Jews were still a nation and a descendant of Moses were their king, he would mean to them what the Mikado means to the Japanese. For all the centuries of the nation’s existence the Japanese had known no acquisition of territory. The Russians have lived by this.

RECRUITS GOING THROUGH FIRING DRILL WITHOUT RIFLES

INFANTRY DRILLING IN HEAVY MARCHING ORDER

SOLDIERS LEARNING HOW TO CARRY WOUNDED COMRADES

RIFLE PRACTICE ON THE PARADE GROUND

JAPANESE TROOPS PREPARING FOR WAR

These photographs were taken on the parade ground at the Oyama Barracks in Tokio just before the outbreak of the war. Japan had already been practically on a war footing for months, and the busy work of preparation here suggested was typical of the spirit that prevailed throughout the nation and brought Japan’s army to a state of preparedness perhaps never before duplicated in the history of war.

LEARNING HOW TO JUMP

PRACTICING THE SABRE THRUST

CAVALRY RECRUIT LEARNING TO RIDE WITHOUT STIRRUPS OR BRIDLE

TRAINING JAPANESE CAVALRYMEN AT THE TOKIO BARRACKS

The Japanese cavalry was the weakest branch of the service. The Japanese are not natural horsemen, and both the men and their mounts were inferior, in a military sense, to the other branches of the service. The horses were scrubby little beasts with neither speed nor tractability. The trooper whose mount finally succeeded in clearing the bar shown above thought the feat very remarkable

CHANGING GUARD AT THE OYAMA BARRACKS IN TOKIO

SWAPPING STORIES IN THE GUARD HOUSE AT OYAMA BARRACKS

In spite of his inscrutable manner the Japanese soldier when with a crowd of his comrades becomes almost as loquacious as the typical regular of other countries. In the Oyama Barracks, where this photograph was taken, a large number of troops were quartered ready to be rushed to the front as soon as hostilities were declared

CLEANING AND OILING RIFLES IN PREPARATION FOR WAR

DEPARTURE OF BARON ROSEN, THE RUSSIAN MINISTER, FROM YOKOHAMA

On the breaking off of diplomatic relations the Russian Minister took passage for Marseilles on the French steamship “Yarra.” He left Yokohama on February 12, when war had actually been begun by the actions at Chemulpo and Port Arthur. The French and Belgian Ministers and attaches and a few other friends from the diplomatic circle accompanied him to the dock to bid him farewell

MINISTER PAVLOV LEAVING LEGATION UNDER ESCORT

REPRESENTATIVES OF NEUTRAL POWERS TALKING WITH M. PAVLOV AT THE WHARF

RUSSIAN MINISTER TO KOREA DEPARTING FROM SEOUL

NEWSPAPER BULLETINS ON THE CHEMULPO BATTLE IN THE MAIN STREET OF TOKIO

PATRIOTIC CITIZENS STANDING IN THE RAIN WAITING THEIR TURN TO ENLIST

BUILDING TEMPORARY STABLES IN TOKIO IMMEDIATELY FOLLOWING THE DECLARATION OF WAR

ENLISTED TROOPS, NEWLY ARRIVED IN TOKIO, WAITING THEIR TURN TO BE FITTED OUT

IN HEAVY MARCHING ORDER READY TO DEPART

TROOPS BILLETED AT PRIVATE HOUSES IN TOKIO

MOBILIZATION OF TROOPS IN TOKIO AT THE OUTBREAK OF WAR

TROOPS MARCHING TO STATION THROUGH THE STREETS OF TOKIO

ENTRAINING AT THE SHIMBASHI STATION, TOKIO

JAPANESE CAVALRYMEN ABOUT TO TAKE THE TRAIN

TROOPS ASSEMBLING IN STREETS NEAR THE STATION

INDUCING A FRACTIOUS CAVALRY HORSE TO BOARD THE TRAIN

DEPARTURE OF JAPANESE TROOPS FOR KOREA

EXAMINING CAVALRY HORSES AFTER ARRIVAL AT HIROSHIMA

UNLOADING THE LIGHT PORTABLE TRANSPORT CARTS

UNLOADING CAVALRY HORSES FROM BOX CARS

TRANSPORT CARTS LOADED WITH SUPPLIES

JAPANESE TROOPS DETRAINING AT HIROSHIMA

At Hiroshima the troops were detrained for the port of Ujina, whence a large part of the Japanese forces were embarked for Korea. Many of the cavalry horses were injured during their railroad journey by kicking each other or their stalls. The light “collapsable” carts shown here were one of the features of the mobile Japanese equipment. They kept pace with the marching column

JAPANESE CAVALRYMEN IN RAILWAY CARRIAGE

TROOPERS IN CHARGE OF CARS CONTAINING HORSES

OFFICERS IN COMMAND OF CAVALRY REGIMENT

CAVALRY TRAIN LEAVING SHIMBASHI STATION

MEN OF THE ARMY SERVICE CORPS READY TO ENTRAIN

“SAYONARA!”—GOOD-BY

It was not until the troops had been departing from Tokio for several days that the general populace showed any such resemblance to Occidental enthusiasm as this. When some of the members of the staff left Tokio, they awakened and behaved like any other crowd at such a time. They shouted good-bys and the band, in a quaint imitation of Western customs, played “Auld Lang Syne”

FIFTH DIVISION ENGINEERS STUDYING PLANS

FIRST SECTION FINISHED SHOWING MANNER OF CONSTRUCTION WITH TIMBER AND ROPES

PUSHING THE FIRST STAGING OUT INTO THE RIVER

ENGINEERS AT HIROSHIMA PRACTICING BUILDING BRIDGES LIKE THOSE USED AT THE YALU

BRIDGE AT HIROSHIMA READY FOR THE PONTOONS

The bridges used at the Yalu were all planned and constructed in practice in Japan long before war was declared. After being built they were taken apart, carried along with the rest of the equipment, and put together when the time came. The Japanese engineers had complete maps and measurements of the streams in Manchuria, so that they always knew just what difficulties were to be met

“TIKOKU BANZAI!”—“LONG LIVE THE EMPIRE!”

Enthusiasm at Kobe upon the departure of a troop train for Ugina, a port of embarkation for Korea. On leaving for the front the Japanese soldier suppressed all emotions of sorrow. Not to be impassive was unmanly. It was only at such times as this that the collective enthusiasm showed itself, and it was not until a number of trains had passed en route for the front that it awoke.

CHAPTER II

THE FIRST BATTLES OF THE WAR

It was on the night of February 8, 1904, that all hope of a peaceful solution of the Russo-Japanese entanglement was blown to the winds by the startling attack of Admiral Togo’s torpedo-boats on the Russian fleet at Port Arthur. The Russians were quite unready for so swift an onslaught; many officers were on shore, while the lookouts and scouting service were scarcely more vigilant than in time of peace. The Japanese torpedo flotilla sped in among the close-huddled battleships, launched their missiles, and were scurrying to sea before the Russian crews began to repel the attack. The first-class battleships “Retvizan” and “Czarevitch” and the cruiser “Pallada” were so badly injured that they had to be beached. The Japanese fleet returned the next day and bombarded the Russian ships and forts. In this attack the battleship “Poltava,” and the cruisers “Diana,” “Novik,” and “Askold” were temporarily disabled.

Before the news of the battle of Port Arthur had fairly reached the eyes of the Western world came the more tragic story of the destruction of the “Variag” and the “Korietz” in Chemulpo Harbor. Admiral Uriu, commanding six Japanese battleships, six cruisers, and twelve torpedo craft, appeared off Chemulpo and demanded the surrender of the two Russian ships. Captain Behr of the “Variag” and Captain Roudnoff of the “Korietz” refused to surrender, and on the morning of February 9, the “Variag,” with bands playing, steamed out of the harbor to meet the hopeless odds. She met the Japanese fleet eight miles out, the enemy using long-range 12-inch guns, and pounding away at distances which made the “Variag’s” batteries harmless. Ten large projectiles riddled the cruiser, and in fifty minutes not a gun could be worked, the ship was on fire, engines crippled, and 109 officers and men of a complement of 540 lay dead and wounded on the decks. The “Variag” crept back into port, her crew was removed to the British cruiser “Talbot” and the French cruiser “Pascal,” and she was set on fire. Three hours later, the “Variag,” after only eighteen months’ service, was at the bottom, a shattered and blackened mass of steel. The “Korietz” was a slow gunboat of only 1,200 tons, mounting one 6-inch gun and two 8-inch guns, with no armor protection. She was untouched, but after the fight her commander decided to destroy his ship, because Admiral Uriu had promised to renew the attack at four in the afternoon. Precisely at four o’clock, two deafening explosions came from the “Korietz.” As the smoke cleared, where the “Korietz” had been, only bits of wreckage and about four feet of her funnel could be seen.

On the day after the Russian ships had been destroyed a division of the Japanese army was thrown ashore at Chemulpo. The landing was made in perfect order. The army was dependent for nothing upon the port. A large force was sent to occupy Seoul, and within two days Japan was in complete control of the most advantageous strategic bases of Korea.

THE RUSSIAN SHIPS AT CHEMULPO BEFORE THE BATTLE

THE RUSSIAN GUNBOAT “KORIETZ” AT THE MOMENT OF THE EXPLOSION

THE RUSSIAN CRUISER “VARIAG” ON FIRE AT CHEMULPO

DESTRUCTION OF THE “VARIAG” AND “KORIETZ” IN THE HARBOR OF CHEMULPO

FUNNEL OF THE GUNBOAT “KORIETZ”

TOPMASTS OF THE CRUISER “VARIAG”

WRECKS OF THE RUSSIAN WARSHIPS IN CHUMULPO HARBOR

JAPANESE SALVAGE CORPS WORKING ON THE WRECK OF THE “VARIAG” AT CHEMULPO

THE NIGHT LANDING OF THE JAPANESE TROOPS AT CHEMULPO

All through the night of February 9 boatloads of these little soldiers, with their inscrutable, unimpassioned faces, were landed in the snow on the Korean shore. This landing was one of the first proofs the Western world had of the wonderful preparedness of the soldiers of the Mikado. In spite of the darkness, fitfully punctuated by blazing torches, fires, and braziers, the task went on like clockwork

COOLIES HANDLING JAPANESE SUPPLIES AFTER THE LANDING AT CHEMULPO

MRS. PAVLOV, WIFE OF THE RUSSIAN MINISTER TO KOREA, AT THE SEOUL RAILWAY STATION

DR. H. N. ALLEN, UNITED STATES MINISTER TO KOREA

Mrs. Pavlov, the wife of the Russian Minister, is a cousin of the Countess Cassini. When the Minister was invited to leave on the arrival of the Japanese, she was accompanied to the station not only by the Japanese guard, but by all the gallant young men of the diplomatic circle. Dr. Allen, the United States Minister, is shown standing at the door of the Legation at Seoul

KOREAN SENTRY AT SEOUL

BRINGING LANDING STAGES ASHORE AT CHEMULPO

PACKING HORSES WITH BAGGAGE KITS AT CHEMULPO

THE JAPANESE ADVANCE THROUGH KOREA

UNITED STATES MARINES NEAR THE LEGATION AT SEOUL

SAPPERS AND MINERS STARTING FOR NORTHERN KOREA

JAPANESE INFANTRY MARCHING THROUGH THE MAIN STREET OF SEOUL

THE JAPANESE OCCUPATION OF SEOUL

JAPANESE TROOPS WAITING TO CROSS THE RIVER AT PING-YANG

KOREANS WATCHING FROM THE GREAT GATE THE ENTRY OF THE JAPANESE AT SEOUL

COMMISSARY TENTS IN THE JAPANESE CAMP AT CHEMULPO

EXTERIOR OF THE HOSPITAL BUILDING, RED CROSS FLAGS OVER THE GATE

JAPANESE RED CROSS NURSE ATTENDING RUSSIAN SAILORS WOUNDED IN THE BATTLE OF FEBRUARY 9

THE JAPANESE RED CROSS HOSPITAL AT CHEMULPO

As soon as the Japanese landed after the battle between the warships in Chemulpo Harbor, a hospital was improvised and the more dangerously wounded Russians brought ashore from the foreign battleships, where they had been cared for temporarily, and nursed by the Japanese Red Cross service. As a mark of appreciation Russia contributed 2,000 yen ($1,000) to the Japanese branch of the Red Cross]

CHAPTER III

RUSSIAN PREPARATIONS FOR WAR

Not only were the available Russian forces ill prepared for meeting the agile and ready Japanese, not only was their equipment ponderous and unwieldy, their knowledge of the strategic difficulties and advantages of the country in which the fighting was to be done scant and inaccurate, but the big fact which put Russia at a disadvantage during the early months of the war was the immense distance between her military bases and the front. Across the trackless wastes of Siberia the only path was a single-track railroad—a line of communication none too well equipped in times of peace, and open to complete and immediate disablement should the enemy succeed in cutting it at any point along a comparatively vulnerable stretch of many hundreds of miles. By sea—that is to say, by the way of the Mediterranean, the Suez Canal, and the route round the southern coast of Asia—Russian ships and soldiers were over 12,000 miles, or about fifty-one days, away from the seat of hostilities. When to these material difficulties were added the dissensions, jealousies, and shifting policies of St. Petersburg, the effective strength of Russia in these early days of the war could in no way be measured by her vast extent and apparently illimitable power.

In Japan, on the other hand, preparedness was the keynote of the situation. Although nominally at peace, Japan had been practically on a war footing for months, yet so secretly was this preparation made that even after war was declared a casual and incurious visitor in Tokio would have seen little to indicate that he was in one of the great military centres of the world, and that all round and about him was being planned one of the greatest struggles of modern times.

The results of this preparedness were vividly enough shown when the “Variag” and the “Korietz” were sunk in Chemulpo Harbor, before the world was really aware that war was seriously intended and inevitable. They were no less convincingly demonstrated by the perfection of the Japanese field equipment, and by the almost microscopic exactness with which every possible contingency had been foreseen and provided for. Ever since their war with China the Japanese had been perfecting their military organization, as though the coming war with Russia were a certainty. They had military maps of every nook and corner of Korea and Manchuria; they had spies working as coolies on the Russian railroads, and in Russian ports and shipyards; they had their light equipment especially adapted for the heavy Manchurian roads. Their baggage was so arranged and distributed that it made compact cube-shaped bundles which could be packed like so many building blocks, or made into easily carried packs for coolies. The collapsable boats with which a pontoon bridge was thrown across the Yalu were made for that special purpose months before, when the Korean peninsula was yet to be invaded. In fact, the whole early part of the war was an almost grotesque struggle between preparedness and unpreparedness, extreme mobility and clodhopping heaviness, cleverness and stupidity.

RUSSIAN LADIES SEWING FOR THE RED CROSS IN THE PALACE OF THE GRAND DUKE VLADIMIR

Under the auspices of the Grand Duchess Maria Pavlovna, a circle of titled ladies met regularly at the Grand Ducal residence to sew for the men at the front. The Grand Duchess herself equipped and sent to the front an entire train fitted out for hospital purposes. At the Winter Palace the Czarina sewed with nearly a thousand ladies and the Dowager Empress presided over another sewing circle

WITH THE RUSSIAN ARMY ON ITS MARCH TO THE FRONT

A division of regular troops mobilizing in Southeastern Russia for transportation northward. The infantry regiments may be seen marching along the main road, while the artillery and transport wagons are moving up in the middle distance. A large body of cavalry, half hidden in dust clouds, is visible near the horizon. These troops were among the first mobilized

THE CZAR OF RUSSIA AND HIS FAMILY

THE CHRISTENING PROCESSION FOR THE CZAREVITCH

CHILDREN OF THE CZAR AT A MILITARY REVIEW

THE AUTOCRAT OF RUSSIA AND THE ROYAL FAMILY

THE CZAR LEAVING THE WINTER PALACE TO BID FAREWELL TO TROOPS STARTING FOR THE FRONT

The most sorrowful figure in the Russian Court at the beginning of the war was the Autocrat from whom all the Muscovite power and splendor radiated. Helpless among the cliques of the bureaucracy, he knew not what course to pursue and was beset with apprehensions not only of the fidelity of those about him, but for the safety of his own life

DEPARTURE OF RED CROSS NURSES FROM ST. PETERSBURG FOR THE FRONT

THE CZAR REVIEWING AN INFANTRY REGIMENT ON ITS DEPARTURE FOR THE FRONT

PROCESSION IN HONOR OF THE CHEMULPO SAILORS MARCHING TO THE WINTER PALACE

The Russian sailors were treated as heroes wherever they went after their return from the disastrous engagement at Chemulpo. There were fêtes and processions in their honor at Odessa, Moscow, and St. Petersburg. A banquet was held at St. Petersburg, the officers received costly mementos and the sailors souvenirs and money rewards. The welcome was like that given to a victorious army

TWENTY-THIRD ARTILLERY BRIGADE ABOUT TO LEAVE GATCHINA FOR THE FRONT

THE CZAR BIDDING FAREWELL TO COMMANDERS ABOUT TO LEAVE FOR THE FRONT

GRAND DUKE ALEXANDROVITCH LEADING HIS MARINES IN REVIEW BEFORE THE CZAR PREVIOUS TO LEAVING ST. PETERSBURG

CAPTAIN VIEDUSTOIPE OF AUSTRIA AND HIS WIFE SURROUNDED BY RUSSIAN OFFICERS

ASCENT OF RUSSIAN BALLOON WITH GENERAL WARINOWSKY IN THE CAR

INTERNATIONAL BALLOON CONTEST AT ST. PETERSBURG

CHAPTER IV

WITH THE JAPANESE IN KOREA

Having secured a safe landing-place at Chemulpo, Japan poured troops into Korea and along the old Peking Road through Seoul to Ping-Yang and on to the northward toward the Yalu. Russia abandoned all hope of effective aggression by sea with her crippled fleet, and, except for the elusive Vladivostok squadron of four powerful cruisers, Japan was free to rush her troops into Korea. Russia bent all her energies toward hurrying her levies and supplies into Manchuria. Seoul was occupied and the Russian minister invited to leave. He complied at once.

Moving at the rapid pace of from fifteen to twenty-five miles a day, the mobile Japanese pushed on to Ping-Yang. No opposition was met with, the native Koreans staring dumbly at the invaders without much curiosity and with no desire to make resistance. The march from Seoul to Ping-Yang was made along the ancient road to Peking, which was a quagmire most of the distance, crowded with cavalry, infantry, pack-trains, bullock-carts, and long trains of white-clad natives burdened with bags of provisions, plodding knee-deep through slush and mud. Half-frozen at night, stumbling and slipping all day, each soldier carrying sixty pounds of equipment, this infantry column swept along at a speed of from fifteen to twenty-five miles a day. That such speed was possible was due to the lightness of the Japanese baggage and wagon equipment, which had been specially prepared for the heavy Korean and Manchurian roads.

It was apparent even to casual observers that immense military operations were under way, yet the civilized world was wholly in ignorance of their scope or direction. On February 15, for example, scores of crowded transports were leaving the Japanese naval bases, and a small army of alert correspondents from the world over could only guess whether these thousands of troops were going to Korea, to the Yalu region, or within a hundred miles of the Liaotung Peninsula. While the Japanese troops were pushing northward, the advance guard of the Russian army crossed the Yalu into Korean territory and occupied Wiju. The Russian headquarters were established at Harbin, the chief strategic centre of railway communication in inland Manchuria.

Chenampo is one hundred and thirty miles north of Chemulpo on Korea Bay, and correspondingly nearer to the Yalu. Early in April, after the troops which had landed at Chemulpo two months before had completed their arduous march northward through the Korean Peninsula, and had captured the town of Wiju, on the east bank of the Yalu River, what was known as the main army, under General Kuroki, landed from transports at Chenampo. The success of the advance column had given the Japanese control of the mouth of the Yalu before Kuroki began to mobilize his co-operating columns, and two forces were thus ready by the end of April to force the passage of the Yalu and fight their way into Manchuria.

LANDING THE MEN WHO FOUGHT AT THE YALU

The Japanese troops were ferried from the transports to the shore at Chenampo in heavy, blunt-nosed sampans. These sampans are sculled from the stern ordinarily with huge sweeps. The boatmen can be seen over the heads of the seated soldiers, standing over their sweeps like gondoliers. At Chenampo the sampans were in most cases lashed together in groups of three or four and towed by tugs

ARTILLERYMEN IN HEAVY MARCHING ORDER LANDING AT CHENAMPO

JAPANESE BLUEJACKETS COMING ASHORE AT CHENAMPO

GROOMING CAVALRY HORSES AT CHENAMPO AFTER LANDING THEM FROM TRANSPORTS

JAPANESE TROOPERS CARING FOR A SICK HORSE

KOREANS AND JAPANESE SALESMAN AT CHENAMPO

The lone Japanese pedler is shown at lower right-hand corner of the picture sitting behind his wares. The men at the left of the picture are not armless, as it might appear, but have their arms inside their kimonos, as is their habit on cold days. The march of the Japanese through their country and the whole excitement of war stirred the placid Koreans to little more unrest than they show here

KOREAN COOLIES CARRYING RICE AND BEEF FOR JAPANESE ARMY

BRINGING LUMBER INTO WIJU FOR BRIDGING THE YALU

COLLIER’S PHOTOGRAPHER AND COOLIES WITH MILITARY BICYCLES

JAPANESE EXTINGUISHING FIRE CAUSED BY RUSSIAN SHRAPNEL

WITH THE JAPANESE ON THE ADVANCE TO THE YALU

SCREENS WHICH HID THE MOVEMENTS OF THE JAPANESE

General Kuroki not only misled the Russians as to the point at which he would probably cross the Yalu, but masked the march of his forces to the point north of the Wiju, where the crossing was made, by these grass screens and by marching behind hills. The Russians knew that some movement was going on, but could not make out the extent of it

GENERAL KUROKI AND HIS STAFF AT THEIR FIELD HEADQUARTERS IN ANTUNG

On the left of General Kuroki sits General Fuji, his chief of staff, on the right Prince Kuni. Next to Prince Kuni is Colonel Hageno, the Russian scholar of the staff. One of Kuroki’s absolute prohibitions to correspondents was the mention either of the general’s name or of the place from which they wrote, lest news of the army’s location should be brought to the Russians

CHAPTER V

THE RUSSIAN ADVANCE TO THE FRONT

The supreme difficulty under which Russia labored during the early months of the war was the enormous distance from her military base to the battle front. The only line of land communication between Russia and Manchuria was the single-track Siberian railroad, and when war began this line was broken by the ice-locked Lake Baikal. Russia had need of 300,000 men in Manchuria as soon as they could be rushed there, and with Lake Baikal frozen to the depth of nine feet, less than four thousand and more often not more than one thousand men could cross it in a day.

Lake Baikal, this weakest link of a very weak chain, is the largest body of fresh water in the Old World, except the Victoria Nyanza in Africa. It is nearly 15,000 square miles in extent, and therefore inferior only to Superior and Huron among the great American lakes. It is 600 versts long, with a width varying from 27 to 85 versts. It is 3,185 feet deep. The railroad was broken by the southern end of this lake, where it is about 40 miles wide. This is the gap that disastrously impairs the utility of the Trans-Siberian for the moving of troops and war supplies to the Manchurian and Korean frontier.

The lake begins to freeze in November, is completely ice-bound by the middle of December, remaining so for five months. The ice freezes to a thickness of nine feet, which would make sledge traffic perfect, were it not for the fact that wide fissures break its surface, which have a way of frequently closing up and piling the ice high into impassable windrows. These crevices have a width of three to six feet, and are often more than a verst in length, forming a serious impediment to progress on the ice and rendering next to impossible the marching of troops across the lake or the safe sledging of supplies. A thunderous crash, as of an explosion, marks the forming of the crevice, followed by a long, rolling reverberation. The rift instantly fills with water to the level of the ice, and is so agitated at the surface by currents or other forces that eight to fourteen days are required for it to freeze over, when the operation of cracking begins anew, and is repeated throughout the coldest portion of the winter.

The obvious solution to this difficulty was to build a railroad round the end of the lake, a detour of nearly 150 miles, and necessitating the construction of four tunnels. This was out of the question. A powerful ice-crusher, the “Baikal,” modeled after the ice-crushers successfully used in the Straits of Mackinac, had been built. She could break ice four feet thick, but on the nine-foot ice of the Russian inland sea she made no successful impression. The result was that a line of track had to be laid across the lake, and that before this was completed the troops had to be marched across the forty-mile stretch of wind-swept ice, while their supplies and baggage had to be dragged after them in sledges. Many of the men, wandering on to treacherous ice, were drowned; many were frost-bitten, and all suffered extremely from the arduous labor of the march and the bitter cold.

UNLOADING ARMY TRANSPORT WAGONS AT THE LAKE

OFFICERS CROSSING THE ICE IN RUSSIAN SLEDGES

DETACHMENT OF INFANTRY STOPPING FOR A MEAL OF HOT SOUP WHILE ON THE MARCH

RUSSIANS CROSSING LAKE BAIKAL IN MIDWINTER

RUSSIAN CAVALRY CROSSING LAKE BAIKAL

RUSSIAN CAVALRY READY TO CROSS THE LAKE

DRAGGING FREIGHT CARS ACROSS THE ICE

MOUNTED COSSACKS AT LAKE BAIKAL

WITH THE RUSSIAN FORCES ON THEIR WAY TO THE FRONT

ARTILLERY CAISSONS AND SLEDGES ABOUT TO CROSS LAKE BAIKAL

RUSSIAN SOLDIERS MARCHING ACROSS FROZEN LAKE BAIKAL

RUSSIAN INFANTRY WARMING UP WITH HOT TEA BEFORE STARTING ACROSS LAKE BAIKAL

A “PEKING CAR,” THE MOST LUXURIOUS METHOD OF TRAVELING

TYPICAL RUSSIAN INFANTRYMEN IN HEAVY MARCHING ORDER

DETACHMENT OF RUSSIAN INFANTRY ENTERING NEWCHWANG

RUSSIAN SOLDIERS SWINGING THROUGH THE STREETS OF MUKDEN

THE RUSSIAN ADVANCE TO THE FRONT

THE TRAVELING SOUP KITCHEN AND SOUP-KETTLE OVENS USED BY THE RUSSIANS

THE ENTRY OF THE RUSSIAN FORCES INTO NEWCHWANG

RUSSIAN INFANTRY, IN SUMMER UNIFORMS, MARCHING THROUGH LIAO-YANG

RUSSIAN TROOPS ENTERING YINKOW EARLY IN APRIL

WITH THE RUSSIANS DURING THE EARLY ADVANCE TO THE FRONT

CHINESE COOLIES WITH RUSSIAN OVERSEER READY FOR WORK

SQUAD OF COSSACKS DISMOUNTED AND LINED UP FOR INSPECTION

GENERAL HERSCHELMANN’S DIVISION OF RUSSIAN CAVALRY AT ANTUNG

RUSSIAN ARTILLERY ADVANCING TOWARD THE YALU

RUSSIAN COBBLERS AT WORK IN THE FIELD ON SOLDIERS’ BOOTS

DINNER TIME WITH THE NINETEENTH EAST SIBERIAN RIFLE CORPS

GENERAL SASSULITCH AND STAFF IN COMMAND AT THE BATTLE OF THE YALU

CHAPTER VI

THE BATTLE OF THE YALU AND THE JAPANESE ADVANCE

The battle of the Yalu was the first great land action of the Russo-Japanese War. The Russians were outnumbered by their opponents, but they were also outwitted and outmanœuvred, and the result was an overwhelming victory for the Japanese. In the crossing of the Yalu the Japanese exhibited the decided superiority of their shell-fire, they accomplished the brilliant strategic feat of crossing a river in the face of an intrenched enemy, and their commander, General Kuroki, proved himself a tactician of the first rank.

The first triumph of Japanese cleverness was in deceiving the enemy as to the probable place of crossing. Bridge materials were brought to the shore below Wiju and preparations were apparently made for building a bridge at that point. Under cover of night most of these materials were rushed to the north of Wiju and above the extreme left of the Russian line. From this position the main body of the Japanese army crossed to the Manchurian side with comparatively little opposition. On the Russian left (up the river) the bank rose in a precipitous rocky formation to a height of a thousand feet. At the base was a path and a line of sand left by the falling current. Stretching along this for a mile or more, like so many blue pencil marks on brown paper, were the Japanese. Any Russians above them could have done more damage with tumbling bowlders than with rifle fire. Once on this, the Japanese were under a shelf. They could be reached only by shooting straight down the stream, and had gun or rifle ventured this the Russians would have found no cover save the smoke of shrapnel from the batteries which would have sent them back. The crossing of the Yalu was effected by a few rounds of musket-fire. The impregnable position of the enemy became cover for the Japanese advance.

Once on the western bank and far enough north of the Russian line to be safe from attack on his own right flank, Kuroki’s plan was to execute a series of flank movements and attacks from the rear which would drive the Russians from their position and render what slight fortifications they had made on the heights along the river valueless. In spite of the reckless bravery of the Russians and the stubbornness of their defence, the impetus of the Japanese attack and the marvelous speed and effectiveness of the Japanese shell-fire could not be withstood, and the Russians were routed all along the line. They made a last stand at Hamatan Hill, a few miles to the rear of their original position, but the Japanese surrounded them on three sides and before the force retreated nearly four hundred men were compelled to surrender. Of the Japanese forces, 5 officers and 160 men were killed, while 29 officers and 666 men were wounded. The Russian dead, buried by the Japanese, numbered nearly 1,400, and 475 wounded Russians were taken to Japanese hospitals. Probably 500 wounded Russians, at least, escaped with the retreating army. The Japanese captured 28 guns, 50 ammunition wagons, and many other munitions of war.

JAPANESE CAVALRY FORDING A TRIBUTARY OF THE YALU

CORRESPONDENTS AND KOREANS WATCHING THE SHELLING OF KU-LIEN-CHENG

CROSSING THE YALU ON MAY 1, AT THE DOUBLE-QUICK

THE STAFF VIEWING THE FIGHT FROM THE HEIGHTS AT WIJU

INCIDENTS OF THE BATTLE OF THE YALU

BRINGING THE PONTOONS UP TO THE YALU

POLING PONTOONS TO THE AI RIVER FROM THE YALU

JAPANESE INFANTRY CROSSING THE RIVER

COOLIES CARRYING SECTIONS OF A PONTOON BRIDGE

THE CROSSING OF THE YALU

FIELD HOSPITAL ON THE SANDS AT THE EDGE OF THE RIVER

CARRYING SOLDIER TO HIS QUARTERS AFTER HIS WOUND HAD BEEN DRESSED

WOUNDED JAPANESE WAITING THEIR TURN AT THE OPERATING TABLE

WITH THE WOUNDED AFTER THE FIGHT AT THE YALU

WOUNDED JAPANESE RETURNING TO THE HOSPITAL AT WIJU

JAPANESE STRETCHER-BEARERS CARRYING WOUNDED RUSSIAN TO THE HOSPITAL

HOSPITAL CORPS WAITING DURING THE ACTION OF MAY 1

THE HOSPITAL AT ANTUNG TWO DAYS AFTER THE YALU BATTLE

HOSPITAL CORPS AND WOUNDED JAPANESE AT THE BATTLE OF THE YALU

JAPANESE RESERVES WATCHING THE BATTLE FROM THE SOUTH BANK OF THE RIVER

The fence behind which these reserves are standing was one of those with which the Japanese concealed their march, from the point south of Wiju where they first made a feint at crossing to the point north of the town where the brilliant crossing was finally made. The impetus of this final attack was such that the Russians were soon routed all along the line.

RUSSIAN GUN-CARRIAGE DEMOLISHED BY JAPANESE FIRE

RAPID FIRE MAXIMS CAPTURED AT HAMATAN HILL

RUSSIAN FIELD GUNS CAPTURED AND TAKEN TO ANTUNG

ARTILLERY SPOILS CAPTURED BY THE JAPANESE DURING THE YALU BATTLE

SOME OF THE RUSSIAN PRISONERS WOUNDED DURING THE YALU FIGHT

JAPANESE BURYING A RUSSIAN CAPTAIN WITH MILITARY HONORS AT ANTUNG

The care of the Russian wounded by the Japanese after the Yalu battle, and the burial of several Russian officers with military honors, were things which surprised many sceptical observers of Japanese civilization, who had predicted that, once in hand-to-hand conflict with the enemy, the veneer of European civilization would quickly drop off and reveal the barbarian

JAPANESE TRANSPORTATION TRAINS AND INFANTRY LEAVING FOR THE FRONT AFTER THE YALU BATTLE

FIRE AND DEVASTATION IN THE WAKE OF THE RETREATING ARMY

CHINESE MANDARIN GOING OUT TO MEET GENERAL KUROKI

FIELD POST-OFFICE ESTABLISHED IMMEDIATELY AFTER THE OCCUPATION

GENERAL KUROKI AND STAFF ENTERING FENG-WANG-CHENG

OFFICIAL CHINESE ESCORT TO GENERAL KUROKI AT FENG-WANG-CHENG

THE JAPANESE OCCUPATION OF FENG-WANG-CHENG

ENGLISH NURSES SENT BY THE QUEEN TO INSPECT THE WORKINGS OF THE JAPANESE RED CROSS

These representatives of the Queen, Miss St. Aubyn and Miss McCall, accompanied by Madame Kuroda, a Japanese lady, and Dr. Tamura, visited the hospitals at Feng-Wang-Cheng. They found everything so satisfactory that they remained with the army only a few days. The photograph shows them about to enter their palanquins, after visiting one of the hospitals. Miss McCall is at the right

INFANTRY DRAWN UP TO VIEW THE CEREMONIES

JAPANESE CAVALRY VIEWING FUNERAL CEREMONIES

SHINTO CEREMONY HELD BY THE JAPANESE IN HONOR OF THOSE WHO FELL AT THE YALU

This impressive funeral ceremony was held at Feng-Wang-Cheng while the army was gathering its breath after the Yalu victory to push on into Manchuria. The whole army was drawn up in a vast body on the plain, while on the hilltop, in view of all, the officers and priests stood, going through the curious Shinto ceremonies in honor of the dead who had fallen in battle

JAPANESE EXPLAINING TO MILITARY ATTACHÉS TACTICS USED AT THE YALU

CAPTAIN OKADA INSPECTING BOMB-PROOF AT FENG-WANG-CHENG

BUGLE SQUAD AT THE FUNERAL CEREMONY AT FENG-WANG-CHENG

UNITED STATES ARMY ATTACHÉS AND COLLIER’S SPECIAL CORRESPONDENT

SCENES AT FENG-WANG-CHENG AFTER THE JAPANESE OCCUPATION

ISSUING KHAKI UNIFORMS TO JAPANESE TROOPS AT FENG-WANG-CHENG

ENGINEERS OF KUROKI’S ARMY BRIDGING A STREAM AT FENG-WANG-CHENG

JAPANESE GETTING READY TO PUSH ON INTO MANCHURIA

SOLDIERS AMUSING THEMSELVES WITH IMITATION GEISHA DANCES WHILE IN CAMP

SOLDIERS OFF DUTY WATCHING AMATEUR THEATRICALS

DUMMY FIGURES CONSTRUCTED BY SOLDIERS AT FENG-WANG-CHENG

RECREATIONS OF THE JAPANESE BETWEEN BATTLES IN MANCHURIA

DETACHING THE LIMBERS AND GETTING GUNS INTO POSITION BEHIND THE BREASTWORKS

GUNNERS WHEELING GUN INTO POSITION

GETTING THE RANGE AND ADJUSTING THE SIGHT

JAPANESE BATTERY GOING INTO ACTION AT FENG-WANG-CHENG

JAPANESE GUIDE-POST AT FENG-WANG-CHENG

JAPANESE VISITING RUSSIAN GRAVES AT FENG-WANG-CHENG

CHINESE FARMERS VIEWING AN ENGAGEMENT FROM ABANDONED TRENCHES

WITH THE JAPANESE INVADERS IN MANCHURIA

WHILING AWAY THE TIME BETWEEN BATTLES AT FENG-WANG-CHENG WITH INTER-COMPANY WRESTLING BOUTS

JAPANESE INFANTRY LEAVING FENG-WANG-CHENG

CARRYING A WOUNDED RUSSIAN PRISONER ACROSS A STREAM

BATTERY FORDING ONE OF THE STREAMS THAT CROSS THE PEKING ROAD

CHINESE BRINGING WOOD FOR THE JAPANESE ARMY

INCIDENTS OF THE ADVANCE FROM FENG-WANG-CHENG

INFANTRY CROSSING THE SO RIVER IN THE ADVANCE ON LIAO-YANG

GENERAL NISHI AND HIS STAFF HALTING TO STUDY MAPS AND SCOUTS’ REPORTS ON THE MARCH FROM FENG-WANG-CHENG

CHINESE READING PROCLAMATION ISSUED BY THE JAPANESE

OUTPOST HIDDEN IN FOLIAGE AND UNDER A SUNSHADE

JAPANESE CHEERING NEWS OF A VICTORY NEAR LIENSHANKWAN

WITH THE VICTORIOUS JAPANESE AT LIENSHANKWAN

ARRIVAL OF MAIL FOR THE ARMY IN THE FIELD AT LIENSHANKWAN

JAPANESE OUTPOST ON DUTY

VETERAN, WITH COIL OF ROPE AT HIS BELT FOR TYING PRISONERS

PIONEERS BUILDING MILITARY ROAD FOR THE ARMY

INTO MANCHURIA WITH THE JAPANESE INVADERS

KWANTEI TEMPLE NEAR MOTIEN PAS

This temple was the scene of two severe fights between the advancing Japanese and the Russians, in which the Russians were routed and driven back. The temple was built by the Chinese after their last war with Japan because they thought that the gods of another temple had prevented the Japanese from taking the pass. The gods and the Russians together could not stop the enemy this time.

DETACHMENT OF JAPANESE COMING UP AT THE DOUBLE-QUICK DURING THE FIGHT AT MOTIEN PASS

SHARPSHOOTERS COVERING THE ADVANCE AGAINST THE RUSSIANS ON THE RIDGES

The Japanese in the trenches in the foreground are firing on the Russians retreating up the hillside in the distance clear across the valley. The Japanese advance is concealed in the timber in the middle distance just beyond the farmhouses. The Russians are too far away to be seen. Collier’s photographer, J. H. Hare, took this unusual picture from a tree-top just behind the Japanese trenches

COLONEL BABA OF THE SIXTEENTH REGIMENT AT MOTIENLING

BRINGING AMMUNITION UP TO THE FIRING LINE

IN THE TRENCHES AT MOTIENLING ON JULY 4

DISTRIBUTING AMMUNITION TO THE MEN IN THE TRENCHES

SCENES DURING THE BATTLE OF MOTIENLING

GENERAL KUROKI AND HIS CHIEF OF STAFF, LIEUTENANT-GENERAL FUJI, WATCHING THE FIGHT AT MOTIENLING

BRINGING WOUNDED RUSSIANS TO THE DRESSING STATION AT THE KWANTEI TEMPLE ON JULY 4

RUSSIAN RED CROSS SOLDIER WOUNDED AT MOTIEN PASS

BADLY WOUNDED AND DELIRIOUS RUSSIAN UNABLE TO WALK

JAPANESE BURYING A DEAD RUSSIAN AFTER THE FIGHT

RUSSIAN DEAD COVERED WITH BRANCHES BY JAPANESE AT MOTIEN PASS

RUSSIAN DEAD AND WOUNDED LYING TOGETHER AT MOTIENLING

RUSSIAN WOUNDED AND DEAD AT MOTIEN PASS

WOUNDED PRISONERS HOBBLING INTO THE JAPANESE CAMP

RUSSIAN PRISONER TOO SEVERELY WOUNDED TO WALK

JAPANESE CARRYING WOUNDED RUSSIAN TO DRESSING STATION

BADLY WOUNDED IN THE LEG, BUT CHEERFUL

WITH THE WOUNDED AND CAPTURED AT MOTIEN PASS

JAPANESE SKIRMISHERS ADVANCING TO FLANK THE ENEMY AT MOTIENLING

WANDERING IN HIS HEAD AND WOUNDED IN THE ARM

RUSSIAN PRISONERS SITTING ON THE TEMPLE STEPS

RUSSIAN PRISONERS TIED TO TELEPHONE POLE FOR SAFE-KEEPING

THE BIG PRISONER AND THE LITTLE CAPTORS

PRISONERS AND CAPTORS AT MOTIENLING

LIEUTENANT WHO CUT DOWN FOUR RUSSIANS WITH HIS SABRE

MAJOR TAKUSAGO EXAMINING A MAP OF THE FIELD

JOVIAL JAPANESE COLLECTING THE SPOILS OF BATTLE

CAVALRYMAN RETURNING TO THE FIGHT AFTER HAVING HIS WOUND DRESSED

INCIDENTS OF THE RUSSIAN ATTEMPT TO RECAPTURE MOTIEN PASS

GENERAL OKASAKI, WHO DEFEATED THE RUSSIANS AT MOTIENLING

The Japanese commander is shown standing on the steps of the Kwantei temple during the battle of July 4, receiving reports from his staff and sending out orders. Motien Pass was one of the places on the line of march taken by Kuroki’s army which was thought before the battle to be practically impregnable. The Russians attempted to recapture it afterward, but were defeated with great loss

THE FIELD DRESSING STATION FOR THOSE TOO SEVERELY WOUNDED TO BE CARRIED TO THE BASE HOSPITAL

JAPANESE MARCHING ON ONE OF THEIR MILITARY ROADS

GENERAL NISHI AND HIS STAFF HALTING TO LOOK OVER MAPS WHILE ON THE MARCH

JAPANESE COLOR SERGEANT GUARDING THE REGIMENTAL FLAG

WITH THE JAPANESE ADVANCE FROM THE YALU THROUGH THE MANCHURIAN MOUNTAINS

TAKING SHELTER BEHIND A HILL WHILE AWAITING THE OPPORTUNITY TO ATTACK

JAPANESE CREEPING ACROSS AN OPEN SPACE ON THE WAY TO THE FIRING LINE

WHERE THE KHAKI UNIFORMS BECOME ALMOST INDISCERNIBLE AGAINST A HILLSIDE

JAPANESE RESERVES COMING UP TO THE FIRING LINE ACROSS THE TANG RIVER

WITH THE JAPANESE DURING THE FIGHTING NEAR ANPING

JAPANESE SOLDIERS BREAKFASTING IN THE RAIN NEAR KANSUITAN

A COMPANY OF THE SIXTEENTH REGIMENT HALTING AFTER A NIGHT ATTACK

TROOPS WRAPPED IN RAIN-COATS REPORTING FOR INSPECTION

THE CHINESE COOLIE DROPPED HIS BURDEN WHEN THE CAMERA WAS OPENED

JAPANESE AND CAPTURED RUSSIANS IN MANCHURIA DURING THE RAINY SEASON

JAPANESE BATTERY FORDING THE SHALLOW TANG RIVER

THE ONLY SMOKE VISIBLE—THAT OF THE CARTRIDGE WITHDRAWN FROM THE GUN

CARRYING SHELLS FROM THE CAISSONS TO THE GUNS

ARTILLERYMEN CLEANING OUT GUNS AFTER AN ACTION

WITH THE SMOKELESS BATTERIES HIDDEN IN FIELDS OF KOWLIANG

SECOND DIVISION OF THE FIRST ARMY MARCHING ON THE OLD PEKIN ROAD

PAGODA FROM WHICH THE RUSSIAN STAFF SAW THEIR DEFEAT

SIXTEENTH JAPANESE REGIMENT IN SHELTER AWAITING ORDER TO MARCH

IN THE NEIGHBORHOOD OF TOWAN DURING THE FIGHTING IN THE FIRST WEEK OF JULY

CHINESE COOLIES FORDING A MANCHURIAN STREAM SWOLLEN BY RAINS

COOKING SUPPER UNDER DIFFICULTIES IN THE RAIN

JAPANESE SOLDIERS EATING SUPPER UNDER A SHELTER TENT IN THE RAIN

SHELTERED FROM THE RAIN AND A SAFE DISTANCE FROM THE GROUND

DIFFICULTIES OF CAMPAIGNING DURING THE RAINY SEASON IN MANCHURIA

RUSSIAN GUNS CAPTURED AT NANSHAN USED BY THE JAPANESE AT SHUZAN-HO

RUSSIAN BATTERY POSITION AT YUSHULING, WITH PROTECTING INFANTRY TRENCH CAPTURED BY THE JAPANESE

JAPANESE HORSES KILLED AT BATTERY POSITION NEAR TOWAN

RUSSIAN GUN OVERTURNED AND ABANDONED IN RETREAT FROM TOWAN

ALONG THE LINE OF BATTLE IN THE MANCHURIAN PASSES SOUTH OF LIAO-YANG

SCOUT BRINGING INFORMATION ABOUT THE ENEMY TO GENERAL OKASAKI

JAPANESE MOUNTAIN BATTERY IN ACTION NEAR LIAO-YANG

SOLDIERS MAKING THEMSELVES COMFORTABLE ON A HOT, WET DAY

PRESSING THE RUSSIANS CLOSE IN THE NEIGHBORHOOD OF LIAO-YANG

GATHERING THE WOUNDED RUSSIANS WHO HAD LAIN ALL NIGHT IN THE RAIN

SOME OF THE SPOILS GATHERED IN JUST BEFORE THE CAPTURE OF LIAO-YANG

BODIES OF JAPANESE SOLDIERS READY FOR CREMATION

BURNING THE BODIES OF THE DEAD IN THE FIELDS NEAR LIAO-YANG

WITH THE JAPANESE ON AUGUST THIRTIETH CLOSE TO LIAO-YANG

CHAPTER VII

BEGINNING THE SIEGE OF PORT ARTHUR

As soon as the Japanese learned of Kuroki’s success at the Yalu, they hurried troops ashore at Takushan and Pitsewo, on the eastern shore of the Liaotung Peninsula north of Port Arthur. This was on May 5. The landing was quite unexpected by the Russians; there was no sufficient force to attempt any resistance, and in three days an army was marching southward to begin the closing-in movement that ended in the fall of Russia’s supposedly impregnable fortress. On May 26, after fighting in and about Kinchow for nine days, Nanshan Hill, on the narrow isthmus joining the Port Arthur Peninsula to the main part of the Liaotung Peninsula, was captured by assault. Every device of modern warfare—the railway, telegraph, telephones, a captive balloon, mine-fields, barbed wire network, iron-roofed trenches, searchlights, illuminating star-shells—was used at Nanshan Hill to increase the natural strength of the fort. The ranges were known and the approach was from but one direction. There had been three months and a half since the war began and three weeks since the landing at Pitsewo. If Russian troops could be driven from such a position, and under such circumstances, by the Japanese, it seemed perfectly certain that no fortifications that Russia could devise could withstand the enemy. One last and unsuccessful attempt was made to cut the Japanese off before it was too late. The Russian army at Tashichao, under General Stakelberg, made a sortie southward and met General Oku’s army on June 14 at Wafengtien. The Russians were completely defeated. The Liaotung Peninsula was then open to the Japanese, and as soon as General Nogi and his army arrived to hold it and to begin to close in on Port Arthur, Oku was free to wheel north, and to co-operate with the armies of Kuroki and Nodzu in the general movement toward Liao-Yang. By the middle of June parallel columns of Japanese were moving northward through the valleys of Manchuria like so many fingers of one giant hand.

Meanwhile Admiral Togo had maintained a strict blockade of the harbor and the Russian fleet had been practically destroyed. Beginning with the destruction of the “Variag” and “Korietz” in February, and including the tragic sinking of the “Petropavlovsk,” and the death of Admiral Makaroff and the painter Verestchagin on April 13, the Japanese successes gradually wore down the Port Arthur fleet until the Russian naval power in the East was no longer a factor in the reckoning. Up until the end of April the Japanese losses were practically nothing at all. Then came the sinking, by submarine mines, of the battleship “Hatsuse,” the third class cruiser “Miyako,” and Torpedo Boat No. 48. The battleship “Yoshino” was sunk in a collision. These losses came too late, however, for the Russians to take advantage of them, and the death of Admiral Makaroff may be said to mark the climax of the naval campaign against Port Arthur. After that the land campaign against the “Gibraltar of the East” began in earnest.

VIEW OF THE HARBOR ENTRANCE OF PORT ARTHUR FROM THE LAND SIDE, THE RUSSIAN FLEET IN THE OFFING

LOOKING SOUTHWARD ACROSS THE DOCKS AT PORT ARTHUR TO THE HEIGHTS AND ONE OF THE RUSSIAN FORTS

DRY DOCK AT PORT ARTHUR VIEWED FROM THE PUBLIC GARDEN

ENTRANCE TO DRY DOCK AND MACHINE SHOPS AT PORT ARTHUR

CHINESE SAMPANS AT THEIR LANDINGS AT PORT ARTHUR

SCENES ALONG THE WATER FRONT AT PORT ARTHUR BEFORE THE DECLARATION OF WAR

CHINESE SAMPANS USED AS LIGHTERS FOR UNLOADING VESSELS AT PORT ARTHUR

JAPANESE FUGITIVES LEAVING PORT ARTHUR IN CHINESE SAMPANS

RUSSIAN WARSHIPS STEAMING OUT OF PORT ARTHUR ON FEBRUARY 1

FUGITIVES ARRIVING IN PORT ARTHUR JUST AFTER THE DECLARATION OF WAR

NAVAL AND CIVILIAN ACTIVITY IN PORT ARTHUR AT THE OUTBREAK OF WAR

RUSSIAN WARSHIPS IN THE HARBOR AT PORT ARTHUR JUST BEFORE THE OUTBREAK OF WAR

SAILORS AMUSING THEMSELVES WHILE OFF DUTY WITH BOOKS AND GAMES

GUN DRILL ON A RUSSIAN BATTLESHIP—“LOAD!”

SAILORS GOING THROUGH A DRILL IN LOWERING THE TORPEDO NETTING

GUN DRILL ON A RUSSIAN BATTLESHIP—“FIRE!”

GETTING READY FOR THE JAPANESE ON A RUSSIAN WARSHIP AT PORT ARTHUR

UNARMORED CRUISER “PALLADA,” DISABLED DURING THE FIRST WEEK OF THE WAR

BATTLESHIP “POLTAVA,” SISTER SHIP OF THE “PETROPAVLOVSK”

THE PLUCKY LITTLE “NOVIK,” DISABLED IN THE FIRST FIGHT OF THE WAR

BATTLESHIP “RETVIZAN,” TORPEDOED IN THE FIRST WEEK AND BEACHED

RUSSIAN SHIPS AT PORT ARTHUR BEFORE THE ARRIVAL OF THE JAPANESE

UNARMORED CRUISER “ASKOLD,” SISTER SHIP OF THE “VARIAG”

RUSSIAN CRUISER “BOYARIN,” SUNK ON FEBRUARY 12

BATTLESHIP “POBIEDA,” DISABLED BY A MINE ON APRIL 13

THE ARMORED CRUISER “BAYAN,” ONE OF THE LAST TO YIELD

PART OF RUSSIA’S FIGHTING FLEET AT PORT ARTHUR

THE FLAGSHIP OF THE SQUADRON, THE “MIKASA”

ADMIRAL TOGO ON THE QUARTER-DECK OF THE “MIKASA”

DECK VIEW OF THE “MIKASA” FROM THE FIGHTING TOPS

THE MAN WHO BOTTLED UP PORT ARTHUR, AND THE FLAGSHIP OF HIS FLEET

CHAPTER VIII

EARLY CAMPAIGNING BEFORE THE BATTLE OF LIAO-YANG

With Port Arthur cut off from the north, the three Japanese armies pushed rapidly northward in a general closing-in movement on Liao-Yang. General Nodzu’s army on June 26 captured Fengshuiling, on the main road northward from Takushan to Newchwang, and the Russian forces began to fall steadily back. At the same time, Kuroki, on the north, was capturing two passes of even greater importance, Motienling and Taling, and Oku, to the southward, was driving the Russians back with similar success. On July 17 the Russians, under General Count Keller, did make a desperate effort to retake Motienling, but were repulsed with heavy loss. Keller made another attempt to force the Japanese back a fortnight later, but it was equally disastrous and the general himself was killed. Meanwhile, on July 22 and 23, General Oku, on the extreme south and west of the long Japanese front, closed in upon Tashichao, and, with the assistance of Nodzu’s army, which had pushed up from Fengshuiling, captured the town and compelled the 40,000 Russians there to retreat. This, together with the unsuccessful battle in which Keller was killed, was practically the last of the Russians’ attempts to make a forward movement. General Kuropatkin devoted himself to preparing for a decisive battle at Liao-Yang, meanwhile keeping up all along the line just enough resistance to delay and hamper the Japanese advance.

At the outset of the war Russia had in Manchuria about 45,700 men and 120 field guns. Of this force about 20,000 men were at Port Arthur, 4,400 at Talienwan, 1,400 at Yinkow, 1,150 at Haicheng, 1,900 at Liao-Yang, 2,750 at Tieling, north of Mukden, 1,250 at Ninguta in northeast Manchuria, 4,550 at Harbin, 1,950 at Tsitsihar in northwest Manchuria, and the rest in the smaller garrisons scattered through the territory from northeast Manchuria to Port Arthur. In addition there was a separate organization of railway patrol troops stationed in small bodies at many points on and near the railway. On January 1, 1904, the number of these railway troops was estimated at 15,200 with 32 guns, so that the grand total at the beginning of the war was about 60,000 men with about 150 field guns. In spite of the pressure on the Siberian Railroad and the hard marches cross Lake Baikal in the winter, Russia soon found that, however many millions she might have in Europe, she could not maintain in the field, at the end of 6,000 miles of single track, more than 300,000 troops, and keep them fully supplied with food, ammunition, and fresh men to take the place of the killed, wounded, and sick.

During all this campaigning in Manchuria the Japanese showed the same preparedness and mobility which had been so strikingly characteristic of them during the earlier months of the war. They knew at all times the strength of their enemy as well as they knew the country, and to the information gathered by their spies and outposts was added that supplied by a generally friendly native population.

RUSSIAN TROOPS DETRAINING AT MUKDEN EARLY IN MARCH

GATEWAY IN MUKDEN’S PRINCIPAL STREET

CHINESE CARTS USED BY OFFICERS AND CIVILIANS

RUSSIAN OFFICERS AT THE STAFF HEADQUARTERS, MUKDEN

MUKDEN STREET DURING THE EARLY DAYS OF THE WAR

MUKDEN, WHEN THE JAPANESE WERE STILL MANY MILES AWAY

ARRIVAL OF THE FIFTH ARMY CORPS AT MUKDEN

RUSSIAN COSSACKS FROM THE CAUCASUS

ADMINISTERING THE SACRAMENT TO SOLDIERS BEFORE THEIR DEPARTURE FOR THE FRONT

RUSSIANS AT MUKDEN ON THEIR WAY TO THE FRONT

A FLYING COLUMN OF RED CROSS SURGEONS

RUSSIAN FIELD TELEPHONES IN TRENCHES

NINETEENTH EAST SIBERIAN RIFLE CORPS AT PRAYER

EVENING SERVICE FOR THOSE FALLEN IN BATTLE

WITH THE RUSSIANS IN MANCHURIA

GENERAL KUROPATKIN PASSING GENERAL HERSCHELMANN’S DIVISION

GENERAL LEVISTAIN GIVING ORDERS TO HIS STAFF

GENERAL PLESCHKOFF INSPECTING HIS COMMAND

THE REGIMENTAL BAND PLAYING IN THE WILDS OF MANCHURIA

WITH THE RUSSIAN ADVANCE IN MANCHURIA

PRINCE TROUBESKAY AND HIS STAFF

MEN OF THE SEVENTH SIBERIAN COSSACK REGIMENT

NINETEENTH SIBERIAN RIFLE CORPS AT DINNER

COOLIES CARRYING WOUNDED RUSSIAN TO EMERGENCY HOSPITAL

IN THE FIELD WITH THE RUSSIANS IN MANCHURIA

GENERAL KUROPATKIN AT THE TELESCOPE SCANNING THE COUNTRY ABOUT LIAO-YANG

RUSSIANS ERECTING WIRE ENTANGLEMENTS AT EDAGAN

RUSSIAN OFFICER INSPECTING COMMISSARY ARRANGEMENTS IN HIS CAMP

RUSSIAN REGIMENTAL BAND PLAYING IN CAMP

COMMISSARY MEN DRAWING WATER FOR THE ARMY

WITH THE RUSSIANS ON THE WAY TO THE FRONT

GENERAL KUROPATKIN INSPECTING THE STAFF OF THE FOURTH ARMY CORPS

ONE OF THE DROSKIES IN WHICH COMMANDING GENERALS RODE

RUSSIANS FORDING A SHALLOW STREAM NEAR LIAO-YANG

THE BIG, BROAD-SHOULDERED SOLDIERS OF THE CZAR

PART OF THE MOVEMENT OF FORTY THOUSAND MEN SOUTHEAST OF LIAO-YANG

RUSSIAN TROOPS MARCHING THROUGH THE STREETS OF LIAO-YANG

THE GREAT EASTERN GATE AT LIAO-YANG

RUSSIAN SOLDIERS TRADING WITH CHINESE PEDLERS

SCENES AT LIAO-YANG ON THE ARRIVAL OF THE RUSSIANS

COURTYARD OF RICH MANCHURIAN’S HOUSE AT LIAO-YANG—THE HOST AND HIS ENFORCED RUSSIAN GUESTS

SOLDIERS OFF DUTY LISTENING TO ONE OF THEIR COMRADES

SOLDIERS CROWDING ABOUT HOSPITAL TRAIN TO HEAR THE NEWS FROM THE FRONT

WHEN NEWS FROM THE FIRING LINE CAME BACK TO THOSE WHO HAD NOT YET MET THE JAPANESE

A DISHEARTENED JAPANESE SPY AND HIS QUIZZICAL RUSSIAN CAPTORS

RUSSIAN BATTERY GETTING INTO POSITION AT KANSUITAN JUST BEFORE THE BATTLE

ONE OF THE SHREWDLY SCREENED RUSSIAN BATTERIES WHICH WROUGHT HAVOC BEFORE BEING CAPTURED BY THE JAPANESE

ARTILLERYMEN OF THE SIXTH EAST SIBERIAN REGIMENT CALCULATING THE RANGE FROM ONE OF THE MANCHURIAN HILLS

RUSSIAN INFANTRY MARCHING TO THEIR POSITION JUST BEFORE THE BATTLE AT TOWAN

FOURTH URAL REGIMENT ON THE MARCH TO HAICHENG

URAL COSSACK LANCERS ON THEIR WAY TO BATTLE

RUSSIANS ADVANCING FOR THE DEFENCE OF HAICHENG

TAKING ADVANTAGE OF A FINE DAY TO WASH CLOTHES

WITH THE RUSSIAN TROOPS NEAR HAICHENG

GENERAL KUROPATKIN WATCHING THE FIGHT SURROUNDED BY HIS STAFF

EAST SIBERIAN TROOPS ADVANCING AT HAICHENG

RUSSIAN INFANTRY IN THE TRENCHES ON A HOT DAY

WITH THE RUSSIAN TROOPS DURING THE ENGAGEMENT WITH THE JAPANESE IN THE NEIGHBORHOOD OF HAICHENG

BATTERY OF THE SIXTH EAST SIBERIAN ARTILLERY IN POSITION ON THE HEIGHTS ABOVE TOWAN

RUSSIAN OFFICERS AT THE HIGHEST POINT OF TOWAN PASS OBSERVING THE APPROACH OF THE JAPANESE

RUSSIAN BATTERIES IN ACTION GUARDING TOWAN PASS

WITH THE RUSSIAN OFFICERS AND FIGHTING MEN DURING THE ENGAGEMENT AT TOWAN PASS

FIRST BATTERY OF THE EAST SIBERIAN ARTILLERY AT YUSHULING

RUSSIAN OFFICERS IN CONFERENCE BEFORE THE BATTLE

BREAKFAST BEFORE THE FIGHT AT YUSHULING

WITH THE RUSSIAN TROOPS DURING THE EARLY CAMPAIGNING IN MANCHURIA

RUSSIAN OFFICERS VIEWING FIGHT AT TOWAN PASS

SENDING HELIOGRAPH SIGNALS DURING THE FIGHT AT ANPING

MOVING TO THE FRONT AT TOWAN PASS AT SIX O’CLOCK IN THE MORNING

WITH THE RUSSIANS AT TOWAN PASS

RUSSIAN FIRING LINE JUST BEFORE THE BATTLE AT YUSHULING

JAPANESE SHELLS BURSTING NEAR THE YUSHULING BATTERY

GENERAL KUROPATKIN PRESENTING ST. GEORGE’S CROSS TO PRIVATES ON THE BATTLEFIELD

REMOVING WOUNDED FROM HOSPITAL TRAIN TO HOSPITAL

THE REWARDS OF VALOR WITH KUROPATKIN’S ARMY IN MANCHURIA

OFFICERS OF THE FIRST BATTERY, SIXTH SIBERIAN BRIGADE

RUSSIAN OUTPOSTS FIRING ON THE ADVANCING JAPANESE

RUSSIAN INFANTRY ADVANCING THROUGH UNDERBRUSH

WITH THE RUSSIAN FORCES IN MANCHURIA DURING THE EARLY CAMPAIGNING

RUSSIAN SKIRMISHERS ADVANCING AGAINST THE JAPANESE NEAR ANPING

GENERAL SUREKOFF AND GENERAL MORO AT YUSHULING

ARTILLERY OF THE TENTH CORPS RESISTING JAPANESE FORTY MILES SOUTH OF LIAO-YANG

INFANTRY INTRENCHED IN FRONT OF BATTERY

RUSSIAN ARTILLERY AT YUSHULING IN POSITION ABANDONED THE NEXT DAY

WITH THE TENTH RUSSIAN ARMY CORPS AT YUSHULING, NEAR LIAO-YANG

INFANTRY MARCHING THROUGH MAIN STREET OF A MANCHURIAN VILLAGE

TURKESTAN REGIMENT ON PARADE NEAR MUKDEN

RUSSIAN INFANTRY ADVANCING THROUGH THE HILLS NEAR HAICHENG

WITH THE RUSSIAN TROOPS DURING THE EARLY CAMPAIGNING IN MANCHURIA

WOUNDED SOLDIERS CONVALESCING IN THE HOSPITAL AT MUKDEN

DINNER TIME IN A RUSSIAN MILITARY HOSPITAL

OPERATING ON A WOUNDED SOLDIER IN THE HOSPITAL

HOSPITAL STAFF OF THE GRAND DUKE BORIS

WITH THE RUSSIAN RED CROSS SERVICE IN MANCHURIA

RUSSIAN BALLOON IN THE CAMP AT ANPING

SOLDIERS FORDING A RIVER WITH THE GAS BAG

ESCORT OF TURKESTAN COSSACKS WITH THE BALLOON

SIGNAL OFFICER ABOUT TO MAKE AN ASCENT

TAKING AN OBSERVATION FROM THE BALLOON

WAR BALLOON AND GAS BAG USED BY THE RUSSIANS IN MANCHURIA

IN THE RUSSIAN TRENCHES DURING THE FIGHTING AT TALING

CHAPTER IX

THE BATTLE OF LIAO-YANG

The battle of Liao-Yang was the culminating event of the four months’ Manchurian campaign which the Japanese began when they crossed the Yalu. In the point of number of men engaged it was the greatest battle of modern times, and it resulted in a decisive, though hard-won, victory for the Japanese. Between 400,000 and half a million men fought in the two armies, and when the five days’ duel was over the total losses in killed and wounded were estimated at about 30,000. The result of the battle was that the Japanese gained complete control of the Liaotung Peninsula, north of Port Arthur, and that the Russian army was forced to retreat northward toward Mukden and Harbin.

The Russians under General Kuropatkin had collected a large amount of ammunition and supplies at Liao-Yang and the town itself was elaborately fortified. It was generally understood that General Kuropatkin’s plan was to lure the Japanese on to the plain in front of Liao-Yang and there to meet them in decisive battle. When the battle proper began on August 26, the Russian army occupied three groups of positions, extending in a semicircle in front of and to the southward of the fortifications of the town. Kuroki’s army on the east, Nodzu’s on the south, and Oku’s on the west—the whole under the command of Field Marshal Oyama—attacked along the whole front. After five days of the most persistent attack and defence, and a terrific and almost continuous artillery duel, during which the Russians were pushed back into Liao-Yang, General Kuroki succeeded in throwing a considerable force across the Taitse River, which extends eastward and westward just north of the town. With his left flank and rear thus menaced, Kuropatkin was compelled, on September 1, to evacuate Liao-Yang and retreat on Mukden.

With the loss of Liao-Yang crumbled to pieces the plan for the defence of Manchuria which the Russian commanders had adopted when they were preparing for war with Japan. With the exception of the beleaguered garrison at Port Arthur, Russia had lost every foothold on the Liaotung Peninsula. In only one thing were the Japanese unsuccessful. They had failed to get to the rear of the Russian army and to cut off Kuropatkin from his line of retreat, and the manner in which the Russian commander withdrew his army in the face of almost insurmountable difficulties went far to mitigate the humiliation of defeat. The estimates of the number of troops engaged on either side vary from somewhat less than 200,000 to 250,000 men. It was generally believed at the time the battle was fought that the Japanese outnumbered the Russians, but inasmuch as they were attacking an intrenched force this advantage was apparent rather than real. No battle in our Civil War was on as large a scale as that at Liao-Yang. The battle of Leipsic, where Napoleon arrayed 130,000 men against the 300,000 of the Allies, was, in point of number of men engaged, the greatest previous battle of modern times.

JAPANESE RESTING ON THE BANKS OF THE TANG RIVER A FEW DAYS BEFORE THE TAKING OF LIAO-YANG

THE PAGODA AT LIAO-YANG SEEN IN THE DISTANCE

RUSSIANS SEARCHING WITH SHRAPNEL TO UNMASK THE ENEMY’S BATTERIES

SCOUTING WITH GENERAL WATERNABE IN THE VICINITY OF LIAO-YANG

WATCHING THE DISTANT CITY TO SEE IF THE RUSSIANS ARE EVACUATING

ON THE LAST OF THE HILLS, ON SEPTEMBER THIRD, JUST BEFORE THE JAPANESE ENTERED LIAO-YANG

JAPANESE FINDING THE BODY OF A COMRADE IN THE FIELDS NEAR LIAO-YANG

DEAD JAPANESE IN TRENCHES ON SEPTEMBER FOURTH

BURYING JAPANESE AND RUSSIAN DEAD TOGETHER OUTSIDE LIAO-YANG

SEARCHING OUT AND BURYING THE DEAD THE DAY THE JAPANESE ENTERED LIAO-YANG

RUSSIANS RETREATING FROM LIAO-YANG ACROSS THE TAITSE RIVER

BABY CARRIAGE LEFT BEHIND BY RUSSIANS IN THE PARK

JAPANESE CROSSING THE TAITSE RIVER TO ENTER LIAO-YANG

INCIDENTS OF THE EVACUATION OF LIAO-YANG AND ITS OCCUPATION BY THE JAPANESE

CORRESPONDENT EXAMINING WIRE ENTANGLEMENTS BUILT BY THE RUSSIANS

JAPANESE DISMANTLING A RUSSIAN REDOUBT AT LIAO-YANG

PICKING THEIR WAY THROUGH WIRE ENTANGLEMENTS AND PITS

GENERAL VIEW OF A RUSSIAN REDOUBT NORTH OF LIAO-YANG

VIEWS OF FORTIFICATIONS AND ENTANGLEMENTS BUILT BY THE RUSSIANS AT LIAO-YANG

NATIVES, WITH JAPANESE FLAGS FLYING, AWAITING THE CONQUERORS

CHINESE MANDARIN AND ESCORT GETTING READY TO RECEIVE THE JAPANESE

SCENES IN LIAO-YANG ON THE MORNING OF ITS OCCUPATION BY THE JAPANESE

JAPANESE ENTERING LIAO-YANG THROUGH ONE OF THE MANY BREACHES IN THE WALLS

ENGINEERS OF THE FIFTH DIVISION ENTERING LIAO-YANG, SEPTEMBER 4

TAKING A RUSSIAN PRISONER OUT OF THE BIG SOUTH GATE

VIEWS OF THE FIRST ENTRY OF THE JAPANESE FORCES INTO LIAO-YANG

RUSSIAN STORES BURNING AT LIAO-YANG ON SEPTEMBER FOURTH, ON THE ARRIVAL OF THE JAPANESE

JAPANESE WORKING ON RAILROAD TRACK NEAR THE COMMISSARY SHEDS

THE DOME-SHAPED ICE HOUSE AND FRESH JAPANESE STORES AT LIAO-YANG

SCENES IN LIAO-YANG IMMEDIATELY FOLLOWING ITS CAPTURE BY THE JAPANESE

CALLING THE ROLL IN A JAPANESE COMPANY AT LIAO-YANG

PUNISHMENT OF CHINESE CAUGHT LOOTING IN LIAO-YANG

TWO CORRESPONDENTS WITH THE RUSSIAN FORCES CAUGHT BY THE JAPANESE AT LIAO-YANG

SCENES AT LIAO-YANG AFTER ITS OCCUPATION BY THE JAPANESE FORCES

JAPANESE SOLDIERS SITTING IN RUSSIAN DROSKIES CAPTURED AT LIAO-YANG

GENERAL NODZU ENTERING THE SOUTH GATE

EXAMINING AS CURIOSITIES THE RUSSIAN SOUP KITCHENS CAPTURED AT LIAO-YANG

SCENES AT LIAO-YANG IMMEDIATELY AFTER THE CAPTURE OF THE CITY BY THE JAPANESE

DR. WESTWATER, MEDICAL MISSIONARY, AND HIS MANCHURIAN STAFF

OPERATING ON MANCHURIAN WHO HAD FORTY-SEVEN BAYONET WOUNDS

DR. WESTWATER AND REV. T. McNAUGHTON AND THEIR WIVES IN A BOMB-PROOF

INNOCENT MANCHURIAN VICTIMS OF THE WAR

Dr. Alexander Westwater is a Scotch medical missionary who had worked for twenty-five years in Manchuria. He and his colleague, the Rev. T. McNaughton, and their wives remained in Liao-Yang during the siege and after it, ministering to the defenceless non-combatants. Mrs. Westwater and Mrs. McNaughton were the only European ladies in the city when the Japanese arrived

GENERAL KUROPATKIN STANDING IN FRONT OF THE SHED BUILT TO SHELTER HIS TRAIN

GENERAL KUROPATKIN DEPARTING BY TRAIN

JAPANESE IN THE TRAIN-SHED BUILT TO SHELTER GENERAL KUROPATKIN’S TRAIN

RUSSIAN SISTERS OF MERCY AT LIAO-YANG

SCENES AT LIAO-YANG BEFORE AND AFTER THE ARRIVAL OF THE JAPANESE

ALTERING THE GAUGE OF THE TRACKS TO FIT THE JAPANESE ROLLING STOCK

JAPANESE ENGINEERS STRINGING NEW TELEGRAPH WIRES AT LIAO-YANG

COOLIES PUSHING CARS BEFORE THE JAPANESE ENGINES ARRIVED

FRESH TRANSPORT CARTS BROUGHT BY RAIL TO LIAO-YANG

BRINGING ORDER OUT OF CHAOS AFTER THE RUSSIANS EVACUATED LIAO-YANG

FRESH SOLDIERS ARRIVING TO TAKE THE PLACES OF THOSE LOST AT LIAO-YANG

UNLOADING NEW GUNS TO STRENGTHEN THE JAPANESE BATTERIES

USING RUSSIAN TRAIN SERVICE TO BRING RESERVES TO LIAO-YANG

ASSEMBLING THE PARTS OF GUNS AND PUTTING THEM TOGETHER AT LIAO-YANG

JAPANESE ACTIVITY AT LIAO-YANG IMMEDIATELY AFTER THE CAPTURE OF THE CITY

JAPANESE BAND PLAYING AT GENERAL OYAMA’S HEADQUARTERS AT LIAO-YANG

MARQUIS OYAMA, FIELD MARSHAL OF THE JAPANESE ARMIES

TRANSFERRING SUPPLIES FROM CARS TO COMMISSARY CARTS AT LIAO-YANG

SCENES AT LIAO-YANG AFTER OYAMA’S THREE ARMIES HAD TAKEN POSSESSION OF THE CITY

CHAPTER X

THE CHRONICLERS OF THE WAR

The most interesting stories written by the correspondents who were sent to cover the Russo-Japanese War were probably the ones that never passed the censor, the most extraordinary sights those which the correspondents did not see. There has never been a struggle since the days of the telegraph and the professional correspondent of which the world at large knew so little. During the early months of the war practically all of the correspondents were bottled up in Tokio, and when at last a few of them were released and allowed to follow the army, they were kept far in the rear, and were only permitted to see the fighting at the Yalu from the top of a hill several miles from the firing line.

Marking time in Tokio for months were newspaper men and special writers who were correspondent veterans of many wars, and who were compelled to waste their energies in the description of tea-houses, theatres, and other conventional show places. The unfortunate correspondents were repeatedly told that they were soon to leave for the front, only to learn presently that there was to be more delay, and to see a repetition of the Japanese smile, and hear again the Japanese “I’m so very, very sorry.”

R. L. Dunn, Collier’s special photographer, who was fortunate enough to get into Korea before the rigid censorship of correspondents began, but was subsequently forced to return, thus described some of the distresses of the luckless who were held up in Tokio: “I found more than a hundred war correspondents at Tokio, hustling from morning to night in order to get ready in time, and buying a thousand odd things at war prices, so that their equipments might meet every conceivable emergency. That was in April. Spring changed into summer. Fur-lined sleeping bags and firepots made the days seem hotter than they were. The whole winter outfit had to be exchanged for one suited to summer. On June 1 everything was as it had been at the beginning, except that some correspondents were contemplating the necessity of acquiring a third outfit for the rainy season.”

“Never was parting guest more happy to get away,” wrote Collier’s special correspondent, Frederick Palmer, when he and J. H. Hare, Collier’s special photographer, at last left Tokio with three other Americans—the first to be allowed to go to the front; “never was parting guest more heartily and sincerely sped. With the correspondents of the first contingent actually going, the hopes of the second and the third rose to the dignity of expectations. They gathered at Shimbashi Station with tin horns and gave the chosen few an Anglo-Saxon cheer. For over two months some of us have waited for official passes to join the Japanese army in the field. Now that we have the treasure it is not much to look at—only a slip of paper which would go into the average sized envelope. By rights, it should be on vellum, with marginal decorations of storks standing on one leg and an inscription of summa cum laude for patience in flourishes.”

GENERAL KUROKI WITH HIS STAFF, CORRESPONDENTS, AND ATTACHÉS AT THE CELEBRATION IN HONOR OF THE SHA-HO VICTORY

This celebration was held in November at Palansansu. The Japanese correspondents as well as the foreign correspondents and

attaches are shown in the picture. The numbered figures are (1) General Kuroki, (2) Prince Kuni, (3) General Fuji,

(4) Quartermaster Waternabe, with whom the correspondents had much to do. The picture was taken by a Japanese photographer

ANGUS HAMILTON, MANCHESTER “GUARDIAN”

J. F. J. ARCHIBALD AND PRESS CENSOR

GROUP OF CORRESPONDENTS AT NEWCHWANG

(1) THE HONORABLE MAURICE BARING, LONDON “MORNING POST”; (2) R. H. LITTLE, CHICAGO “DAILY NEWS”; (3) FRANCIS

McCULLOUGH, “NEW YORK HERALD”; (4) J. F. J. ARCHIBALD, “COLLIER’S”; (5) GEORGE DENNY, ASSOCIATED PRESS;

(6) GEORGES DE LA SALLE, FRENCH NEWS AGENCY; (7) VISCOUNT LORD BROOKE, REUTER’S AGENCY; (8) DUTKEWICH

G. ERASTOFF, RUSSIAN ARTIST

SIGNOR PARDO, “TRIBUNA” OF ROME

CAPTAIN SCHWARTZ, GERMAN

T. M. MILLARD, “SCRIBNER’S MAGAZINE”

CORRESPONDENTS OF VARIOUS NATIONALITIES WITH THE RUSSIAN FORCES IN MANCHURIA

THREE RUSSIAN ARTISTS AND RUSSIAN PRESS CENSORS AT NEWCHWANG

FUNERAL AT NEWCHWANG OF LOUIS ETZEL, THE FIRST CORRESPONDENT TO BE KILLED

UNITED STATES ARMY ATTACHÉS WITH THE RUSSIAN FORCES

FOREIGN MILITARY ATTACHÉS WITH THE RUSSIAN FORCES IN MANCHURIA

CIVILIANS AND MILITARY ATTACHÉS WITH THE RUSSIAN FORCES IN MANCHURIA

GENERAL KUROKI SHOOTING AT THE TARGET

SIR IAN HAMILTON AND PRINCE KUNI

GENERAL FUJI TRYING A SHOT FROM A SITTING POSITION

GENERAL CROWDER, THE UNITED STATES ATTACHÉ

CAPTAIN DANI, AUSTRIAN ATTACHÉ

GENERAL SIR IAN HAMILTON SHOOTING

THE TARGET-SHOOT GIVEN FOR THE MILITARY ATTACHÉS BY GENERAL KUROKI IN THE WINTER QUARTERS ON THE SHA-HO

CAPTAIN HEGARDT, SWEDISH ATTACHÉ, AND COLONEL HUME OF THE BRITISH ARMY

MAJOR ETZEL, GERMAN ATTACHÉ, READY TO FIRE

BARON CORVISART, FRENCH ATTACHÉ, SQUINTING AT THE MARK

THE ITALIAN ATTACHÉ, MAJOR CAVIGLIA, SHOOTING FROM THE GROUND

MILITARY ATTACHÉS, FIRING AT GENERAL KUROKI’S TARGET-SHOOT WITH CAPTURED RUSSIAN RIFLES

COLLIER’S PHOTOGRAPHER, VICTOR K. BULLA, WITH THE RUSSIAN FORCES

COLLIER’S PHOTOGRAPHER, ROBERT L. DUNN, AND HIS COOLIES IN KOREA

(1) JAMES H. HARE (COLLIER’S), (2) J. F. BASS (CHICAGO DAILY NEWS), (3) FREDERICK PALMER (COLLIER’S), (4) W. DINWIDDIE (NEW YORK

WORLD), (5) R. M. COLLINS (ASSOCIATED PRESS AND REUTER’S)

AMERICAN CORRESPONDENTS WITH THE FIRST JAPANESE ARMY

(1) RICHARD HARDING DAVIS (COLLIER’S), (2) W. H. LEWIS (NEW YORK HERALD), (3) JOHN FOX, JR. (SCRIBNER’S), (4) W. H. BRILL (ASSOCIATED

PRESS), (5) GEORGE LYNCH (ENGLISH), (LONDON DAILY CHRONICLE)

AMERICAN CORRESPONDENTS WITH THE SECOND JAPANESE ARMY

WITH THE WAR CORRESPONDENTS IN KOREA AND MANCHURIA

ATTACHÉS AND CORRESPONDENTS WITH GENERAL KUROKI’S FIRST ARMY CORPS AT FENG-WANG-CHENG

(1) R. M. Collins; (2) David Fraser; (3) Capt. Dani; (4) Capt. Jardine; (5) F. A. McKensie; (6) E. F. Knight; (7) Victor Thomas; (8) O. K. Davis; (9) W. Maxwell;

(10) R. J. McHugh; (11) W. Dinwiddie; (12) Frederick Palmer; (13) Capt. Vincent; (14) J. F. Bass; (15) M. H. Donohue; (16) Capt. Hegardt; (17) Capt. Hoffmann;

(18) Capt. Payeur; (19) Col. Hume; (20) Baron Col. Corvisart; (21) Gen. Sir Ian Hamilton; (22) Major Caviglia; (23) Major Etzel; (24) Col. Gertsch; (25) Capt. Peyton C. March

CHAPTER XI

THE FIGHTING ALONG THE SHA-HO

The Japanese armies occupied Liao-Yang on September 4, and on September 8 the Russians announced that their entire forces had safely reached Mukden. For a fortnight or so the two vast armies paused for breath, while far to the southward the bombardment of Port Arthur continued, and thousands of miles to the westward Russia’s Baltic fleet sailed from Kronstadt for the Far East. During the latter part of September there was desultory fighting along a considerable battle front, and when General Gripenberg took command of the second Russian army in Manchuria, General Kuropatkin began, the first week in October, an offensive movement against his conquerors.

Whether this advance was his own idea or whether it was prematurely ordered from St. Petersburg was not positively known, but it began with an oratorical proclamation to the army that the time had come for Russia to take the initiative and force Japan to do her bidding. Kuropatkin’s force numbered nearly 300,000 men, his artillery was said to be superior to the Japanese, and it was plain that the fight was to be on as vast if not a vaster scale than that at Liao-Yang. For a time there were a few slight Russian successes, and after sharp fighting Kuropatkin succeeded in capturing Bentziaputze, about half-way between Liao-Yang and Mukden and on the Japanese right. The offensive movement was directed along the whole Japanese line, extending about thirty miles from Bentziaputze westward to the Sha-Ho. For nearly a fortnight fierce fighting continued, a test of endurance on both sides, until the Russians were finally obliged to retreat, leaving behind many guns and having lost, it was estimated, some sixty thousand men. The Japanese losses were about twenty thousand. Desultory engagements continued through October and November, in the midst of heavy rains, until the cold set in in earnest, and both armies went into winter quarters.

In zero weather the two armies faced each other, burrowing underground in their dugouts, in many places so close to each other that the sentries could almost call one to another. The time was spent in target practice, in chopping up wood to be used for building and for making charcoal, and in drilling the recruits who were sent up to refill the shattered regiments. The quarters in which the armies found shelter were dugouts roofed over with logs, kowliang, and earth. That same attention to detail which was characteristic of the Japanese army during the campaign was as noticeable now that they were idle. There were even hot baths for the soldiers. Earthenware jars were sunk in the ground much like the Russian soup kettles. Water was heated in these and baths could be taken as in so many vertical bathtubs. During the lull in the fighting there was a celebration in honor of the successes on the Sha-Ho at which there was a target-shoot between the military attaches. Meanwhile the Baltic fleet was pursuing its slow journey to the Orient, and the army of General Nogi was closing-in on Port Arthur.

STAFF OF THE SECOND DIVISION AT THE BATTLE OF THE SHA-HO

GENERAL SIR IAN HAMILTON, BRITISH ATTACHÉ, WITH GENERAL KUROKI

GENERAL NISHIJIMA AND STAFF VIEWING THE FIGHT FROM A BOMB-PROOF

RUSSIANS SHELLING VILLAGE OF CHONG-JU ON OCTOBER TENTH

SCENES DURING THE FIGHTING EARLY IN OCTOBER IN THE NEIGHBORHOOD OF THE SHA-HO

ATTACHÉS WATCHING THE FIGHT FROM POSITION NEAR THE YENTAI COAL MINES

RESERVES UNDER FIRE SHELTERED BY AN EMBANKMENT

SHELLS SWEEPING A KOWLIANG FIELD—“NO TRESPASSING HERE!”

EMPTY SHELL CASES LEFT AT A BATTERY POSITION AFTER THE ACTION

CLOSE TO THE FIRING LINE DURING THE ENGAGEMENT NEAR THE YENTAI COAL MINES

RUSSIAN SHELLS BURSTING CLOSE TO JAPANESE BATTERY DURING THE SHA-HO FIGHT

A REMARKABLE PHOTOGRAPH SHOWING SHRAPNEL SHELLS BURSTING AND SWEEPING ACROSS A FIELD

Of these two unusual close-range photographs the lower one shows how shrapnel looks when it bursts properly. The thick white smoke is one bursting shell, and the little puffs of smoke to the right are the 250 or so shrapnel bullets zipping along the ground. Those to the left are from another shell. The photographs were taken at great personal risk by Collier’s photographer, James H. Hare

EXHAUSTED ENGINEERS SLEEPING UNDER FIRE DURING THE SHA-HO FIGHT

JAPANESE BATTERY PEPPERING THE RUSSIANS ACROSS THE FIELDS

JAPANESE BATTERY IN ACTION NEAR CHONG-JU

IN THE KOWLIANG FIELDS WITH A JAPANESE BATTERY

WITH THE JAPANESE ON OCTOBER TENTH AT THE SHA-HO

COLLIER’S PHOTOGRAPHER, JAMES H. HARE, RESUSCITATING WOUNDED RUSSIAN

CORRESPONDENTS ASSISTING DISABLED RUSSIANS DURING THE SHA-HO FIGHT

JAPANESE SOLDIERS ASSISTING WOUNDED RUSSIANS AFTER THE ENGAGEMENT

SAPPERS REVERSING RUSSIAN TRENCH AFTER JAPANESE HAD TAKEN IT

ON THE SHA-HO BATTLEFIELD WITH THE JAPANESE

RUSSIAN SOLDIER KILLED WITH HIS HAND ON THE TRIGGER

DAMAGE WROUGHT TO THE “TEMPLE OF EVERLASTING PEACE” AT THE SHA-HO

GATHERING UP DÉBRIS FROM THE FIELD OF BATTLE

FIELD TELEPHONES AT THE SHA-HO, SHELTERED BEHIND CHINESE HOUSE

VICTORS AND VANQUISHED IN THE FIGHTING IN THE NEIGHBORHOOD OF THE SHA-HO

RICE FOR THE JAPANESE ARMY STORED AT YENTAI

JAPANESE QUARTERMASTER’S STORES PILED UP AT YENTAI

THE YENTAI COAL MINES AFTER THE RUSSIANS HAD BEEN REPULSED

RUSSIAN AND JAPANESE WOUNDED BUYING FROM CHINESE PEDLERS AT YENTAI

THE AFTERMATH OF BATTLE IN THE NEIGHBORHOOD OF YENTAI

JAPANESE WOODSMAN SMOKING HIS LITTLE JAPANESE PIPE WHILE AT WORK

CUTTING UP TIMBER TO BE BURNED FOR CHARCOAL

JAPANESE BURNING WOOD TO MAKE CHARCOAL FOR THE ARMY

PREPARING CHARCOAL FOR THE ARMY WHILE IT WAS ENCAMPED ON THE SHA-HO

SALUTING THE CAPTAIN AS HE EMERGES FROM HIS DUGOUT

JAPANESE CUTTING TIMBER FOR FUEL WITH PORTABLE SAW

IN AN OUTPOST TRENCH ALONG THE SHA-HO

IN WINTER QUARTERS WITH THE JAPANESE ARMY ON THE SHA-HO

HEADQUARTERS OF THE REGIMENTAL COMMANDER

JAPANESE BUILDING A BATH-HOUSE ON THE SHA-HO

SENTRY ON DUTY AT OFFICER’S DOOR

TAKING A HOT BATH—THERMOMETER TWELVE BELOW

SOLDIERS’ DUGOUTS IN THE SHA-HO WINTER QUARTERS

WITH THE JAPANESE ARMY IN DECEMBER IN CAMP ON THE SHA-HO

JAPANESE REINFORCEMENTS MARCHING THROUGH SHI-LI-HO TOWARD THE FRONT

WOUNDED RUSSIANS AND JAPANESE AT PALANSANSU

TRYING TO KEEP WARM AT SHI-LI-HO WITH THE THERMOMETER FIFTEEN BELOW

JAPANESE WOUNDED GOING FROM YENTAI TO LIAO-YANG BY TRAIN

BETWEEN BATTLES WITH THE JAPANESE IN THE NEIGHBORHOOD OF THE SHA-HO

DRILLING THE NEWLY ARRIVED RECRUITS IN THE MILITARY STEP

DRAWING WATER FROM THE WELL IN FREEZING WEATHER

RECRUITS DRILLING AT THE SHA-HO WITH CAPTURED RUSSIAN RIFLES

COOLIES DRAWING WATER FROM THE SPRING FOR THE JAPANESE

WITH THE JAPANESE IN WINTER QUARTERS AT THE SHA-HO

CHILDREN PLAYING DUCK-ON-THE-ROCK WITH PIECES OF BROKEN SHELLS

OFFERING UP THE HOG’S HEAD TO PROPITIATE THE JOSS

PEASANTS STACKING UP KOWLIANG FOR WINTER USE

MANCHURIAN WOMEN PREPARING VEGETABLES FOR PICKLING

TYPICAL VIEWS OF MANCHURIAN PEASANTS AFTER THE ARRIVAL OF THE JAPANESE

MAJOR YOKURA, FIRST JAPANESE ADMINISTRATOR

JAPANESE CROSSING THE LIAO AT NEWCHWANG BEFORE IT FROZE OVER

CHINESE CROSSING THE FROZEN LIAO RIVER ON SLEDS

SCENES AT NEWCHWANG SHORTLY AFTER THE FALL OF PORT ARTHUR

JOSSES OF AN ANCIENT CHINESE TEMPLE LOOKING DOWN ON THE WOUNDED INVADERS

CHAPTER XII

THE FALL OF PORT ARTHUR

The first day of January, 1905, witnessed the end of the gigantic siege that had furnished a tragic background for eleven of the twelve months of 1904. The first blow struck by the Japanese in the war was aimed at Port Arthur, and during the month that followed they and the defenders employed and endured more terrific forces of destruction than were ever used at any other siege in the history of the world. The fall of this Gibraltar of the East seemed to prove that there can be no such thing as an impregnable fortress. The attack on Port Arthur began with Togo’s dash against the Russian fleet on the night of February 8. Four months later, through the successes of the Japanese on the Liaotung peninsula, the fortress had been cut off from all outside help.

From the outer line of defence at Nanshan, and thirty miles from the town, the Japanese worked their way literally inch by inch, burrowing underground, digging deep trenches that zig-zagged toward the enemy’s lines, until near enough to make a rush. In many places the ground was solid rock and countermining was impossible. Barbed-wire entanglements covered the country for miles, and wide stretches of bare ground had been covered a foot deep with powdered white ash, which stirred into a thick white cloud when trodden on, so as to make a splendid target for machine guns. There were buried mines, some to explode automatically, others to explode when the lookout man in a distant fort pressed a button. At night searchlights flashed across every yard of the country near the lines of forts, and sometimes the Russian gunboats creeping along the shore outside the harbor got far enough to pour a cross-fire into the Japanese encampments. Day and night Togo’s squadron sent in from long range the terrible Shimose shells, worse than lyddite, on the battered town and forts. Where it was impossible to tunnel or burrow, masses of rock and bags full of sand were rushed forward at night to make a temporary shelter where a regiment could go forward a hundred yards, rest, fire for a few minutes, and advance another hundred yards, until at last they were close to the enemy. Then, in the teeth of fierce rifle fire, reinforced, perhaps, by shells from the other forts, the final charge was made.

The last stage of the advance began on November 30 with the capture of 203-Metre Hill. From this hill the Japanese were able for the first time to get the range of the Russian ships in the harbor. All the larger vessels of the Russian fleet were soon disabled. The great Keekwan Mountain fort was captured on December 18, and on the 30th Ehrlung Fort, the key of the inner defences, was stormed. That day and the next the Japanese captured half a dozen neighboring positions, and finally, on January 1, General Stoessel, who had said at the beginning of the siege that Port Arthur would be his tomb, sent a message to General Nogi offering to surrender. For a second time Port Arthur passed into the hands of those from whom the European powers had wrested it ten years before.

NOGI’S FIGHTING MEN RESTING IN CAMP AT HOOZAN HILL

WOUNDED IN A SHELTER TENT THREE MILES FROM RUSSIAN BATTERIES

WITH THE JAPANESE DURING THE LAST DAYS OF THE SIEGE OF PORT ARTHUR

SIEGE GUNS ON THE SLOPE, FIELD GUNS AT THE TOP OF THE HILL

ONE OF THE SHELLS BEGINNING ITS LONG FLIGHT TOWARD THE TOWN

THE GREAT SIEGE GUNS THROWING ELEVEN-INCH SHELLS INTO PORT ARTHUR

TWO OF THE GREAT TWENTY-EIGHT CENTIMETER SIEGE GUNS USED BY THE JAPANESE AGAINST PORT ARTHUR

FIVE-HUNDRED-POUND SHELLS WAITING TO BE HURLED INTO PORT ARTHUR

RUSSIAN BOMB-PROOF NEAR NANSHAN HILL CAPTURED BY THE JAPANESE

THE SLOW WORK OF MOVING THE SIEGE GUNS TO NEW EMPLACEMENTS

SCENES IN THE NEIGHBORHOOD OF PORT ARTHUR DURING THE LONG SIEGE

INFANTRY HIDDEN BY CORNFIELDS AND RAVINES WAITING THE ORDER TO ADVANCE

JAPANESE INFANTRY CREEPING THROUGH A CORNFIELD TOWARD THE RUSSIAN POSITION NEAR HOOZAN

JAPANESE WAR BALLOON AND GAS BAG IN A FIELD ABOUT FOUR MILES NORTH OF PORT ARTHUR

GENERAL NOGI AND HIS STAFF, THE CONQUERORS OF PORT ARTHUR

General Nogi sits in the centre, the gray-bearded man with the round decoration on his breast. On his right is General Ijichi, his chief of staff, who conducted the negotiations for the surrender. On Ijichi’s right is the Surgeon-General of the Third Army, and beyond, with the beard and many decorations, is Major Arriga, Japan’s greatest expert on international law

BETWEEN FIGHTS IN THE TRENCH AT SHOGERSAN FORT

SHELTERED INFANTRY AWAITING OPPORTUNITY TO ADVANCE

BRINGING UP THE BIG TWENTY-EIGHT CENTIMETER SHELLS

SIEGE GUN SHELTERED BEHIND BAGS OF EARTH

WITH THE JAPANESE AS THEY CLOSED IN AROUND PORT ARTHUR

THE JAPANESE AND RUSSIAN WHITE FLAGS OF TRUCE

GENERAL STOESSEL ABOUT TO PRESENT HIS FAVORITE HORSE TO GENERAL NOGI

GENERAL STOESSEL AT THE STATION WAITING TO TAKE THE TRAIN FOR DALNY

INCIDENTS OF THE SURRENDER OF PORT ARTHUR TO THE JAPANESE

ONE OF THE MANY “BOMB-PROOFS” USED BY CIVILIANS AT PORT ARTHUR

Although a woman was killed in this shelter shortly before the photograph was taken, they were, generally speaking, fairly effective protections. During the heavier bombardments, the occupants lived in them for days at a time. The Russo-Chinese Bank transacted business underground in “bomb-proofs” constructed in this manner for some time during the latter part of the siege

ENGINEERS’ STORES, SET ON FIRE BY JAPANESE SHELLS, BURNING AT PORT ARTHUR

JAPANESE SHELL BURSTING IN THE BASIN IN THE EASTERN SECTION OF THE OLD TOWN, PORT ARTHUR

VIEW OF THE OLD TOWN, PORT ARTHUR, IN NOVEMBER, AFTER A BOMBARDMENT

THE PRICE OF VICTORY—PART OF THE JAPANESE DEAD LYING ON 203-METER HILL

RUSSIAN DEAD AWAITING BURIAL IN THE OUTSKIRTS OF PORT ARTHUR

PHOTOGRAPHER’S STUDIO AT PORT ARTHUR AFTER IT HAD BEEN STRUCK BY ONE OF THE JAPANESE SHELLS

MAIN ROAD OUT OF THE NEW TOWN, PORT ARTHUR

RUSSIAN POLICE STATION, PORT ARTHUR, HIT BY JAPANESE SHELL

VIEW OF THE NEW TOWN, PORT ARTHUR, IN OCTOBER

WHERE A JAPANESE SHELL HAD EXPLODED IN THE MIDDLE OF THE TOWN

VIEWS OF PORT ARTHUR, IN OCTOBER, WHEN THE SIEGE WAS HALF OVER

INSIDE FORT NILUSAN AFTER THE RUSSIANS HAD GIVEN IT UP

STANDING ON A “BOMB-PROOF” INSIDE ONE OF THE PORT ARTHUR FORTS

NORTH KEEKWANSAN FORT AFTER THE SURRENDER

DISMOUNTED SIEGE GUNS INSIDE ONE OF THE RUSSIAN FORTS

INSIDE SOME OF THE RUSSIAN FORTS AT PORT ARTHUR AFTER ITS SURRENDER

WOMEN AND CHILDREN ABOUT TO TAKE THE TRAIN FROM PORT ARTHUR

PRISONERS TAKEN AT PORT ARTHUR WAITING TO BOARD JAPANESE TRANSPORT

RUSSIAN AND JAPANESE SOLDIERS GETTING ACQUAINTED

SCENES AT PORT ARTHUR IMMEDIATELY AFTER THE SURRENDER

JAPANESE SOLDIERS IN THE NIRYUSAN FORT AFTER THE SURRENDER

THE CRUISER “PALLADA,” WITH THE “POBIEDA” SHOWING JUST BEHIND HER

ON THEIR WAY TO 203-METER HILL WITH A TWENTY-EIGHT CENTIMETER GUN

THE BATTLESHIP “RETVIZAN” BEACHED AT PORT ARTHUR

SCENES AT PORT ARTHUR IMMEDIATELY AFTER THE SURRENDER

BATTLESHIP “POBIEDA” BEACHED AT PORT ARTHUR

THE “POLTAVA” AND “PERESVIET” AGROUND IN THE HARBOR

THE BATTERED “RETVIZAN,” “POLTAVA” AND “PERESVIET”

FORWARD TURRET OF THE BATTLESHIP “RETVIZAN”

SUNKEN RUSSIAN BATTLESHIPS AT PORT ARTHUR AFTER ITS CAPTURE BY THE JAPANESE

THE BATTLESHIP “RETVIZAN” THE DAY AFTER THE SURRENDER OF PORT ARTHUR

THE RIVER GUNBOAT “GILYAK” OF THE RUSSIAN “VOLUNTEER FLEET”

VIEWS OF THE HARBOR OF PORT ARTHUR WHEN THE JAPANESE TOOK POSSESSION

CONVALESCENT WOUNDED RUSSIAN SAILORS AND THEIR JAPANESE NURSES AND DOCTORS AT MATSUYAMA

CHAPTER XIII

THE BATTLE OF MUKDEN

Judged by the number of men engaged, the vast extent of the battlefield, and the losses, the battle of Mukden was the greatest of modern times, if not of all history. Even the tremendous duel at Liao-Yang, which was on a larger scale than any modern battle that had preceded it, pales before this nineteen days’ struggle. Between 750,000 and 800,000 men were engaged, of which about 361,000 were Russian and at least 400,000 Japanese. When the nineteen days’ struggle began, both sides faced each other in the valley of the Sha River, the Russian lines stretching back upon tiers of defences, backed up with over 1,300 guns and forming south of Mukden a barrier which foreign experts pronounced impregnable.

From east to west the five Japanese armies were assigned under the following commanders—Kawamura, Kuroki, Nodzu, Oku, and Nogi. Field Marshal Oyama’s plan was for these five armies to form a crescent nearly one hundred miles in length, the cusps of which would gradually draw together, the western cusp being finally thrown forward so as to form a closed curve with the eastern. The plan thus outlined worked with perfect success. Kawamura, in the eastern sector, began the attack first on February 22, driving the Russians back toward Tita. For over a fortnight the fiercest sort of fighting continued in this part of the field, in the midst of zero weather and almost continuous snowstorms. It ended with the Russians driven across the Hun River and the right horn of the crescent having reached its final position opposite Mukden. Meanwhile, Kuroki broke through the formidable works which guarded the road to the Hun River from Pensihu, and arrived on March 5 in line with the general advance. Nodzu, to the left of Kuroki, drove the enemy from his last outworks south of the Sha River, and on March 6 paused to await the other turning attacks on east and west. Oku, between the Sha and Hun Rivers, rolled back the enemy’s line until its superior numbers and strong intrenchments near Patishu, about ten miles from Mukden, forced him to await the final turning movement of Nogi’s men on the extreme west. These men of Nogi’s were Port Arthur veterans, who looked upon this work as a mere picnic. On March 1 they reached Sinmintung, thirty-three miles west of Mukden, where they wheeled to the right. They carried position after position, assisted Oku’s attacks against the enemy’s position southwest of Mukden, swinging eastward in an arch-shaped line with a front of fifteen miles.

The crisis of the fight had come. On March 7 Kuropatkin gave the order to retreat. All along the hundred-mile line the Japanese closed in. The whole stupendous structure of the defence fell to pieces in an instant. The Russians poured northward almost in a rout, and on March 10 the Japanese occupied Mukden. The Russians had left more than 30,000 dead on the field, lost 50,000 prisoners, and they had over 100,000 wounded. The total Japanese casualties, as reported by Oyama, were 50,000.

TYPICAL SCENE DURING THE RAINY-WEATHER CAMPAIGN ALONG THE HUN

GETTING THE RANGE THROUGH THE HYPOSCOPE FROM 203-METER HILL

CHINESE DIGGING GRAVES FOR RUSSIAN DEAD AT HIGH HILL

VIEWS AT PORT ARTHUR AND WITH A RUSSIAN BATTERY ON THE HUN RIVER

TENTH RUSSIAN DRAGOONS SCOUTING NEAR MUKDEN

ON THE MARCH ALONG THE ROAD NEAR MUKDEN

CHUNCHUSE BANDITS RIDING THROUGH SINMINTUNG

RUSSIAN CAVALRY AND NATIVE HORSEMEN IN THE NEIGHBORHOOD OF MUKDEN

MUSTER OF ONE OF KUROKI’S DIVISIONS AFTER THE BATTLE OF MUKDEN

All the battalions were full before the battle. There was not one that did not lose at least ten or fifteen per cent of its quota—as the gaps in the ranks show. Kuroki’s army during the closing-in movement on Mukden was between Nodzu’s and Kawamura’s, the latter being on the extreme right wing. This photograph was taken by Frederick Palmer, Collier’s special correspondent

RUSSIAN STEAMSHIP BEACHED IN THE HUN RIVER

RUSSIAN CENSOR, BARON HOVEN, IN A GERMAN CART

CHUNCHUSES LEAVING MUKDEN FOR SINMINTUNG

RUSSIAN SCOUTS HALTING AT MONTOUR PASS, NEAR MUKDEN

SCENES IN THE MUKDEN NEIGHBORHOOD BEFORE THE JAPANESE WERE NEAR

WHERE SOME OF THE SHELLS BURST DURING THE ARTILLERY DUELS NEAR MUKDEN

DESOLATION IN MUKDEN IN THE PATH OF THE JAPANESE ATTACK

JAPANESE CELEBRATION OF THE MUKDEN VICTORY

VILLAGE HUTS AND STOCKADE BURNING NEAR MUKDEN

THE MAIN STREET OF SINMINTUNG, NEAR MUKDEN

SCENES IN THE VICINITY OF MUKDEN AFTER THE RETREAT OF THE RUSSIANS

CHAPTER XIV

THE END OF RUSSIA’S SEA POWER

BY CAPTAIN A. T. MAHAN, U. S. N., RETIRED

The Battle of the Japan Sea resulted from the wish of Russia to overthrow the naval control which has enabled the island Empire of Japan to sustain her land warfare upon the continent of Asia. Preliminary to this struggle, it was desirable that the fleet despatched for the purpose, under Admiral Rojestvensky, should reach Vladivostok. There it could refit after its long voyage, and there leave in security the train of supply ships which had been the necessary accompaniment of so distant an expedition.

After the junction of a second division under Admiral Nebogatoff, the whole Russian fleet moved northward, passing between the Philippine Islands and Formosa. Rojestvensky thus left open to doubt, and retained in his hands the decision, whether he would seek his port by the Straits of Korea, or, circumnavigating the main island of Japan, pass through the Straits of Tsugaru, opposite Vladivostok. It may be presumed he was as ignorant as the rest of the world just where Togo was; but he knew that, whether in the Straits of Korea or of Tsugaru, he would have to fight, if Togo chose, as he probably would. He decided to take the most direct and shortest route through the Korean Channel.

Toga awaited him there; at what particular point is immaterial, for the Straits are but sixty miles wide, which space is halved by the Island of Tsushima, whence the Straits have the alternate name—Tsushima. In such narrow waters, wherever the Japanese Admiral might be, he was certain, by an extensive scouting system, to receive notice timely enough to ensure intercepting his enemy. The notice came by wireless telegraphy early on Saturday, May 27, from cruisers off Quelpaert Island, 150 miles southwest of Tsushima; and as the Russian fleet, heading for Vladivostok, drew up with Tsushima, the Japanese battleships were seen rounding its northern point. As regards the position of the Russian ships, it seems certain, that, upon sighting the enemy, they formed in two columns of vessels. One contained the armored ships, a very heterogeneous assembly in size and qualities, composed of battleships of the first and second class, armored cruisers, and coast-defence ironclads. The second column was of lighter cruisers. This took the left hand, toward Tsushima, while the battleships were on the right, toward Japan. At the head of the battle column were three battleships; two of the first order of strength, 13,516 tons, the third of 10,000 tons, between them.

Admiral Togo divided his principal force of fighting ships into two squadrons. One, of four battleships and two armored cruisers, he kept under his own immediate direction. The other, of six armored cruisers, which are battleships of superior swiftness, but somewhat lighter armor and armament, was intrusted to Admiral Kamimura. The first of these approached from the north of Tsushima; the second, and faster, followed a little later from round its southern end. The head of the Russian battle column received the weight of the Japanese fire, and the superior speed of the latter enabled them so to choose their positions as to keep their fire concentrated on these leading ships. Kamimura’s attack was on the rear, and after that the battle soon became general. There was also a third Japanese squadron, of vessels not belonging to the armored fleet. These alone had been shown by Togo, until the Russian was committed to the passage of the Straits. They are said now to have attacked the other side of the Russian column. In brief, while Togo threw the weight of his force upon the head of the enemy’s order, he provided that the remainder should be so occupied as not to render serious assistance.

There was a strong breeze from southwest with a heavy sea. This favored the Japanese, because of their longer experience and better training in the use of their guns when the ships were in violent motion. This disadvantage of the Russians was increased by the rolling of their vessels, exposing the underwater body, giving the Japanese a target more easily pierced, and the holes from which are more dangerous. Through the five hours of daylight the contest was purely one of gunnery under the conditions named: concentration upon the head of the Russian columns, and heavy sea. The result was twofold. The head of the column, beaten down by superior gunfire, was disordered; and individual ships, pierced below water, filled and sank. As described, the Japanese, keeping ahead of their enemy, forced them to change direction; but this by no means need follow, were the Russians holding their own in the gunnery contest. Had they given as good as they got, there was no reason why they should forsake their course. The disorder, thus occasioned in the front, was transmitted to the ships which followed; and there ensued the confusion which is the sure precursor of defeat.

Upon this scene night fell. Of the Russians, three battleships and two others had already been sunk. Then came the time and opportunity for the torpedo vessels; darkness, and an enemy both crippled and broken. By a singular coincidence, the wind which in its strength favored the Japanese gunners—an advantage which they had earned and deserved—now fell somewhat; and with it fell the sea, rendering easier the work of the torpedo craft. This is one of the chances of war. Of the scenes of that night we as yet have little description, and from the fearful loss of life we possibly may never know enough justly to estimate the difficulties of the defence of the routed ships, or the degree of resistance experienced by the assailants. From Japanese sources we have heard that, under all the disadvantages of the Russians, some attacks were successfully repelled; and three torpedo destroyers were sunk. That pursuit continued to the Liancourt Rocks, 200 miles from the scene of the battle, indicates that, had not superior gunnery already won a decisive victory, the torpedo alone would scarcely so have reduced the Russian fleet as to leave the Japanese the secure mastery they now possess of the waters which constitute their vital line of communications.

The captured ships were the battleships “Orel” and “Emperor Nicholas I,” the coast-defence vessels “General Admiral Apraxine” and “Admiral Seniavin,” and the destroyer “Bedovy.” Six battleships, five cruisers, one coast-defence ship, three destroyers, and a repair ship were sunk.

THE SECOND SQUADRON OF THE BALTIC FLEET JUST BEFORE IT SAILED FROM KRONSTADT

THE LITTLE ARMORED GUNBOAT “KHRABRY”

Built in 1890; of 1492 tons, has one 9-inch, one 6-inch, eight Q. F. guns, and two torpedo tubes

THE FAST ARMORED CRUISER “SVIETLANA”

Built in 1896; has six 5.9 Q. F. Canets, ten 1.8-inch guns, four torpedo tubes, and a speed of 20.2 knots

FIGHTING SHIPS OF VARIOUS CLASSES IN RUSSIA’S BALTIC FLEET

THE BATTLESHIP “EMPEROR ALEXANDER II”

An old boat, built in 1887; armed with two 12-inch, four 9-inch, eight 6-inch, twenty-four smaller guns, and five torpedo tubes

THE BATTLESHIP “SISSOI VELIKY”

Built in 1894; of 8,800 tons, has four 12-inch, six 6-inch Q. F., eighteen smaller Q. F., and six torpedo tubes

THE POWERFUL BATTLESHIP “OSLABYA”

Built in 1898; of 12,674 tons, has four 10-inch, eleven 6-inch Q. F., sixteen 3-inch, twenty-seven smaller guns, and six torpedo tubes

THE FIRST-CLASS BATTLESHIP “BORODINO”

Built in 1901; of 13,400 tons, has four 12-inch, twelve 6-inch Q. F., twenty 3-inch, many smaller guns, and six torpedo tubes

FORMIDABLE FIGHTING SHIPS OF RUSSIA’S BALTIC FLEET

THE FIRST-CLASS BATTLESHIP “OREL”

Built in 1903; of 13,400 tons, has four 12-inch, twelve 6-inch Q. F., twenty 3-inch Q. F., and many smaller guns, and six torpedo tubes

THE BATTLESHIP “NAVARIN”

Built in 1891; of 10,000 tons, has four 12-inch, eight 6-inch, and twenty-two smaller rapid fire guns, and six torpedo tubes

FIRST-CLASS BATTLESHIP “ALEXANDER III”

Built in 1901; of 13,600 tons, has four 12-inch, twelve 6-inch Q. F., and forty six smaller guns. The speed is 18 knots

THE COAST BATTLESHIP “GENERAL ADMIRAL APRAXIN”

Battleship of the fifth class, built in 1893; of 4,126 tons, has three 10-inch, four 4.7-inch, and thirty-six small quick-fire guns

FOUR OF THE BATTLESHIPS OF RUSSIA’S BALTIC FLEET

THE BATTLEGROUND OF THE WAR AND THE VICTORIOUS PROGRESS OF THE JAPANESE

TRANSCRIBER’S NOTES

- Typos fixed; non-standard spelling and dialect retained.

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Table of Contents

A PHOTOGRAPHIC RECORD OF THE RUSSO-JAPANESE WAR

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

INTRODUCTION

CHAPTER I THE CAUSES OF THE RUSSO-JAPANESE WAR

CHAPTER II THE FIRST BATTLES OF THE WAR

CHAPTER III RUSSIAN PREPARATIONS FOR WAR

CHAPTER IV WITH THE JAPANESE IN KOREA

CHAPTER V THE RUSSIAN ADVANCE TO THE FRONT

CHAPTER VI THE BATTLE OF THE YALU AND THE JAPANESE ADVANCE

CHAPTER VII BEGINNING THE SIEGE OF PORT ARTHUR

CHAPTER VIII EARLY CAMPAIGNING BEFORE THE BATTLE OF LIAO-YANG

CHAPTER IX THE BATTLE OF LIAO-YANG

CHAPTER X THE CHRONICLERS OF THE WAR

CHAPTER XI THE FIGHTING ALONG THE SHA-HO

CHAPTER XII THE FALL OF PORT ARTHUR

CHAPTER XIII THE BATTLE OF MUKDEN

CHAPTER XIV THE END OF RUSSIA’S SEA POWER

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